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新型海底隧道模型试验系统的研制及断层涌水试验研究
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摘要
近些年来,随着我国基础建设事业的飞速发展,跨海交通越来越受到人们的重视,海底隧道因其在航运、水文地质等诸多方面的优势而得到空前繁荣。
     海底隧道由于其修建位置的特殊性及复杂性,较普通山岭隧道具有更大的风险及难度,且研究难度较大。目前对它的研究仍停留在理论分析及数值模拟上,对于其模型试验方面的探索还比较少。本文针对这一研究空白,重点对海底隧道模型试验系统进行创新发展,对含断层的海底隧道工况进行模拟研究,并最终将其应用于青岛胶州湾海底隧道。本文在前人研究的基础上,主要开展了以下几方面的工作:
     (1)在传统地质力学模型试验的基础上,基于流固耦合相似理论,通过大量对比试验,研制出围岩及断层新型流固耦合相似材料,其中围岩相似材料以水泥和凡士林作为胶结剂,砂、重晶石粉和滑石粉为骨料,硅油为调节剂;断层相似材料选择石膏和凡士林作为胶结剂,石英砂和滑石粉为骨料,考虑固体变形和渗透性相似条件,结合脆性破坏特征分析,解决了材料遇水崩解和模拟相似度差等问题。
     (2)研发了新型可拓展海底隧道模型试验系统,主要由模型试验台架、水压控制加载系统、多元信息监测系统、模型试验数据采集及分析系统组成。模型试验台架以钢结构结合钢化玻璃为主要框架,整体尺寸:长×宽×高=3000mm×1200mm×2700mm,配以自主设计的渗水流速采集装置、实时显示系统,可模拟不同尺寸、类型要求的突涌水试验。
     (3)基于上述新型流固耦合相似材料及海底隧道模型试验系统,开展了青岛胶州湾海底隧道断层突涌水试验,捕捉到了围岩及断层处的渗流场、位移场、应力场的微小信息变化,揭示了围岩及断层受力和变形的时空演化规律及断层涌水变化规律,再现了隧道开挖对隧道稳定性的影响,相似材料满足试验要求,模型试验系统稳定可靠。试验发现隧道开挖对围岩及断层的位移场、应力场和渗流场影响明显,各监测数据在开挖到监测面时,发生突变;在涌水发生时刻,也发生监测量的激增。随着开挖的推进,各监测量都经历了稳定、突变、稳定三个阶段。
In recent years, with the rapid development of the basic infrastructure of China, the cross-sea transport has raised more and more public attention. the Cross-Harbour Tunnel makes great progress because of its advantages in shipping, hydrogeology, and many other aspects.
     Compared with ordinary mountain tunnel, Cross-Harbour Tunnel is difficult to research and has greater risk due to its particularity and complexity. Recently, the study still remains in the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and exploration of the model test is still in its infancy. For this research gap, the emphasis is developing the model test system of the undersea tunnel, simulating the project conditions of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel with fault and applying it in Qingdao Kiaochow Bay Subsea Tunnel, which make a series of research results.
     (1) Based on traditional geomechanical model test and similarity theory of fluid-solid coupling, the research in this dissertation developed the new fluid-solid coupling similar materials of surrounding rock and fault, through large numbers of comparative test. The rock similar material uses cement and vaseline as cementing agent, sand, barite powder and talcum powder as the aggregate, silicone oil as modifier. While the fault similar material selects gypsum and vaseline as cementing agent, quartz sand and talcum powder as the aggregate. Considering the similar conditions of deformation and permeability, combined with the analysis of damage characteristics of brittle materials, the problem that the material disintegration in water has been solved.
     (2) The research develops a new scalable model test bench, with the steel structure and toughened glass as the main framework. Overall dimensions:length*width*height=3000mm*1200mm*2700mm, suit with the independent design seepage flow acquisition device, can simulate the different sizes and types water inrush test. This test has also developed a software system which collects and analyzes the data.
     (3) Based on the new fluid-solid coupling similar materials and the Subsea tunnel model test system, The Qingdao Kiaochow Bay Subsea Tunnel fault water inrush test has been done, which captured the information of the seepage field, displacement field, stress field of the surrounding rock and fault, reproducing the influence of tunnel excavation on the stability of the tunnel. The similar material meets the test requirements and the test system is stable and reliable. The test revealed that the excavation of the tunnel has a profound effect on displacement field, stress field and seepage field of the surrounding rock and fault, and the monitoring data have experienced three stages, which are steady stage, mutation stage and steady stage.
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