空间目标天基光学观测系统建模与探测能力分析
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摘要
空间目标天基观测系统是未来空间态势感知的重要发展方向,已成为当今空间探测领域的前沿性技术,对航天任务乃至国家安全都具有战略意义。本文依据目标几何成像理论、辐射理论以及光电理论,系统研究了天基空间目标光学观测的几何和物理模型,分析了天基空间目标光学探测能力,并对系统进行了优化设计。本文的研究工作和创新点主要体现在以下几个方面:
1.在分析地基与天基两种空间目标观测手段各自特点,以及天基光学观测与雷达观测的优缺点对比的基础上,指出目前利用天基光学的手段对空间目标进行观测的可行性。总结了国外天基空间目标光学观测系统的发展现状,阐明了开展天基空间目标光学观测模型与性能研究的必要性。
2.提出了一种多重约束条件下天基空间目标光学观测的几何可见性模型。利用目标卫星、观测卫星、地球、太阳以及月球之间的相对位置关系,推导出目标对于观测卫星的光学可见模型,建立了天基光学预报方法;并在经典的共线条件方程基础上,推导了考虑天基观测相机的二轴转台旋转参数,平台姿态分别采用欧拉轴角与四元数表示的天基空间目标光学观测几何构像模型。
3.根据材料的非相干和相干散射特性得出的光散射经验公式,推导了基于有效入射界面积分的,利用有效入射截面积和平均反射率表示的复杂空间目标光散射模型,并且给出了基于计算机图形学精确获得有效入射截面与平均反射率的方法;设计了一种考虑材料光学特性,并且能够表征空间目标三维几何以及行为动作的一体化建模方法M-GBML。通过仿真实验,验证了复杂空间目标的实际建模效果以及光散射模型的正确性。
4.综合利用辐射传输理论与光电理论,建立了太阳光经目标反射能量与单个CCD探测单元接收的光电子数之间的数学关系;利用线性滤波理论和光学成像理论建立天基空间目标光学观测过程中各个成像环节的传递函数(MTF)模型,并且分析了相对运动对影像质量的影响,以及观测平台本身的振动对成像的影响。
5.推导了空间目标天基光学观测信号的探测灵敏度公式,定量分析了光学系统参数、CCD性能参数以及曝光时间对系统的极限星等探测能力的影响规律;根据这些影响规律,提出了多项提高天基光学探测能力的方法;研究分析了观测卫星轨道参数、相机指向、相机视场角、观测时间对在轨空间目标覆盖能力的影响规律,为天基空间目标观测系统的设计及指标选取提供依据。
6.设计了一种小型动态空间目标光学信号与成像模拟系统方案,提出并实现了一种基于三维图形学的空间目标动态显示方法。详细阐述了恒星背景的模拟、空间目标的模拟、三维动态显示引擎的设计以及空间目标观测相机成像模拟的计算机实现途径,并给出了仿真试验结果。
Space-based space object observation system is an important development direction in the future space situational awareness (SSA) area, and also an advanced technology in the current field of space exploration field. It has been of strategic significance for space missions and even for national security. In this thesis, based on the object geometric imaging, radiation and optoelectronics theories, a systematical study is given on the geometrical and physical models of space-based space object optical observation. And its detecting capability has been analyzed and an optimum design of the system has been carried out. The main work and innovations of the thesis are listed as follows.
1. By analyzing the perspective characteristics of the space-based and ground-based observation approaches and comparing the optical and radar space-based observation methods, the feasibility of spatial objects observation through space-based optical approach is made clear. The developing status in this field is summarized and the necessity of investigating the space-based optical observation model and performance is pointed out.
2. A geometric visibility model under multi-constraints is proposed for space-based spatial objects observation. Upon the geometric relation among orbital target, observation satellite, the earth, the sun, and the moon, an optical visibility determination model between the observation satellite and the orbital target is derived, and a visibility prediction method is given for the space-based optic observation. By the classical colinearity equations, a geometric imaging model is put forward for space-based space objects observation, which considers two-axis platform rotation parameters and represents the platform attitude in attitude Euler angles and quaternion.
3. Utilizing the light scatting empirical models for materials with the incoherent and coherent features, a new light scattering model is derived for the complicated space object by means of integration on Effective Incident Section (EIS), which is expressed in the area of EIS and Average Reflectivity (AR). And a method capable of calculating the accurate EIS and AR by the computer graphic techniques is presented. An integrated model language considering the object’s 3D shape, behaviors and optic feature is designed for the complicated space object. The simulation experimental result proves the effect of the model language and the correctness of the light scatting model.
4. By the radiation transmission and the optoelectronics theory, a mathematical relationship is set up between the object reflection energy of the sun light and the number of photoelectron accepted by single CCD unit The modulation transfer functions (MTF) for each imaging step in the process of imaging are built by the linear filtering theory and imaging theory. And the influence upon imaging quality causing of both related motion and vibration of the satellite platform are analyzed.
5. A detection sensitivity formula is derived for the space-based spatial object optical observation and quantitative analysis is made on the 1factors influencing the detection limited magnitude capability such as the optical system, CCD and exposure time. According to these influence factors, several methods which could improve the detection capability are given. To assist the design of the system, the influence law between the space-based sensor’s coverage and the system’s parameters such as orbit, sensor and observation time is also researched and analyzed.
6. A small dynamic optical signal generator and imaging simulation system is designed and a dynamic display method for space objects is realized. Moreover, a detail explanation is given on the simulation method of stars background and space objects, the design idea of 3D engine for space objects rendering and the approach for imaging simulation of space object observation sensor. Finally, a set of experimental results is listed out.
1.在分析地基与天基两种空间目标观测手段各自特点,以及天基光学观测与雷达观测的优缺点对比的基础上,指出目前利用天基光学的手段对空间目标进行观测的可行性。总结了国外天基空间目标光学观测系统的发展现状,阐明了开展天基空间目标光学观测模型与性能研究的必要性。
2.提出了一种多重约束条件下天基空间目标光学观测的几何可见性模型。利用目标卫星、观测卫星、地球、太阳以及月球之间的相对位置关系,推导出目标对于观测卫星的光学可见模型,建立了天基光学预报方法;并在经典的共线条件方程基础上,推导了考虑天基观测相机的二轴转台旋转参数,平台姿态分别采用欧拉轴角与四元数表示的天基空间目标光学观测几何构像模型。
3.根据材料的非相干和相干散射特性得出的光散射经验公式,推导了基于有效入射界面积分的,利用有效入射截面积和平均反射率表示的复杂空间目标光散射模型,并且给出了基于计算机图形学精确获得有效入射截面与平均反射率的方法;设计了一种考虑材料光学特性,并且能够表征空间目标三维几何以及行为动作的一体化建模方法M-GBML。通过仿真实验,验证了复杂空间目标的实际建模效果以及光散射模型的正确性。
4.综合利用辐射传输理论与光电理论,建立了太阳光经目标反射能量与单个CCD探测单元接收的光电子数之间的数学关系;利用线性滤波理论和光学成像理论建立天基空间目标光学观测过程中各个成像环节的传递函数(MTF)模型,并且分析了相对运动对影像质量的影响,以及观测平台本身的振动对成像的影响。
5.推导了空间目标天基光学观测信号的探测灵敏度公式,定量分析了光学系统参数、CCD性能参数以及曝光时间对系统的极限星等探测能力的影响规律;根据这些影响规律,提出了多项提高天基光学探测能力的方法;研究分析了观测卫星轨道参数、相机指向、相机视场角、观测时间对在轨空间目标覆盖能力的影响规律,为天基空间目标观测系统的设计及指标选取提供依据。
6.设计了一种小型动态空间目标光学信号与成像模拟系统方案,提出并实现了一种基于三维图形学的空间目标动态显示方法。详细阐述了恒星背景的模拟、空间目标的模拟、三维动态显示引擎的设计以及空间目标观测相机成像模拟的计算机实现途径,并给出了仿真试验结果。
Space-based space object observation system is an important development direction in the future space situational awareness (SSA) area, and also an advanced technology in the current field of space exploration field. It has been of strategic significance for space missions and even for national security. In this thesis, based on the object geometric imaging, radiation and optoelectronics theories, a systematical study is given on the geometrical and physical models of space-based space object optical observation. And its detecting capability has been analyzed and an optimum design of the system has been carried out. The main work and innovations of the thesis are listed as follows.
1. By analyzing the perspective characteristics of the space-based and ground-based observation approaches and comparing the optical and radar space-based observation methods, the feasibility of spatial objects observation through space-based optical approach is made clear. The developing status in this field is summarized and the necessity of investigating the space-based optical observation model and performance is pointed out.
2. A geometric visibility model under multi-constraints is proposed for space-based spatial objects observation. Upon the geometric relation among orbital target, observation satellite, the earth, the sun, and the moon, an optical visibility determination model between the observation satellite and the orbital target is derived, and a visibility prediction method is given for the space-based optic observation. By the classical colinearity equations, a geometric imaging model is put forward for space-based space objects observation, which considers two-axis platform rotation parameters and represents the platform attitude in attitude Euler angles and quaternion.
3. Utilizing the light scatting empirical models for materials with the incoherent and coherent features, a new light scattering model is derived for the complicated space object by means of integration on Effective Incident Section (EIS), which is expressed in the area of EIS and Average Reflectivity (AR). And a method capable of calculating the accurate EIS and AR by the computer graphic techniques is presented. An integrated model language considering the object’s 3D shape, behaviors and optic feature is designed for the complicated space object. The simulation experimental result proves the effect of the model language and the correctness of the light scatting model.
4. By the radiation transmission and the optoelectronics theory, a mathematical relationship is set up between the object reflection energy of the sun light and the number of photoelectron accepted by single CCD unit The modulation transfer functions (MTF) for each imaging step in the process of imaging are built by the linear filtering theory and imaging theory. And the influence upon imaging quality causing of both related motion and vibration of the satellite platform are analyzed.
5. A detection sensitivity formula is derived for the space-based spatial object optical observation and quantitative analysis is made on the 1factors influencing the detection limited magnitude capability such as the optical system, CCD and exposure time. According to these influence factors, several methods which could improve the detection capability are given. To assist the design of the system, the influence law between the space-based sensor’s coverage and the system’s parameters such as orbit, sensor and observation time is also researched and analyzed.
6. A small dynamic optical signal generator and imaging simulation system is designed and a dynamic display method for space objects is realized. Moreover, a detail explanation is given on the simulation method of stars background and space objects, the design idea of 3D engine for space objects rendering and the approach for imaging simulation of space object observation sensor. Finally, a set of experimental results is listed out.
引文
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