装载机驱动桥动力学特性分析与桥壳疲劳寿命预测
|
摘要
装载机属于铲土运输类工程机械，具有作业速度快、效率高、机动性好等优点，因而成为工程现场施工的主要机种之一。驱动桥作为装载机传动系统的关键结构部件，准确的激励载荷分析和动力学响应分析是进行驱动桥动态特性分析的基础，利用虚拟样机技术来分析预测驱动桥传动部件的动力学响应可以提高其传动性能、缩短研发周期等；驱动桥桥壳支撑着装载机的荷重，并将载荷传给车轮，并且承受来自路面和装载机本身的各种冲击和作用，根据实践总结，引起桥壳破坏的主要形式是交变载荷作用下损伤长期积累而导致的疲劳失效。
本文以装载机驱动桥为研究对象，结合浙江省科技厅重大科技专项项目（2009C11111）“轮式装载机驱动桥关键技术研究与产业化”，对ZL50型驱动桥进行了动力学特性分析及桥壳疲劳寿命预测的研究。首先利用UG建立了驱动桥各零部件的三维实体模型并进行装配，进行了其运动学和动力学理论分析。考虑了桥壳和半轴的柔性效应，通过建立桥壳和半轴的模态中性文件将其作为柔性体，并根据装载机某种实际行驶工况，建立轮胎和路面谱，在Adams中得到驱动桥刚柔耦合多体动力学仿真模型，并进行了运动学和动力学仿真分析，得到了驱动桥传动系的一些动态特性，仿真结果与理论吻合。由于装载机行驶工况比较复杂，本文针对驱动桥通过某种仿真路面的动力学分析对主要承载部件驱动桥壳进行了动态安全性分析，得到其动载荷文件，结合Ansys对桥壳进行了有限元静力学分析，利用分析结果得到的桥壳的应力谱，在nSoft的疲劳分析模块中，对桥壳进行了基于有限元模型的疲劳寿命预估，得到了桥壳疲劳寿命云图及最低疲劳寿命。
针对上述桥壳疲劳寿命理论的计算结果，本文对装载机驱动桥桥壳的实际工况进行了动力学测试，对采集到的载荷数据进行了详细的分析，利用Nsoft的数据处理模块，对测试数据进行了雨流计数处理，得到其各采样点应力-时间历程的雨流/损伤直方图和损伤时间历程，并进行了基于实测载荷谱的桥壳疲劳寿命计算分析，最后与理论计算的结果进行了比较。
本文对装载机驱动桥的动力学特性分析及桥壳疲劳寿命预测的研究为进一步进行驱动桥优化设计打下了基础,也为其它车辆机械零部件的动力学特性分析和抗疲劳设计提供了参考。
Wheel loader is one kind of engineering machines about spading soil and transporting. Ithas the properties of rapid working speed, high efficiency and well maneuverability, so it hasbecome the main type of engineering machines for site operation. Drive axle is a key structuralcomponent of the transmission system of a wheel loader, accurate stimulating load analysis anddynamic response are the foundation of the dynamic characteristic analysis of drive axle. Byusing the virtual prototype technology to analyse and predict the dynamic response of the driveaxle transmission components, the transmission property can be improved, and the research anddevelopment cycle can be shorten. The drive axle housing sustains the load of the wheel loaderand transmit the load to the wheels, besides, it bears various forces and impacts both from roadand the vehicle itself. According to the theoretical study, the main style of forcing the ruin of theaxle housing is the fatigue failure which is caused by the long-term accumulation of damagecaused by the cyclic loading.
Taking the drive axle of the wheel loader as the study object, this paper combines a specialproject of major technology in charge by the Zhejiang province science and technologydepartment, named "Study of key technologies and industrialization of the drive axle housing ofwheel loader"(2009C11111). In this paper, the analysis of dynamic properties and study of thefatigue life prediction of the axle housing of ZL50drive axle have been conducted. Firstly, useUG software to build the three dimensional models of all the parts of the drive axle and thenfinish the assembly. Also the theoretical analysis of both kinematics and dynamics have beencarried out. Considered the flexible effect between the axle housing and driver shaft, throughestablishing the mode neutral file of axle housing and drive shaft, they are regarded as flexiblebody. Then according to one kind of practical working condition of the wheel loader, build thespectrum between the tyre and road surface, obtain the rigid and flexible coupling multibodydynamic simulation model of the drive axle in Adams software to conduct the kinematic anddynamic simulation analysis. Finally some dynamic properties of the drive axle transmissionsystem can be got, and the results of simulation are basically identical with the theoretical ones. Because the working condition of the wheel loader is relatively complicated, this paper aims atthe dynamic analysis of wheel loader under the condition of passing through some kind ofemulational road surface, then conduct the dynamic safety analysis of the main loadedcomponents of the drive axle, obtain the dynamic load file, combine with the Ansys software tocarry out the finite element static analysis of the axle housing, then use the analysis results toobtain the stress spectrum of the axle housing. In the fatigue analysis module of Nsoft, thefatigue life prediction of the axle housing based on its finite element model has been made, thefatigue life nephogram and minimum fatigue life of the axle housing can be obtained.
Aiming at the calculated results of the fatigue life theory above, the author has conductedthe dynamic test of the drive axle housing of wheel loader under practical working condition,and detailed analysis of the collected load data has been made. Using the data processing moduleof Nsoft, conduct the rainflow counting process of the measurement data, and rain flow/damagehistogram and damage time history of the stress-time history of all sample points can be got.Besides, carry out the calculation and analysis of the fatigue life of axle housing based on actualmeasured load spectrum, finally make comparison with the results of theoretical calculation.
The analysis of dynamic properties of the drive axle on wheel loader and study of fatiguelife prediction of the axle housing in this paper have laid foundation for the further optimumdesign of the drive axle, also supply a reference of analysis of dynamic property and anti-fatiguedesign for the parts and components for other vehicles and machines.
本文以装载机驱动桥为研究对象，结合浙江省科技厅重大科技专项项目（2009C11111）“轮式装载机驱动桥关键技术研究与产业化”，对ZL50型驱动桥进行了动力学特性分析及桥壳疲劳寿命预测的研究。首先利用UG建立了驱动桥各零部件的三维实体模型并进行装配，进行了其运动学和动力学理论分析。考虑了桥壳和半轴的柔性效应，通过建立桥壳和半轴的模态中性文件将其作为柔性体，并根据装载机某种实际行驶工况，建立轮胎和路面谱，在Adams中得到驱动桥刚柔耦合多体动力学仿真模型，并进行了运动学和动力学仿真分析，得到了驱动桥传动系的一些动态特性，仿真结果与理论吻合。由于装载机行驶工况比较复杂，本文针对驱动桥通过某种仿真路面的动力学分析对主要承载部件驱动桥壳进行了动态安全性分析，得到其动载荷文件，结合Ansys对桥壳进行了有限元静力学分析，利用分析结果得到的桥壳的应力谱，在nSoft的疲劳分析模块中，对桥壳进行了基于有限元模型的疲劳寿命预估，得到了桥壳疲劳寿命云图及最低疲劳寿命。
针对上述桥壳疲劳寿命理论的计算结果，本文对装载机驱动桥桥壳的实际工况进行了动力学测试，对采集到的载荷数据进行了详细的分析，利用Nsoft的数据处理模块，对测试数据进行了雨流计数处理，得到其各采样点应力-时间历程的雨流/损伤直方图和损伤时间历程，并进行了基于实测载荷谱的桥壳疲劳寿命计算分析，最后与理论计算的结果进行了比较。
本文对装载机驱动桥的动力学特性分析及桥壳疲劳寿命预测的研究为进一步进行驱动桥优化设计打下了基础,也为其它车辆机械零部件的动力学特性分析和抗疲劳设计提供了参考。
Wheel loader is one kind of engineering machines about spading soil and transporting. Ithas the properties of rapid working speed, high efficiency and well maneuverability, so it hasbecome the main type of engineering machines for site operation. Drive axle is a key structuralcomponent of the transmission system of a wheel loader, accurate stimulating load analysis anddynamic response are the foundation of the dynamic characteristic analysis of drive axle. Byusing the virtual prototype technology to analyse and predict the dynamic response of the driveaxle transmission components, the transmission property can be improved, and the research anddevelopment cycle can be shorten. The drive axle housing sustains the load of the wheel loaderand transmit the load to the wheels, besides, it bears various forces and impacts both from roadand the vehicle itself. According to the theoretical study, the main style of forcing the ruin of theaxle housing is the fatigue failure which is caused by the long-term accumulation of damagecaused by the cyclic loading.
Taking the drive axle of the wheel loader as the study object, this paper combines a specialproject of major technology in charge by the Zhejiang province science and technologydepartment, named "Study of key technologies and industrialization of the drive axle housing ofwheel loader"(2009C11111). In this paper, the analysis of dynamic properties and study of thefatigue life prediction of the axle housing of ZL50drive axle have been conducted. Firstly, useUG software to build the three dimensional models of all the parts of the drive axle and thenfinish the assembly. Also the theoretical analysis of both kinematics and dynamics have beencarried out. Considered the flexible effect between the axle housing and driver shaft, throughestablishing the mode neutral file of axle housing and drive shaft, they are regarded as flexiblebody. Then according to one kind of practical working condition of the wheel loader, build thespectrum between the tyre and road surface, obtain the rigid and flexible coupling multibodydynamic simulation model of the drive axle in Adams software to conduct the kinematic anddynamic simulation analysis. Finally some dynamic properties of the drive axle transmissionsystem can be got, and the results of simulation are basically identical with the theoretical ones. Because the working condition of the wheel loader is relatively complicated, this paper aims atthe dynamic analysis of wheel loader under the condition of passing through some kind ofemulational road surface, then conduct the dynamic safety analysis of the main loadedcomponents of the drive axle, obtain the dynamic load file, combine with the Ansys software tocarry out the finite element static analysis of the axle housing, then use the analysis results toobtain the stress spectrum of the axle housing. In the fatigue analysis module of Nsoft, thefatigue life prediction of the axle housing based on its finite element model has been made, thefatigue life nephogram and minimum fatigue life of the axle housing can be obtained.
Aiming at the calculated results of the fatigue life theory above, the author has conductedthe dynamic test of the drive axle housing of wheel loader under practical working condition,and detailed analysis of the collected load data has been made. Using the data processing moduleof Nsoft, conduct the rainflow counting process of the measurement data, and rain flow/damagehistogram and damage time history of the stress-time history of all sample points can be got.Besides, carry out the calculation and analysis of the fatigue life of axle housing based on actualmeasured load spectrum, finally make comparison with the results of theoretical calculation.
The analysis of dynamic properties of the drive axle on wheel loader and study of fatiguelife prediction of the axle housing in this paper have laid foundation for the further optimumdesign of the drive axle, also supply a reference of analysis of dynamic property and anti-fatiguedesign for the parts and components for other vehicles and machines.
引文
[1]李孝明.中国工程机械装载机产品发展及其趋势[J].机械.1999,26(2):48～50.
[2]刘良臣.2008年中国装载机行业扫描[J].建筑机械,2009,(05).
[3]杨占敏，王智明，张春秋.轮式装载机[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2006.
[4]刘惟信．汽车车桥设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[5]吉林工业大学机械教研室．轮式装载机设计[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982．
[6]徐灏．概率疲劳[M]．沈阳：东北大学出版社,1994.
[7]林正祥．汽车驱动桥桥壳动力特性分析与疲劳寿命预测[D]．合肥：合肥工业大学硕士学位论文,2009．
[8]程序,张建润,王志新.汽车发动机悬置系统动力设计[J].东南大学学报,1995,25(02).
[9]史文库,林逸,吕振华,孔祥瑞，陈晓梅，赵化民.动力总成悬置元件特性对整车振动的影响[J].汽车工程,1997,19(02).
[10]上官文斌,吕振华.汽车动力总成橡胶隔振器弹性特性的有限元分析[J].内燃机工程，2003,(06).
[11]张斌，翁建生，汪洋.汽车动力总成的模糊多目标优化[J].轻型汽车技术,2006,(03).
[12]王铁,张国忠,周淑文.路面不平度影响下的汽车驱动桥动载荷[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(24).
[13]朱峥涛.车驱动桥桥壳有限元分析[D].南昌大学,2007.
[14]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模与分析[D].吉林大学,2005.
[15]韩愈琪，杨锁望，王晶.基于A D A M S的路面激励下矿用汽车驱动桥动载荷分析[J].建筑机械.2005(12):66～70.
[16]崔新涛.基于虚拟样机技术的变速器动力学仿真研究[D].天津大学,2004.
[17]姚娟.基于虚拟样机技术的减速器动力学仿真研究[D].武汉理工大学,2008.
[18] Parey A, Tandon N. Spur gear dynamics models including defects: a Review [J]. TheShock and Vibration Digest (S0583-1024),2003,35(6):465~478.
[19] Thedossiades S, Natsiavas S. Non-linear Dynamics of Gear-Pair System with PeriodicStiffness and Backlash [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration (S0022-460X),2000,229(2):287~310.
[20] S.Suerhs著,王光中等译.材料的疲劳[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1999.
[21]周传月,郑红霞,罗慧强等著.MSC.Fatigue疲劳分析应用与实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[22]李舜酩.机械疲劳与可靠性设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2006．
[23]徐灏．疲劳强度[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1988．
[24]胡俏．随机载荷下构件疲劳可靠性设计方法的研究[D]．沈阳：东北大学博士学位论文，1993．
[25]中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T5928-1991．工程机械驱动桥台架试验方法．
[26]中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T5929-1991．工程机械驱动桥可靠性试验方法．
[27] Yuejun E.Lee,Sree Sreedhar,D.Marla,C.Pawlieki.Automotive Axle Simulation andCorrelation[J].2006SAE World Congress Detroit,2006,APril3-6:47~53.
[28]郑慧林.基于有限元法的微型车驱动桥结构分析及疲劳寿命预测研究[D].南京理工大学,2008.
[29]禇志刚,邓兆祥,李伟,陈德兵,周政平.汽车驱动桥壳结构破坏机理分析研究[J].设计与计算.2001(06):30～33.
[30]肖生发,左惟炜,沈德平.轻型车后桥二维载荷谱及其疲劳寿命预测[J].汽车工程.Vol24(No.4).2002.4:343～347.
[31]高晶,宋健,张步良,冯喜成.基于MSC.Fatigue的汽车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命预估[J].工程设计学报. Vol.14(No.3). Jun,2007.
[32]文凌波,王会义,宋健,李亮.某型驱动桥壳疲劳寿命的仿真与实验分析[J].现代设计技术.2006.5:49～53.
[33]高晶,宋健,朱涛.随机载荷作用下汽车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命预估[J].机械强度.2008,30(6):982～987.
[34]朱茂桃,奚润,李伟.某轻型汽车后桥壳体疲劳寿命分析[J].汽车技术.2009(1).
[35]朱茂桃,韩兵.农用运输车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命分布预测[J].机械强度.2008,30(1):166～169.
[36]李亮,宋健,文凌波,高京.商用车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命的有限元仿真与实验分析[J].机械强度.2008，30(3)：503～507.
[37]杜子学,王星.货车后桥壳的疲劳强度分析[J].汽车与船舶.2008,10.
[38]李丽.汽车后桥有限元分析及疲劳寿命预测[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[39] Mochizuki Sumio, Yasuda Noritaka, Aqari Komeji. Analysis on strength of rear axlehousing excited by randomly varying load [J]. Bulletin of JSAE (Society of AutomotiveEngineers of Japan),1974,6：92～101.
[40] Samuelsson. J, Holm. D.K, Blom.A.F. Applications of damage tolerance concepts andconventional fatigue life estimation methods to an axle housing in a wheel loader [C].Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd,1986：413～429.
[41] Steven W. Bradley, Walter L. Bradley. Analysis of failure of axle housing of crane truckwith fracture mechanics [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis,1995,2(4)：233～246.
[42].Osman Asi*.Fatigue failure of a rear axle shaft of an automobile.Engineering FatigueAnalysis13(2009)1293～1302.
[43] M.M.Topac,H.Gunal,N.S.Kuralay.Fatigue failure prediction of a rear axle housingprototype by using finite element analysis.Engineering Failure Analysis.2009,1474～1482.
[44] D.T.Phain，R.5.Gault，A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies InternationalJournal of Machine Tools and Manufacture38(1998)1257～1287.
[45]杨东武.柔性多体系统动力学的建模研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学.2005.
[46]贾书惠.刚体动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1986.
[47]袁兆鼎,费景高,刘德贵.刚性常微分方程初值问题的数值解法[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
[48]苏文力.基于虚拟样机的抓斗卸船机结构动力学仿真研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[49]郑建荣.ADAMS-虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[50]杨宝林.基于虚拟样机技术的船用起重机金属结构动力学仿真[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2008.
[51]张越今.多体动力学在轿车动力学仿真及优化研究的中的应用[D].清华大学博士论文,1997.11.
[52]张越今.汽车多体动力学及计算机仿真[M].吉林科学技术出版社,1998.12.
[53]陈家瑞主编.汽车构造(下)(M).北京:机械工业出版社,2010.
[54]张晋西,张甲瑞,郭学琴著.UG NX/Motion机构运动仿真基础及实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009.
[55]田凤霞,司景萍,万方军等.基于UG、ANSYS和ADAMS的联合仿真研究[J].公路与运输,2010,05(3),4～7.
[56]史永伟.轮式装载机驱动桥多体动力学仿真分析[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2009.
[57]赵卫军,等.机械原理[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002.
[58]石明全.基于ADAMS的多接触研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(29):220～222.
[59]陈立平,张云清,任卫群等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[60]龙凯,程颖.齿轮啮合力仿真计算的参数选取研究[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(6):87～88，91.
[61]李增刚.ADAMS入门详解与实例[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[62]机械工程材料性能数据手册编委会．机械工程材料性能数据手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社,1995．
[63]赵雯.虚拟样机一体化建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(1).
[64]李润方.齿轮系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[65]贺岩松,官磊,徐中明等.商用车驱动桥壳的疲劳分析[J].中国科技论文在线.2010.
[66]潘宏侠,郑海起.结构动态载荷识别及其在兵器中的应用[J].测试技术学报,1994,8(2):36～44.
[67]彭天权.装载机两种载荷谱的差异化分析[J].建筑机械.2010,10:108～110.
[68]王国军,胡仁喜,陈欣.nSoft疲劳分析理论与应用实例指导教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[69]潘宏侠,黄晋英等.装甲车辆动力传动系统载荷谱测试方案与研究[J].振动、测试与诊断,2009,29(1):105～109
[70]赵少汴,王忠保.抗疲劳设计--方法与数据[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1997.
[71]董乐义,罗俊,程礼.雨流计数法及其在程序中的具体体现[J].计算机技术与应用,2004,24(3):38～40.
[72]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.
[73] Peter J.Heyes,林晓斌译.基于有限元的疲劳设计分析系统MSC/FATIGUE.中国机械工程,1998,9(11):12～15.
[74]程玉仁,缪龙秀,侯炳麟.疲劳强度[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[75]曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,1991.
[76]黄民锋.江迎春.基于有限元法的汽车构件疲劳寿命分析[J].机械研究与应用,2008,4:186～188.
[77] BUCH A.Fatigue strength calculation[M].Switzerland:Trans Tech Publication,1988:44-45.
[78] Wu W F,NiCC.A study of stochastic fatigue crack growth modeling through experimentaldata.Probabi!istic Engineering Mechanics.2003,18(2):107～118.
[2]刘良臣.2008年中国装载机行业扫描[J].建筑机械,2009,(05).
[3]杨占敏，王智明，张春秋.轮式装载机[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2006.
[4]刘惟信．汽车车桥设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[5]吉林工业大学机械教研室．轮式装载机设计[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982．
[6]徐灏．概率疲劳[M]．沈阳：东北大学出版社,1994.
[7]林正祥．汽车驱动桥桥壳动力特性分析与疲劳寿命预测[D]．合肥：合肥工业大学硕士学位论文,2009．
[8]程序,张建润,王志新.汽车发动机悬置系统动力设计[J].东南大学学报,1995,25(02).
[9]史文库,林逸,吕振华,孔祥瑞，陈晓梅，赵化民.动力总成悬置元件特性对整车振动的影响[J].汽车工程,1997,19(02).
[10]上官文斌,吕振华.汽车动力总成橡胶隔振器弹性特性的有限元分析[J].内燃机工程，2003,(06).
[11]张斌，翁建生，汪洋.汽车动力总成的模糊多目标优化[J].轻型汽车技术,2006,(03).
[12]王铁,张国忠,周淑文.路面不平度影响下的汽车驱动桥动载荷[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(24).
[13]朱峥涛.车驱动桥桥壳有限元分析[D].南昌大学,2007.
[14]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模与分析[D].吉林大学,2005.
[15]韩愈琪，杨锁望，王晶.基于A D A M S的路面激励下矿用汽车驱动桥动载荷分析[J].建筑机械.2005(12):66～70.
[16]崔新涛.基于虚拟样机技术的变速器动力学仿真研究[D].天津大学,2004.
[17]姚娟.基于虚拟样机技术的减速器动力学仿真研究[D].武汉理工大学,2008.
[18] Parey A, Tandon N. Spur gear dynamics models including defects: a Review [J]. TheShock and Vibration Digest (S0583-1024),2003,35(6):465~478.
[19] Thedossiades S, Natsiavas S. Non-linear Dynamics of Gear-Pair System with PeriodicStiffness and Backlash [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration (S0022-460X),2000,229(2):287~310.
[20] S.Suerhs著,王光中等译.材料的疲劳[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1999.
[21]周传月,郑红霞,罗慧强等著.MSC.Fatigue疲劳分析应用与实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[22]李舜酩.机械疲劳与可靠性设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2006．
[23]徐灏．疲劳强度[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1988．
[24]胡俏．随机载荷下构件疲劳可靠性设计方法的研究[D]．沈阳：东北大学博士学位论文，1993．
[25]中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T5928-1991．工程机械驱动桥台架试验方法．
[26]中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T5929-1991．工程机械驱动桥可靠性试验方法．
[27] Yuejun E.Lee,Sree Sreedhar,D.Marla,C.Pawlieki.Automotive Axle Simulation andCorrelation[J].2006SAE World Congress Detroit,2006,APril3-6:47~53.
[28]郑慧林.基于有限元法的微型车驱动桥结构分析及疲劳寿命预测研究[D].南京理工大学,2008.
[29]禇志刚,邓兆祥,李伟,陈德兵,周政平.汽车驱动桥壳结构破坏机理分析研究[J].设计与计算.2001(06):30～33.
[30]肖生发,左惟炜,沈德平.轻型车后桥二维载荷谱及其疲劳寿命预测[J].汽车工程.Vol24(No.4).2002.4:343～347.
[31]高晶,宋健,张步良,冯喜成.基于MSC.Fatigue的汽车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命预估[J].工程设计学报. Vol.14(No.3). Jun,2007.
[32]文凌波,王会义,宋健,李亮.某型驱动桥壳疲劳寿命的仿真与实验分析[J].现代设计技术.2006.5:49～53.
[33]高晶,宋健,朱涛.随机载荷作用下汽车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命预估[J].机械强度.2008,30(6):982～987.
[34]朱茂桃,奚润,李伟.某轻型汽车后桥壳体疲劳寿命分析[J].汽车技术.2009(1).
[35]朱茂桃,韩兵.农用运输车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命分布预测[J].机械强度.2008,30(1):166～169.
[36]李亮,宋健,文凌波,高京.商用车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命的有限元仿真与实验分析[J].机械强度.2008，30(3)：503～507.
[37]杜子学,王星.货车后桥壳的疲劳强度分析[J].汽车与船舶.2008,10.
[38]李丽.汽车后桥有限元分析及疲劳寿命预测[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[39] Mochizuki Sumio, Yasuda Noritaka, Aqari Komeji. Analysis on strength of rear axlehousing excited by randomly varying load [J]. Bulletin of JSAE (Society of AutomotiveEngineers of Japan),1974,6：92～101.
[40] Samuelsson. J, Holm. D.K, Blom.A.F. Applications of damage tolerance concepts andconventional fatigue life estimation methods to an axle housing in a wheel loader [C].Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd,1986：413～429.
[41] Steven W. Bradley, Walter L. Bradley. Analysis of failure of axle housing of crane truckwith fracture mechanics [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis,1995,2(4)：233～246.
[42].Osman Asi*.Fatigue failure of a rear axle shaft of an automobile.Engineering FatigueAnalysis13(2009)1293～1302.
[43] M.M.Topac,H.Gunal,N.S.Kuralay.Fatigue failure prediction of a rear axle housingprototype by using finite element analysis.Engineering Failure Analysis.2009,1474～1482.
[44] D.T.Phain，R.5.Gault，A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies InternationalJournal of Machine Tools and Manufacture38(1998)1257～1287.
[45]杨东武.柔性多体系统动力学的建模研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学.2005.
[46]贾书惠.刚体动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1986.
[47]袁兆鼎,费景高,刘德贵.刚性常微分方程初值问题的数值解法[M].北京：科学出版社,1987.
[48]苏文力.基于虚拟样机的抓斗卸船机结构动力学仿真研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[49]郑建荣.ADAMS-虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[50]杨宝林.基于虚拟样机技术的船用起重机金属结构动力学仿真[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2008.
[51]张越今.多体动力学在轿车动力学仿真及优化研究的中的应用[D].清华大学博士论文,1997.11.
[52]张越今.汽车多体动力学及计算机仿真[M].吉林科学技术出版社,1998.12.
[53]陈家瑞主编.汽车构造(下)(M).北京:机械工业出版社,2010.
[54]张晋西,张甲瑞,郭学琴著.UG NX/Motion机构运动仿真基础及实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009.
[55]田凤霞,司景萍,万方军等.基于UG、ANSYS和ADAMS的联合仿真研究[J].公路与运输,2010,05(3),4～7.
[56]史永伟.轮式装载机驱动桥多体动力学仿真分析[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2009.
[57]赵卫军,等.机械原理[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002.
[58]石明全.基于ADAMS的多接触研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(29):220～222.
[59]陈立平,张云清,任卫群等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[60]龙凯,程颖.齿轮啮合力仿真计算的参数选取研究[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(6):87～88，91.
[61]李增刚.ADAMS入门详解与实例[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[62]机械工程材料性能数据手册编委会．机械工程材料性能数据手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社,1995．
[63]赵雯.虚拟样机一体化建模方法研究[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(1).
[64]李润方.齿轮系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[65]贺岩松,官磊,徐中明等.商用车驱动桥壳的疲劳分析[J].中国科技论文在线.2010.
[66]潘宏侠,郑海起.结构动态载荷识别及其在兵器中的应用[J].测试技术学报,1994,8(2):36～44.
[67]彭天权.装载机两种载荷谱的差异化分析[J].建筑机械.2010,10:108～110.
[68]王国军,胡仁喜,陈欣.nSoft疲劳分析理论与应用实例指导教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[69]潘宏侠,黄晋英等.装甲车辆动力传动系统载荷谱测试方案与研究[J].振动、测试与诊断,2009,29(1):105～109
[70]赵少汴,王忠保.抗疲劳设计--方法与数据[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1997.
[71]董乐义,罗俊,程礼.雨流计数法及其在程序中的具体体现[J].计算机技术与应用,2004,24(3):38～40.
[72]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002.
[73] Peter J.Heyes,林晓斌译.基于有限元的疲劳设计分析系统MSC/FATIGUE.中国机械工程,1998,9(11):12～15.
[74]程玉仁,缪龙秀,侯炳麟.疲劳强度[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990.
[75]曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,1991.
[76]黄民锋.江迎春.基于有限元法的汽车构件疲劳寿命分析[J].机械研究与应用,2008,4:186～188.
[77] BUCH A.Fatigue strength calculation[M].Switzerland:Trans Tech Publication,1988:44-45.
[78] Wu W F,NiCC.A study of stochastic fatigue crack growth modeling through experimentaldata.Probabi!istic Engineering Mechanics.2003,18(2):107～118.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |