科尔沁沙地地表环境演变及其与水文气象因子间的响应关系研究
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摘要
当前,全球很多地区地表环境呈现不断恶化的趋势,地表环境如何演变,其与水文气象因子间的响应关系是什么,越来越多的受到国内外无论是科学界还是各国政府的广泛关注,已成为全球变化研究中国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)中的研究热点。
科尔沁沙地在历史上曾为水草丰美、植被茂盛的大草原,经过近百年的草场退化、沙化及土地荒漠化,目前已成为我国四大沙地之一,其地表环境的演变不论在全球还是我国都具有典型性和代表性。而其变化趋势和特点是如何的,与水文气象因子间存在如何的响应关系,是目前科学界迫切想获知的。
本文以科尔沁沙地为区域研究区,在该研究区进行了地表环境因子-植被生态型、榆树生长演变及其与水文气象因子间的响应关系研究。在科尔沁沙地腹地选择了可以代表科尔沁沙地坨甸相间地貌、地形、植被、水文气象等条件的两个研究区,即一般研究区(阿古拉苏木)和重点研究区(阿古拉试验区),以1987～2006年20年间的17张遥感影像数据和在两个研究区实地收集、调查、测试的植被及水文气象数据为基础,通过对遥感影像的解译和水文气象数据的整理,对一般研究区和重点研究区分别进行了地表环境变化及其与水文气象因子间的年际和年内响应关系研究。通过分析,主要得出以下结论:
区域研究区:(1)湿生、中生、中旱生和旱生植物对应响应的地下水位埋深范围分别为0.45～1.66m、0.95～2.20m、2.20～4.59m和3.45～7.45m;植物根系土壤表层含水率范围分别为2.70～25.54%、0.80～13.32%、0.41～2.25%和0.28～0.44%;植物根系层含水率范围分别为5.59～54.80%、3.59～9.19%、0.71～3.59%和0.16～0.78%。同时湿生植物与中生植物、中旱生植物与旱生植物有一个地下水位埋深过渡响应范围,其值分别为0.95～1.66m和3.45～4.59m;有一个植物根系土壤表层含水率过渡响应范围,其值分别为2.70～13.32%和0.41～0.44%;有一个根系层土壤含水率过渡响应范围,其值分别为5.59～9.19%和0.71～0.78%。
(2)年轮指数与7月份降水量、年降水量、8月和9月蒸发量之和的相关系数最大,分别为+0.605、+0.595和-0.459,即榆树生长演变随降水量的增大而增大,随蒸发量的增大而减小。由此,建立榆树标准年表,并通过其重建了该地区1906～1951年46a的降水量和蒸发量序列,经验证,重建序列具有较好的可靠性,可用于指导生产实践。
一般研究区:(1)在1987～2006年间,耕地、其它林地、居民和道路用地、盐碱地、低覆盖度草地、半固定沙地面积分别从26.65、1.02、1.88、38.71、120.30、104.84km2变化到74.79、2.83、4.59、94.91、201.79、203.21km2,呈逐渐增加趋势。灌木林地、水域、高覆盖度草地、固定沙地、流动沙丘、中覆盖度草地面积分别从53.26、30.80、49.38、321.24、59.70、116.94km2变化到42.63、16.50、32.88、103.86、18.48、128.36km2,呈逐渐减少趋势。表明,近20年来研究区地表环境呈现不断恶化的趋势,在近2年稍有好转。
(2)年际NDVI均值变化中,1987～1994年为上升阶段;1994～2002年为下降阶段,之后呈上升趋势。总体上,年际NDVI均值变化呈下降趋势,即地表环境变化呈现恶化趋势,但近2年有所好转。
(3)各类水文气象因子不同程度的影响着各地表环境类型面积的变化,并按相关系数大小具有一定的排序,随着这些因子的起伏变化,各类型地表环境面积变化表现出不同的响应方式。并且这种影响贯穿了植被生长的前、初和高峰期。
(4)水文气象因子对地表环境面积变化影响最大的是相对湿度,HFII值为0.16;其次为降水量和蒸发量,HFII值分别为0.15和0.13。表明在干旱半干旱地区,水分条件是制约地表环境变化的关键因素,其相反的因子-蒸发量是又一大制约因素,地表环境的多年恶化主要还是由多年来气候持续干旱造成的。
(5)NDVI均值变化的主要推动因子是降水和蒸发。其在2007～2012年之间呈逐渐降低趋势,说明在该时段地表环境将进一步恶化;在2013～2020年之间呈逐渐增大趋势,说明该时段地表环境将逐步趋于好转。
(6)在植被生长初期,由于降水量较少,植被生长更多的需要通过根系吸收地下水,所以地下水位埋深越小,NDVI值就越大。5月份的地下水位埋深小范围的波动就会导致8月份NDVI的较大变化。同时,随着5月份和7月份地下水位埋深不同范围的变化,NDVI表现出0.145～0.3、0.3～0.5和0.5～0.582三个区间的响应范围,并且其中有个别的地下水位埋深过渡范围。
重点研究区:(1)耕地、灌木林地、盐碱地、高覆盖度草地、固定沙地年内面积变化呈抛物线趋势;水域、低覆盖度草地、半固定沙地和流动沙丘则呈微弱倒抛物线趋势;其它林地无变化;中覆盖度草地呈逐渐增加趋势。年内NDVI最大值和均值变化呈现抛物线趋势。
(2)在5月22日至8月24日这个阶段,随着各类水文气象因子的变化,各类型地表环境面积随之响应变化,互相转化;而在8月24日至10月27日这个阶段,则表现出相反的响应趋势。
(3)各地表环境类型代表点在年内NDVI值均呈抛物线趋势。高覆盖度草地NDVI均值最大,达到0.30;盐碱地与高覆盖度草地混和地居第二位,为0.19;流动沙丘位于最后一位,为0.07。
(4)随着降水量的增大,蒸发量的减少,日照时数的增加,空间不同高处相对湿度的增大,风速的减小,前一月和8月份地温的降低,10月份地温的升高(这其中影响较大的为20cm处的地温),空间各层位平均气温的降低,不同深度土壤蒸发量的降低(特别是20cm高土壤蒸发),NDVI值随之增大。同样,在年内5月份的地下水位埋深小范围的波动就会导致8月份NDVI的较大变化,对植被生长起着关键作用。而在6～8月期间,植被长势已很好,基数基本稳定,此时植被的生长对地下水位埋深的依赖程度有所降低。同时,NDVI为0.125～0.3、0.3～0.5和0.5～0.612时,在5月份、6月份和7月份分别有各自对应的地下水位埋深范围,并且其间有部分过渡范围。上述结论表明在空间各个位置的水热条件都伴随着植被生长的全过程。
研究区地表环境不论是年际,还是年内变化,主要是响应了各类水文气象因子的变化,特别是降水、相对湿度、蒸发和气温等的变化。近20年地表环境处于不断的恶化中,其间有部分波动,近2年稍有好转,但未来6年仍将继续恶化,之后将会持续好转,这是气候的持续干旱及未来转湿所致,当然,这其中也含有部分人类活动影响的因素。
Present, the surface environment present an ever-worsening trend in many areas of the world. How will the surface environment change? What are the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors? All above problems have been paied close attention from scientific communities and governments, already become a hot topic for International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) in the research of global changes.
Horqin sandy land was a beautiful and exuberant grassland in history, after hundred years grassland degeneration and desertification has already become one of four big sandy land in our country, whatever in the whole world or our country, the variation of the surface environment had many typical and representative natures. How will the surface environment changing trend and characteristics go on? What are the relationships between the changes of the surface environment and hydrological-weather factors? These are scientific communities want to learn urgently at present.
The paper take Horqin sandy land as regional study area, in this study area have carried out researches about the changes of vegetation ecotype, elm growth and the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors, and chosen two areas which can represent the landform, terrain, vegetation and hydrological-weather conditions in Horqin sandy land, namely general study area (Agula town) and principal study area (Agula testing-station). The paper based on 17 remote sensing image data from 1987 to 2006 and lots of vegetation and hydrological-weather data which by collecting, surveying and testing in two study areas, with translating the remote sensing image and arranging the hydrological-weather data, have carried out researches about the inter- and inner-annual changes of the surface environment and the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors in general and principal study areas. From analysis, gained four main conclusions as follows:
Regional study area:(1) For hygrophytes, mesophytes, mesoxerophytes and xerophytes, the buried depth of groundwater table were respectively from 0.45m to 1.66m, from 0.95m to 2.20m, from 2.20m to 4.59m and from 3.45m to 7.45m; the water content of surface soil of root structure were respectively from 2.70% to 25.54%, from 0.80% to 13.32%, from 0.41% to 2.25% and from 0.28% to 0.44%; the water content of root structure were respectively from 5.59% to 54.80%, from 3.59% to 9.19%, from 0.71% to 3.59% and from 0.16% to 0.78%. At the same time, for hygrophytes and mesophytes, mesoxerophytes and xerophytes, there were two transition response ranges of buried depth of groundwater table respectively from 0.95m to 1.66m and from 3.45m to 4.59m; there were two transition response ranges of water content of surface soil of root structure respectively from 2.70% to 13.32% and from 0.41% to 0.44%; there were two transition response ranges of water content of root structure were respectively from 5.59% to 9.19% and 0.71% to 0.78%.
(2)The annual ring index had three biggest correlation coefficients with rainfall of July, the annual precipitation and the total evaporation of August and September are respectively +0.605, +0.595 and -0.459, namely the elm growth changes present an increasing trend with the increase of precipitation and present a decreasing trend with the increase of evaporation. From these ruslts, established elm standard annual table and rebuilded the sequence of precipitation and evaporation from 1906 to 1951, from certification, the sequence had fairly good reliability for actual practices.
General study area:(1)During 1987~2006 the area of farmland, forest, the land of resident and road, alkaline-saline land, low-covered degree grassland and the fixed and partly fixed sandy land respectively increased from 26.65, 1.02, 1.878, 38.71, 120.30 and 104.84km2 to 74.79, 2.832, 4.585, 94.91, 201.79 and 203.21km2. The six types of surface environment in inter-annual presented a gradually increasing trend. The area of bush forest, water surface, high-covered degree grassland, fixed sandy land,bare sand dunes and middle cover degree grassland respectively increased from 53.26, 30.80, 49.38, 321.24, 59.70 and 116.94km2 to 42.63, 16.50, 32.88, 103.86, 18.48 and 128.36km2. The six types of surface environment in inter-annual presented a gradually decreasing trend. All types of surface environment in the course of mutual transformation. It indicated that the surface environment presented an ever-worsening trend for a long time, but changed for the better condition close to recent two years.
(2)In the course of inter-annual changes of average value of NDVI, from 1987 to 1994 was a rising stage and from 1994 to 2002 was decreasing stage, afterwards presented a rising trend. As a whole, the inter-annual changes of the average value of NDVI presented a decreasing trend, namely the changes of surface environment presented a worsening trend, but changed for the better close to recent two years.
(3)All types of area changes of the surface environment had different degrees correlations with 9 major kinds of hydrological-weather factors, about 2～28 hydrological-weather factors influenced the changes of surface environment and had certain orders according to the size of correlation coefficients, with the fluctuation of these factors, all types of area changes of the surface environment presented different response modes. As a whole, the influences of rainfall, relative humidity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and average wind speed went throughout the whole course of early, initial and flush period of vegetation growth.
(4)Relative humidity was the most influential factor to the area changes of surface environment, the HFII(Hydrological-Weather Factors Influential Index) was 0.161; rainfall occupied the second place, the HFII was 0.150; the third one was evaporation, the HFII was 0.131. That show clearly, in arid area, water condition was the key restrictive factor to the changes of surface environment, it’s contrary factor-evaporation was another key restrictive factor, these phenomenon accorded with the characteristics of arid area, the worsening conditions of the surface environment mainly bringed about by the multi-years dry climate.
(5)Rainfall and evaporation was the impetus factors to the changes of average value of NDVI, which will present a decreasing trend from 2007 to 2012, it indicates that the surface environment will increasingly worsen during this period; and it will present an increasing trend from 2013 to 2020, it indicates that the surface environment will change for the better.
(6)In the initial stage of vegetation growth, because of rainfall was comparatively rare, the growth of vegetation mainly depended on absorbing groundwater by root system, accordingly the buried depth of groundwater table was increasingly shallow and the average value of NDVI was more bigger. A little fluctuation of buried depth of groundwater table on May will make the average value of NDVI occur greater changes. Meanwhile, with the different ranges of buried depth of groundwater table on May and July, NDVI presented three response ranges were respectively from 0.145 to 0.3, from 0.3 to 0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.582, there were transient ranges of buried depth of groundwater table in these response ranges.
Principal study area:(1) The inner-annual variation of farmland, bush forest land, alkaline-saline land, high-covered degree grassland and fixed sandy land presented a parabola trend. The inner-annual variation of water surface, low-covered degree grassland, fixed and partly fixed sandy land, bare sand dunes presented a little inverted parabola trend. The other forest land nearly had no changes in 2006, the inner-annual changes of middle -cover degree grassland presented an increasing trend.
(2)The inner-annual changes of maximum and average value of NDVI presented a parabola trend, on August 24 the NDVI was maximum of 0.707, on October 27 the NDVI was minimum of 0.302.
(3)In the stage of May 22 to August 24, all types area of surface environment changed and transformated each other with the changes of hydrological-weather factors and had close response relationships. From August 24 to November 27 presented inverted response relationships.
(4)The average value of NDVI of all types of surface environment presented a parabola trend, the average value of NDVI of high-covered degree grassland was maximum of 0.3006; the mixed land of alkaline-saline and high-covered degree grassland occuied the second place, the value was 0.1098; bare sand dunes was the last factor, the value was 0.0682.
(5)The inner-annual changes of rainfall and the value of NDVI had the same trend, it was the most influential factors and influenced the whole course of vegetation growth. The value of NDVI decreased with the increase of evaporation and increased with the increase of sunshine hours. The value of NDVI correspondingly increased with the increase of relative humidity of 0m, 2m and 3.5m, it indicated that the different height of water condition influenced the whole course of vegetation growth. Samely, a little fluctuation of buried depth of groundwater table on May will make the average value of NDVI occur greater changes, it played a key role for vegetation growth. However during June to August, the state of vegetation growth was in good condition, the cardinal number was stable, so the growth of vegetation was less dependent on the buried depth of groundwater table. Meanwhile, when the value of NDVI were respectively from 0.125 to 0.3, from 0.3 to 0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.612, which had respectively corresponding ranges of buried depth of groundwater table from May to July, and had a part of transition ranges. The value of NDVI gradually decreased with the wind speed increase. If the ground temperature was higher, it would suppress the vegetation growth and reduce good vegetation cardinal number, if the ground temperature increased on August, the vegetation growth would be suppressed and the value of NDVI also reduced. To October, the temperature gradually deduced, so vegetation growth need higher soil temperature environment, from analysis, if various layers of ground temperature were higher, the value of NDVI were more bigger, the most influential layer of ground temperature located at 5cm. In the flush period of vegetation growth, the average temperature in various spatial layers should be not too high, otherwise was disadvantageous to vegetation growth. On August the value of NDVI was influenced by soil evaporation, especially 0~20cm soil evaporation, with the increase of soil evaporation, the soil moisture was insufficient, the root system of vegetation could not receive supplement of moisture content, the NDVI would be reduced.
Whatever inter-annual or inner-annual changes of surface environment mainly responded to changes of hydrological-weather factors, especially the changes of rainfall, relative humidity, evaporation and temperature et al. As a whole, the surface environment presented an ever-worsening trend for a long time, has a part of undulation, especially has changed for the better close to recent two years, but will still continue to worsen in next 6 years, afterwards it will lasting better, all above phenomenon result from the continuous drought and future wet of climate, certainly, in which include partial influence from the human beings.
科尔沁沙地在历史上曾为水草丰美、植被茂盛的大草原,经过近百年的草场退化、沙化及土地荒漠化,目前已成为我国四大沙地之一,其地表环境的演变不论在全球还是我国都具有典型性和代表性。而其变化趋势和特点是如何的,与水文气象因子间存在如何的响应关系,是目前科学界迫切想获知的。
本文以科尔沁沙地为区域研究区,在该研究区进行了地表环境因子-植被生态型、榆树生长演变及其与水文气象因子间的响应关系研究。在科尔沁沙地腹地选择了可以代表科尔沁沙地坨甸相间地貌、地形、植被、水文气象等条件的两个研究区,即一般研究区(阿古拉苏木)和重点研究区(阿古拉试验区),以1987～2006年20年间的17张遥感影像数据和在两个研究区实地收集、调查、测试的植被及水文气象数据为基础,通过对遥感影像的解译和水文气象数据的整理,对一般研究区和重点研究区分别进行了地表环境变化及其与水文气象因子间的年际和年内响应关系研究。通过分析,主要得出以下结论:
区域研究区:(1)湿生、中生、中旱生和旱生植物对应响应的地下水位埋深范围分别为0.45～1.66m、0.95～2.20m、2.20～4.59m和3.45～7.45m;植物根系土壤表层含水率范围分别为2.70～25.54%、0.80～13.32%、0.41～2.25%和0.28～0.44%;植物根系层含水率范围分别为5.59～54.80%、3.59～9.19%、0.71～3.59%和0.16～0.78%。同时湿生植物与中生植物、中旱生植物与旱生植物有一个地下水位埋深过渡响应范围,其值分别为0.95～1.66m和3.45～4.59m;有一个植物根系土壤表层含水率过渡响应范围,其值分别为2.70～13.32%和0.41～0.44%;有一个根系层土壤含水率过渡响应范围,其值分别为5.59～9.19%和0.71～0.78%。
(2)年轮指数与7月份降水量、年降水量、8月和9月蒸发量之和的相关系数最大,分别为+0.605、+0.595和-0.459,即榆树生长演变随降水量的增大而增大,随蒸发量的增大而减小。由此,建立榆树标准年表,并通过其重建了该地区1906～1951年46a的降水量和蒸发量序列,经验证,重建序列具有较好的可靠性,可用于指导生产实践。
一般研究区:(1)在1987～2006年间,耕地、其它林地、居民和道路用地、盐碱地、低覆盖度草地、半固定沙地面积分别从26.65、1.02、1.88、38.71、120.30、104.84km2变化到74.79、2.83、4.59、94.91、201.79、203.21km2,呈逐渐增加趋势。灌木林地、水域、高覆盖度草地、固定沙地、流动沙丘、中覆盖度草地面积分别从53.26、30.80、49.38、321.24、59.70、116.94km2变化到42.63、16.50、32.88、103.86、18.48、128.36km2,呈逐渐减少趋势。表明,近20年来研究区地表环境呈现不断恶化的趋势,在近2年稍有好转。
(2)年际NDVI均值变化中,1987～1994年为上升阶段;1994～2002年为下降阶段,之后呈上升趋势。总体上,年际NDVI均值变化呈下降趋势,即地表环境变化呈现恶化趋势,但近2年有所好转。
(3)各类水文气象因子不同程度的影响着各地表环境类型面积的变化,并按相关系数大小具有一定的排序,随着这些因子的起伏变化,各类型地表环境面积变化表现出不同的响应方式。并且这种影响贯穿了植被生长的前、初和高峰期。
(4)水文气象因子对地表环境面积变化影响最大的是相对湿度,HFII值为0.16;其次为降水量和蒸发量,HFII值分别为0.15和0.13。表明在干旱半干旱地区,水分条件是制约地表环境变化的关键因素,其相反的因子-蒸发量是又一大制约因素,地表环境的多年恶化主要还是由多年来气候持续干旱造成的。
(5)NDVI均值变化的主要推动因子是降水和蒸发。其在2007～2012年之间呈逐渐降低趋势,说明在该时段地表环境将进一步恶化;在2013～2020年之间呈逐渐增大趋势,说明该时段地表环境将逐步趋于好转。
(6)在植被生长初期,由于降水量较少,植被生长更多的需要通过根系吸收地下水,所以地下水位埋深越小,NDVI值就越大。5月份的地下水位埋深小范围的波动就会导致8月份NDVI的较大变化。同时,随着5月份和7月份地下水位埋深不同范围的变化,NDVI表现出0.145～0.3、0.3～0.5和0.5～0.582三个区间的响应范围,并且其中有个别的地下水位埋深过渡范围。
重点研究区:(1)耕地、灌木林地、盐碱地、高覆盖度草地、固定沙地年内面积变化呈抛物线趋势;水域、低覆盖度草地、半固定沙地和流动沙丘则呈微弱倒抛物线趋势;其它林地无变化;中覆盖度草地呈逐渐增加趋势。年内NDVI最大值和均值变化呈现抛物线趋势。
(2)在5月22日至8月24日这个阶段,随着各类水文气象因子的变化,各类型地表环境面积随之响应变化,互相转化;而在8月24日至10月27日这个阶段,则表现出相反的响应趋势。
(3)各地表环境类型代表点在年内NDVI值均呈抛物线趋势。高覆盖度草地NDVI均值最大,达到0.30;盐碱地与高覆盖度草地混和地居第二位,为0.19;流动沙丘位于最后一位,为0.07。
(4)随着降水量的增大,蒸发量的减少,日照时数的增加,空间不同高处相对湿度的增大,风速的减小,前一月和8月份地温的降低,10月份地温的升高(这其中影响较大的为20cm处的地温),空间各层位平均气温的降低,不同深度土壤蒸发量的降低(特别是20cm高土壤蒸发),NDVI值随之增大。同样,在年内5月份的地下水位埋深小范围的波动就会导致8月份NDVI的较大变化,对植被生长起着关键作用。而在6～8月期间,植被长势已很好,基数基本稳定,此时植被的生长对地下水位埋深的依赖程度有所降低。同时,NDVI为0.125～0.3、0.3～0.5和0.5～0.612时,在5月份、6月份和7月份分别有各自对应的地下水位埋深范围,并且其间有部分过渡范围。上述结论表明在空间各个位置的水热条件都伴随着植被生长的全过程。
研究区地表环境不论是年际,还是年内变化,主要是响应了各类水文气象因子的变化,特别是降水、相对湿度、蒸发和气温等的变化。近20年地表环境处于不断的恶化中,其间有部分波动,近2年稍有好转,但未来6年仍将继续恶化,之后将会持续好转,这是气候的持续干旱及未来转湿所致,当然,这其中也含有部分人类活动影响的因素。
Present, the surface environment present an ever-worsening trend in many areas of the world. How will the surface environment change? What are the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors? All above problems have been paied close attention from scientific communities and governments, already become a hot topic for International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) in the research of global changes.
Horqin sandy land was a beautiful and exuberant grassland in history, after hundred years grassland degeneration and desertification has already become one of four big sandy land in our country, whatever in the whole world or our country, the variation of the surface environment had many typical and representative natures. How will the surface environment changing trend and characteristics go on? What are the relationships between the changes of the surface environment and hydrological-weather factors? These are scientific communities want to learn urgently at present.
The paper take Horqin sandy land as regional study area, in this study area have carried out researches about the changes of vegetation ecotype, elm growth and the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors, and chosen two areas which can represent the landform, terrain, vegetation and hydrological-weather conditions in Horqin sandy land, namely general study area (Agula town) and principal study area (Agula testing-station). The paper based on 17 remote sensing image data from 1987 to 2006 and lots of vegetation and hydrological-weather data which by collecting, surveying and testing in two study areas, with translating the remote sensing image and arranging the hydrological-weather data, have carried out researches about the inter- and inner-annual changes of the surface environment and the relationships between the surface environment changes and hydrological-weather factors in general and principal study areas. From analysis, gained four main conclusions as follows:
Regional study area:(1) For hygrophytes, mesophytes, mesoxerophytes and xerophytes, the buried depth of groundwater table were respectively from 0.45m to 1.66m, from 0.95m to 2.20m, from 2.20m to 4.59m and from 3.45m to 7.45m; the water content of surface soil of root structure were respectively from 2.70% to 25.54%, from 0.80% to 13.32%, from 0.41% to 2.25% and from 0.28% to 0.44%; the water content of root structure were respectively from 5.59% to 54.80%, from 3.59% to 9.19%, from 0.71% to 3.59% and from 0.16% to 0.78%. At the same time, for hygrophytes and mesophytes, mesoxerophytes and xerophytes, there were two transition response ranges of buried depth of groundwater table respectively from 0.95m to 1.66m and from 3.45m to 4.59m; there were two transition response ranges of water content of surface soil of root structure respectively from 2.70% to 13.32% and from 0.41% to 0.44%; there were two transition response ranges of water content of root structure were respectively from 5.59% to 9.19% and 0.71% to 0.78%.
(2)The annual ring index had three biggest correlation coefficients with rainfall of July, the annual precipitation and the total evaporation of August and September are respectively +0.605, +0.595 and -0.459, namely the elm growth changes present an increasing trend with the increase of precipitation and present a decreasing trend with the increase of evaporation. From these ruslts, established elm standard annual table and rebuilded the sequence of precipitation and evaporation from 1906 to 1951, from certification, the sequence had fairly good reliability for actual practices.
General study area:(1)During 1987~2006 the area of farmland, forest, the land of resident and road, alkaline-saline land, low-covered degree grassland and the fixed and partly fixed sandy land respectively increased from 26.65, 1.02, 1.878, 38.71, 120.30 and 104.84km2 to 74.79, 2.832, 4.585, 94.91, 201.79 and 203.21km2. The six types of surface environment in inter-annual presented a gradually increasing trend. The area of bush forest, water surface, high-covered degree grassland, fixed sandy land,bare sand dunes and middle cover degree grassland respectively increased from 53.26, 30.80, 49.38, 321.24, 59.70 and 116.94km2 to 42.63, 16.50, 32.88, 103.86, 18.48 and 128.36km2. The six types of surface environment in inter-annual presented a gradually decreasing trend. All types of surface environment in the course of mutual transformation. It indicated that the surface environment presented an ever-worsening trend for a long time, but changed for the better condition close to recent two years.
(2)In the course of inter-annual changes of average value of NDVI, from 1987 to 1994 was a rising stage and from 1994 to 2002 was decreasing stage, afterwards presented a rising trend. As a whole, the inter-annual changes of the average value of NDVI presented a decreasing trend, namely the changes of surface environment presented a worsening trend, but changed for the better close to recent two years.
(3)All types of area changes of the surface environment had different degrees correlations with 9 major kinds of hydrological-weather factors, about 2～28 hydrological-weather factors influenced the changes of surface environment and had certain orders according to the size of correlation coefficients, with the fluctuation of these factors, all types of area changes of the surface environment presented different response modes. As a whole, the influences of rainfall, relative humidity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and average wind speed went throughout the whole course of early, initial and flush period of vegetation growth.
(4)Relative humidity was the most influential factor to the area changes of surface environment, the HFII(Hydrological-Weather Factors Influential Index) was 0.161; rainfall occupied the second place, the HFII was 0.150; the third one was evaporation, the HFII was 0.131. That show clearly, in arid area, water condition was the key restrictive factor to the changes of surface environment, it’s contrary factor-evaporation was another key restrictive factor, these phenomenon accorded with the characteristics of arid area, the worsening conditions of the surface environment mainly bringed about by the multi-years dry climate.
(5)Rainfall and evaporation was the impetus factors to the changes of average value of NDVI, which will present a decreasing trend from 2007 to 2012, it indicates that the surface environment will increasingly worsen during this period; and it will present an increasing trend from 2013 to 2020, it indicates that the surface environment will change for the better.
(6)In the initial stage of vegetation growth, because of rainfall was comparatively rare, the growth of vegetation mainly depended on absorbing groundwater by root system, accordingly the buried depth of groundwater table was increasingly shallow and the average value of NDVI was more bigger. A little fluctuation of buried depth of groundwater table on May will make the average value of NDVI occur greater changes. Meanwhile, with the different ranges of buried depth of groundwater table on May and July, NDVI presented three response ranges were respectively from 0.145 to 0.3, from 0.3 to 0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.582, there were transient ranges of buried depth of groundwater table in these response ranges.
Principal study area:(1) The inner-annual variation of farmland, bush forest land, alkaline-saline land, high-covered degree grassland and fixed sandy land presented a parabola trend. The inner-annual variation of water surface, low-covered degree grassland, fixed and partly fixed sandy land, bare sand dunes presented a little inverted parabola trend. The other forest land nearly had no changes in 2006, the inner-annual changes of middle -cover degree grassland presented an increasing trend.
(2)The inner-annual changes of maximum and average value of NDVI presented a parabola trend, on August 24 the NDVI was maximum of 0.707, on October 27 the NDVI was minimum of 0.302.
(3)In the stage of May 22 to August 24, all types area of surface environment changed and transformated each other with the changes of hydrological-weather factors and had close response relationships. From August 24 to November 27 presented inverted response relationships.
(4)The average value of NDVI of all types of surface environment presented a parabola trend, the average value of NDVI of high-covered degree grassland was maximum of 0.3006; the mixed land of alkaline-saline and high-covered degree grassland occuied the second place, the value was 0.1098; bare sand dunes was the last factor, the value was 0.0682.
(5)The inner-annual changes of rainfall and the value of NDVI had the same trend, it was the most influential factors and influenced the whole course of vegetation growth. The value of NDVI decreased with the increase of evaporation and increased with the increase of sunshine hours. The value of NDVI correspondingly increased with the increase of relative humidity of 0m, 2m and 3.5m, it indicated that the different height of water condition influenced the whole course of vegetation growth. Samely, a little fluctuation of buried depth of groundwater table on May will make the average value of NDVI occur greater changes, it played a key role for vegetation growth. However during June to August, the state of vegetation growth was in good condition, the cardinal number was stable, so the growth of vegetation was less dependent on the buried depth of groundwater table. Meanwhile, when the value of NDVI were respectively from 0.125 to 0.3, from 0.3 to 0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.612, which had respectively corresponding ranges of buried depth of groundwater table from May to July, and had a part of transition ranges. The value of NDVI gradually decreased with the wind speed increase. If the ground temperature was higher, it would suppress the vegetation growth and reduce good vegetation cardinal number, if the ground temperature increased on August, the vegetation growth would be suppressed and the value of NDVI also reduced. To October, the temperature gradually deduced, so vegetation growth need higher soil temperature environment, from analysis, if various layers of ground temperature were higher, the value of NDVI were more bigger, the most influential layer of ground temperature located at 5cm. In the flush period of vegetation growth, the average temperature in various spatial layers should be not too high, otherwise was disadvantageous to vegetation growth. On August the value of NDVI was influenced by soil evaporation, especially 0~20cm soil evaporation, with the increase of soil evaporation, the soil moisture was insufficient, the root system of vegetation could not receive supplement of moisture content, the NDVI would be reduced.
Whatever inter-annual or inner-annual changes of surface environment mainly responded to changes of hydrological-weather factors, especially the changes of rainfall, relative humidity, evaporation and temperature et al. As a whole, the surface environment presented an ever-worsening trend for a long time, has a part of undulation, especially has changed for the better close to recent two years, but will still continue to worsen in next 6 years, afterwards it will lasting better, all above phenomenon result from the continuous drought and future wet of climate, certainly, in which include partial influence from the human beings.
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