生物质能源利用的新探索
摘要
第一部分概述
一、问题的提出
随着社会、经济的不断发展和人口数量的不断增长，世界各国对于能源的消费和需求不断攀升，就世界煤、石油、天然气储量而言，煤只能用230年，石油只能用44年，天然气只能用62年。二是石油安全问题日趋显著。2005年我国人均石油可采储量不到3吨，人均天然气可采储量为1000立方米左右，人均煤炭可采储量为90吨左右，分别为世界平均值的11.1％、4.3％和55.4％。中国石油对外依存度已从2000年的31％增加到2005年的42.9％。到2020年，石油的对外依存度将达到60％，我国能源安全尤其是石油安全问题越来越突出。“能源危机”引起了发达国家对能源安全供应的关注，可再生能源技术的研发受到广泛重视。由于受技术和自然条件的限制，目前对可再生能源大规模开发利用的主要是风能和生物质能。生物质能发电在可再生能源发电中电能质量好、可靠性高，与小水电、风能和太阳能发电等间歇性发电比较要好得多，具有很高的经济价值。用清洁可再生能源替代煤炭、石油，调整能源结构是我国近期的重要任务，而利用生物质能、风能等可再生能源发电正是我国能源结构调整最现实、最主要的方向。
二、利用生物质能源的意义
第一，生物质能发电在可再生能源发电中电能质量好、可靠性高，比小水电、风电和太阳能发电等间歇性发电要好得多，可以作为小水电、风电、太阳能发电的补充能源，具有很高的经济价值。
第二，在全面建设小康社会的目标下，农村能源结构由传统生物质能利用为主向现代化方向转化，生物质能发电是这种转化的重要途径。
第三，丰富的生物质能资源亟待有效开发利用，加工增值，以促进经济发展。
第四，生物质能发电技术比较成熟。
三、生物质能利用现状
以生物质为载体，由生物质产生的能量，便是生物质能。生物能是太阳能以化学能形式贮存在生物中的一种能量形式，一种以生物质为载体的能量，它直接或间接地来源于植物的光合作用，在各种可再生能源中，生物质是独特的，它是贮存的太阳能，更是一种唯一可再生的碳源，可转化成常规的固态、液态和气态燃料。我国各类农作物秸秆资源的合理回收加工，可归纳为“4F”线：即Fodder(饲料)，Fuel(燃料)，Fertilizer(肥料)，Feed Stock(工业原料)，研究人员称其为“四料”。在“四料”转换利用中，饲料、燃料利用及其转换技术仍然是主要领域。
第二部分研究的理论基础
一、循环经济理论
发展循环经济，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会，既是国际社会为实现人类可持续发展的共同努力方向，也是我国构建和谐社会的重大战略抉择。生物质能源作为可再生能源的主要组成部分，正面临巨大的发展机遇。循环经济要求按照自然生态系统的模式，将经济活动由过去的“资源→产品→废物”的物质单向流动导向“资源—产品—再生资源”的物质反复循环流动过程，使整个经济系统以及生产和消费过程基本上不产生或者只产生很少的废物。循环经济的特征是自然资源的低投入、高利用和废物的低排放。其核心内涵是废物减量化、资源的再使用和再循环利用。使经济活动与自然生态系统的物质循环规律相吻合，从而实现人类活动的生态化。
在在农业方面，循环经济理论对生态环境保护和可持续发展战略作了进一步补充和完善。循环型生态农业是根据生态学和生态经济学原理，运用现代科学技术，因地制宜建立的农业生产体系。循环型生态农业发展过程中，要充分开发和利用自然资源及生物质能源。推动“农村生活污染零排放运动”。在农业园区建设方而推行自然(生态)农业和有机农业。
二、可持续发展理论
发展农业生物质能源是经济社会可持续发展的战略选择。可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，又不损坏后代人满足需要的能力的发展。可持续发展经济学理论的逻辑起点和视角有二：一是发展应是无代价的，当代人的发展不应危及后代人的发展能力和机会。二是当代人有能力事先知晓自身行为后果的递延效应。可持续发展思想可概括为三条基本原则：(1)公正性原则，强调发展应追求两方面的公正，一是本代人的公正，即同一代人中一部分人的发展不应当损害另一部分人的利益，并要把消除贫困作为可持续发展进程特别优先的问题来考虑；二是代际公正，即本供的发展不能以牺牲后代人的利益为代价。(2)持续性原则，其核心是指人类的经济建设和社会发展不能超越自然资源与生态环境的承载能力，因此必须约束人类对资源的浪费和对环境的污染行为。(3)共同性原则，地球是全人类的共同家园，虽然不同的国家和区域的可持续发展的具体目标、政策和实施步骤不一定也不是唯一的，但可持续发展的思想和总的目标应该为各界各国政府、企业、社会团体和个人共同遵从。
可持续发展的新思想、新观念、新知识改变人们传统的不可持续的生产方式、消费方式、思维方式。在目前，实施可持续发展农业生物质能源的关键是各级领导要真正树立可持续发展的观点，充分认识到资源与环境保护的重要性和紧迫性。那种“一切都应为经济增长让路”的思想实际上是一种急功近利的想法，是与可持续发展思想相对立的，是实施可持续农业生物质能源战略的最大障碍。
当前，我国正处在全民建设小康社会的关键时期，工业化、城镇化进程加快，能源需求量持续增长，资源和环境对经济社会发展的压力愈来愈大。加快生物质能源发展，将为突破制约经济社会发展的资源和环境瓶颈，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会提供新的机遇。
三、环境经济理论
环境经济学科的产生与环境问题的日益严重并引起社会普遍关注是分不开的自人类进入工业社会以来，在追求经济增长的驱使下，人类对自然环境展开了大规模的前所未有的开发利用，一些工业化国家一味追求经济的快速增长，表现出了空前的增长热潮。虽然在极短的时期内，人类创造出了巨大的物质财富，但同时，在工业化、城市化的过程中，大大加剧了对耕地、淡水、森林、矿产的消耗，引发了深重的环境灾难，给人类社会带来了巨大的危害和不利影响。我国已实施的环境经济政策存在的主要问题：
(1)环境经济政策不健全，我国的环境经济政策虽然种类较多，但真正在全国范围内实施并发挥作用的并不多见。有些环境经济政策虽然有政策性规定，但是由于没有配套的措施，并没有起到应有的作用。例如，我国虽然已经建立了差别税收政策，与发达国家相比，我国的差别税收政策种类较少、应用领域较窄。
(2)已有的环境经济政策亟待完善，我国现行的环境经济政策本身存在一些问题，需要根据市场经济体制及环境保护事业不断发展、变化的要求而不断更新、完善。虽然国家已出台生物质发电补贴0.25元／千瓦时的政策，但仍缺乏具体的实施细则和协调机制；对于农林废弃物混燃量小于总热值80％的情况，国家规定不给予补贴，限制了混燃技术的推广应用。中国生物质发电尚处于示范项目阶段，示范项从立项、建设、发电上网到验收，尚无专门的管理办法，大大影响示范项目的进度，也影响投资者的积极性。
第三部分生物质能源利用模式
一、项目所在城镇自然概况
盐城东南工业区所在射阳县盐东镇东南村，位于盐城市东郊，距盐城民航机场20公里、盐城火车站25公里、连通高速公路13公里、两省道(226、311)贯穿全境。东临子午河，北靠盐海一级公路，南侧的向阳河与西潮河新洋港(国家二级水道)相连。区一期工程占地面积10平方公里，集生产、生活、服务为一体，进园企业60多家。由于地处全国主要的棉产区，进园工业以纺机、棉纺、织造、服装、染整为主体，形成了花、纱、布、衣一条龙生产体制，形成了以纺织、纺机为主导产业的特色工业区，年销售收入已达10多亿元。2002年10月被命名为“江苏省乡镇企业示范工业区”。
二、项目概况
为满足东南工业区工业企业用热的迫切需要，经江苏省发改委苏发改交能[2004]668号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司热电工程恢复建设通知书》、江苏省经济贸易委员会苏经贸电力[2004]109号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司75t／h锅炉扩建工程项目建议书的批复》和苏经贸电力[2004]110号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司15MW供热机组工程项目建议书的批复》，批准在盐城市东南纺织工业区的西南部建设一座供热站。最终规模为3台75t／h次高温次高压流化床锅炉和2台15MW抽凝机配2台18MW发电机，及相应的生产辅助设施。
项目于2004年6月18日正式开工建设，经过一年多的建设已累计完成投资1.3亿元。
三、项目所在地的生物质资源调查
我国已将可再生能源的开发利用列为能源发展的优先领域，通过制定可再生能源开发利用总量目标和采取相应措施，推动可再生能源市场的建立和发展。
国家鼓励各种所有制经济主体参与可再生能源的开发利用，依法保护可再生能源开发利用者的合法权益。
国家鼓励和支持可再生能源并网发电。电网企业应当与依法取得行政许可或者报送备案的可再生能源发电企业签订并网协议，全额收购其电网覆盖范围内可再生能源并网发电项目的上网电量，并为可再生能源发电提供上网服务。因此，可再生能源项目的建设规模主要取决于原、燃料的供应情况。
为获得第一手的资源情况报告，盐城东南热电有限公司组织了专门的社会调查小组，采用查录统计报告、咨询村组干部、调查问卷等形式，就秸秆的产量和结构、秸秆利用的现状、形成商品化的能力、农民的期望价格、运输条件、秸秆的品质等课题进行了专题调研，根据调查情况，可形成以上几点结论：
(1)盐东镇及其周边乡镇可形成商品的秸秆总量25万吨，能满足热电厂2台75吨锅炉的需要；适当扩大收购半径能确保3台75吨锅炉的需要。
(2)秸秆的到厂成本价为240.85元，按热值计算低于煤炭，提示秸秆发电有很好的经济效益。
第四部分结论及建议
一、存在的问题
(一)资源分布分散，收集和运输困难
我们调查的地区秸秆总资源量达36.13万吨，资源丰富稳定，但是分布分散，收集和运输困难，比较适合于分散利用。同时，生物质能目前有效利用的比例很少，要充分体现它的洁净性并在能源结构优化中充分发挥作用，必须有大范围的高效利用作前提，这就必然要求全社会对生物质能技术有全面的了解和认同，在生物质技术产业化和商品化的过程培育成熟的市场，形成大量的用户，使生物质能作为商品能源的比例有显著的提高，最终体现出其环境及社会效益。
(二)当前缺少有效的政策与资金扶持
目前国家和地方政府再可再生能源发展方面只有一般性的鼓励政策，对生物质能没有操作性较强的具体办法，所以政策力度不够，落实困难。这主要体现在实际应用中生物质电力上网困难，目前政府的定价没有体现生物质能对环保的贡献，电力价格不合理，很难吸引投资资会，同时国家和地方对生物质能发电项目没有明确的指引，扶持政策不到位，补贴渠道不畅通，经济优惠政策很难落实。
(三)目前国家还没有一个系统的完善的各种生物质能源的技术标准，行业规范
我国尚未就生物质能源的性能特点，制定一套相对独立又系统操控性强的行业规范和技术标准，市场管理混乱。在秸杆气化供气与秸杆主要设备如秸秆锅炉开发上，由于未有合适的技术标准和严格的技术监督，很多未具备技术力量的单位和个人参与了工程承包和秸杆气化供气设备的生产，引起项目技术不过关，达不到预期目标，甚至带来安全问题，这给今后开展生物质利用工作带来很大的负面影响。
二、建议
(一)完善法律和法规，鼓励废弃物再利用
应该制定专门的鼓励政策，吸引社会投资为了发展可再生能源的电力，政府应进一步落实对可再生能源的保护政策和激励政策。
我们也应该通过立法和有关政策，以立法保护和经济的手段扶持相结合，鼓励农作物秸杆利用，使其最终依靠自身的发展潜力来确立并占有其应有的市场份额。
(二)制定明确的发展目标和推广计划，增加财政对可再生能源的投入是发展可再生能源的保证
我们应该把发展循环经济作为政府投资的重点领域，加大对循环经济发展的资金支持。对一些重大项目进行直接投资或资金补助、贷款贴息的支持，引导各类金融机构对有利于促进循环经济发展的重点项目给予贷款支持，制定支持循环经济发展的财税政策。
应把可再生能源建设项目规范地纳入各级政府财政预算和计划。政府财政可通过税收优惠、财政投融资及政府采购等手段，加大对农作物秸秆发电企业的技术进步的扶持力度。
(三)完善投资、金融管理体制
在现行投融资管理体制下，国家按投资和融资额度的大小，由各级行政主管部门行使审批权，而且项目审批制仅限于国有企业，国家应完善投资、金融管理体制，确保投资和融资渠道畅通。另外，可以通过建立政府、银行、企业和社会等多元化科技投入体系，充分利用社会上各种闲散资金，筹集资金发展农作物秸秆发电产业，分散投资风险。
(四)利用国际规则，对企业进行补贴
利用WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》有关不可诉补贴的规定。
(五)制定标准，鼓励对农作物秸秆的科学利用。
国家应该制定《节能产品目录》和《关于政府节能采购的意见》，对生产和使用目录范围内产品给予减免税的优惠政策，并准备将目录中的产品列入政府采购范围。
(六)确立合理的农作物秸秆发电价格。
针对生物质发电存在的主要问题，应该因地制宜，统筹规划，研究制定相关推广政策，逐步建立完善的配套服务体系，选择多种实用技术和设备，形成良性竞争，以推进生物质发电的应用。政府尽快制定和颁布本市可再生能源法的实施细则。
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PartⅠsummarizes one, the problem suggesting that
The quantity ceaselessness increases by with society, economy uninterrupted growth and population, all the countries in the world climbs a litre unceasingly to the sources of energy consumption and need, as far as world coal, petroleum, gas reserves be concerned, coal can only use 230 years, petroleum can only use 44 years, gas can only use 62 years. Two is that sale problem of petroleum is day by day notable. Per capita our country petroleum workable reserves is less than 3 tons in 2005, per capita gas workable reserves is controlled by 1000 steres, per capita coal workable reserves is controlled by 90 tons, respectively for world average value 11.1%, 4.3% and 55.4%. Chinese petroleum depends on degree externally already complying with Y2K's The"energy crisis"has aroused the attention that the developed country supplies to the sources of energy safety, regenerative energy technology inkstone hair has been taken seriously broadly. Restricting since accepting the technology and natural conditions, developing at present in large scale to regenerative energy main part making use of is a wind energy source and biomass energy. Biomass energy generates electricity in regenerative energy electric power generation middle electric energy mass regards, reliability height, is going to much better, to have very high economic value comparing with intermittent electric power generation such as small hydro-electric power plant, wind energy source and solar electrical energy generation. Use clean regenerative energy to replace coal, petroleum, readjusting the energy structure is recent important mission of our country, make use of regenerative energy such as biomass energy. wind energy source to generate electricity exactly being our country energy but
Two, makes use of the significance growing matter sources of energy
Electric energy mass is good among first, biomass energy generate electricity generating electricity in regenerative energy, reliability is high, be much more better than intermittent electric power generation such as small hydro-electric power plant, wind electricity and solar electrical energy generation, can have very high economic value as small hydro-electric power plant, wind electricity, the solar electrical energy generation complement sources of energy. Secondly, under objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way, structure of energy supply makes use of rural area by tradition biomass energy give first place to generating electricity to conversion, biomass energy modernizing direction is the important approach that this changes. Thirdly, rich biomass energy resource makes use of added value, processes urgently after having an effect to develop, to promote economic growth.
The biomass energy electric power generation technology is relatively mature fourthly.
Three, biomass energy makes use of current situation
Take growing matter as carrier, from growing the energy that matter produces, being biomass energy. The biological energy source is solar energy one kind of energy form in storing living things with chemical energy form, one kind of the energy taking growing matter as carrier, it originates from plant's photosynthesis direct or indirect, in various regenerative energy, growing matter is unique, it is the solar energy storing, also is one kind of unique regenerate carbon source, may change solid state, liquid state and gas state fuel becoming routine. Our country crops straw of all kinds stem resource reasonableness reclaims treating, is summed up as"4 F"lines but: Be Fodder(feed), Fuel(fuel), Fertili
Rationale that PartⅡstudies.
One, circulation economy theory
Society who develops circulation economy, builds economize on resources the type and the amicable type of environment, direction, the important strategy being also that our country structures harmonious society choose now that the international community is making joint efforts realizing human being sustainable development. Life matter sources of energy main part as regenerative energy is composed of a part, is confronted with gigantic development opportunity That circulation economy demands according to systematic pattern of natural ecology, with again and again circulating flow of economic activity reason matter of past"resource-> product-> good-for-nothing"one-way flow guiding"resource product renewable resources"matter process, makes entire economic system produce or produce very few good-for-nothing mainly as well as producing and consuming process. Circulation economy characteristic is that the natural resources hanging down throws into, height makes use of blowoff to prepare waste material's low. Whose core connotation is good-for-nothing subtraction quantization, resource usage and the recycling make use of again. Make an economic acfivity be identical with systematic matter of natural ecology circulation law each other, realizei the human being activity's thereby organism's habits-rization. In the field of agriculture, circulating economy theory has been done to protection of ecological environment and sustainable development strategy further, complementary and improve and perfect. The circulation type environmental-friendly agriculture is to wield modem science and technology according to ecology and organism's habits economic principle, the agriculture building in a manner appropriate to local conditions produces system. The circulation type environmental-friendly agriculture develops the sources of energy being going to develop sufficiently in process, and making use of natural resources and life matter. Drive"a rural life to contaminate zero blowoff motion". Carry out(the natural ecology) agriculture and organic agriculture in agriculture garden area construction aspect.
Two, sustainable development theory
Developing agriculture life matter sources of energy is that economy society sustainable development strategy chooses. Sustainable development is that person satisfies development of the ability needing refer to both the need satisfying a modem, and block of wood breakdown descendant. Sustainable development economics theory logic starting point and visual angle have two: Develop the ability and chance should be person there be no price's, development of modem should not endanger descendant first. Two is that the modem has capability being aware of oneself behavior consequence's in advance deferring an effect. Sustainable development thought but summarization is three bases: (1) justice principle, emphasizes to develop should run after justice in two aspects, one being to replace people's justice, be to not ought to think to come the especially preferential problem damaging 'anOther part of people's benefit, and should take eradicating poverty as sustainable development. course with a development of generation philtrum part of person; Two is that generation time is impartial, is that the development confessing originally can not take people's benefit sacrificing descendant as price. (2) persistence principle. whose core are that economic development and social development referring to human being can not exceed natural resources and the ecological environment load support capability, must restrain human being therefore to the resource dissipation and to the environment contaminate behavior. (3) intercommunity principle, the earth are the human being's common home, the sustained development thought and the general target ought to be all walks of life governments of all countries in the world, enterprise, nongovernmental organization and individual follow commonly though that the different country composes in reply concrete the area sustainable development target, policy and puts step into practice is unique not ncessarily neither Sustainable development new thought, new concept, new knowledge change people no sustainable tradition mode of production, pattern of consumption, mode of thinking. Significance and urgency being that all of the various levels leader asks the viewPoint, sufficient cognition setting up sustainable development really to arrive at resource and environmental protection in the key putting sustainable development agriculture life matter sources of energy into practice at present. That"all responds to the thought making way for economic growth"is one kind of the idea being anxious to achieve quick success and getting instant benefits in fact, maximal obstacle being that thought stands on relatively with sustainable development, being to put sustainable agriculture life matter sources of energy strategy into practice. The key period, industrialization, urbanization may hold present, our country being building well-to-do society in the whole people are accelerated, energy demand amounts continue increasing by, resource and the environment pressure to economic and social development are bigger and bigger. Accelerate the life matter sources of energy development, will be to break the resource and environment bottleneck restricting economic and social development, the society who builds economize on resources the type and the amicable type of environment provides new opportunities.
Three, environment economy theory Environment economy discipline creation and environment problem gradually, grave and arousing society to pay close attention to commonly is cannot to part since human being enters industrial society, the hitherto unknown large-scale exploitation human being has been developed to the natural environment makes use of under urging running after economic growth, a few industrial country fleetness running after economy has increased by, has shown unparalleled increase upsurge. Human being has been have created out gigantic material wealth, but simultaneous though within extremely short period, the consumption having aggravated greatly to cultivated land, fresh water, forest, mineral, has initiated the extremely serious environment disaster in the process of industrialization, urbanization, have been brought about gigantic damage drawing or not by human society Primal problem that our country there exists in the environment economic policy being already put into effect: (1) environment economic policy is faulty, environment of our country economic policy sees not much though kind is put into effect and produces a marked effect more, but real within the whole nation range. Have some of environments although economic policy having policy regulation, since not having supporting measure, not playing arrive at due role. For instance, our country is compared with each other though having already founded difference tax po icy. and the developed country, difference of our country tax policy kind is less, application field is narrower. (2) already some environment economic policy urgently, our country environment economic policy currently in effect there exists a few problems in self, requires that system and the environmental protection undertaking further develop, the demand but ceaseless renewal changing, improves and perfects according to market economy after perfect. Policy growing 0.25 yuan of/ thousand watt-hours of matter electric power generation allowance though the country already appears personally, but still, be short of concrete inplementing regulations and harmonize mechanism; Drift along to agriculture and forestry waste burning measuring 80%'s condition being smaller than general calorific value, the country has stipulated the application and dissemination drifting along burning a technology not to give allowance, restricted. Chinese life matter generates electricity still being in a demonstrative project stage, demonstrate the item arrives at an acceptance check from the net setting up a project, building, generate electricity going ahead, still there is no special administration way, enthusiasm greatly, affecting a demonstrative project rate of progress, also affecting an investor's.
PartⅢlife matter sources of energy makes use of pattern
One, natural project location city and town general situation
Yan Cheng southeast industrial park location She Yang County salt east town southeast Village, is located in the Yah Cheng city eastern suburb, 13 kilometres, liang of express highway province says that(226, 311) run through entire boundary from when 20 kilometres of Yan Cheng airport, the Yan Cheng railway station are connected 25 kilometres. East face the meridian river, the north depends on the salt sea first order highway, side river having a southern exposure and new ocean of west tide river harbor(country two stage water channel) are linked together in the south Distance of one phase of square kilometer area project Zhan cover an area of 10, gather 60 many family who give birth to a child, live, serve for an integral whole, enters garden enterprise. Receive garden industry since being located in main cotton of the whole nation producing area taking spinning machine, cotton spinning, contexture, clothing, dyeing a round number as the main body, a coordinated process having formed the flower, yarn, cloth, clothes produces system, the income from sales of products has taken form to spinning and weaving, characteristic to industrial park, year spinning machine being leading factor estate already amounts to 10 being hundred million yuan more. 2002 annual 10 month are"Jiangsu province enterprise in the rural area quilt naming set an example industrial park"
Two, project general situationBe satisfied southeast industrial park industrial enterprise use hot urgent need, classics Jiangsu province get,rich change committee Su Fa change relationship energy[2004] 668"relative Yah Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. pyroelectricity project recover construction advice note", Jiangsu province economy Board of Trade Su economy and trade electric power [2004] 109"relative Yan Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. 75 t/h boiler extension project letter of advice official reply to subordinate"and Su economy and trade electric power [2004] 110"relative Yan Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. 15 MW supply heat aircraft crew construction project letter of advice official reply to subordinate", The area southwest part builds the textile industry O. K. in Yah Cheng city southeast And ultimate scale curdles for 75 3 t/h time of high temperature time of high-handed
fluidization bed boilers and 152 MW shrink machine match 182 MW generators.
corresponding childbirth assists facilities. 18 every day formal commissionings build a project in 2004 annual 6 month, accomplish 1.3 hundred million yuan of investment in accumulative total after construction for more than 1 year already
Three, project location life material resources investigates whether Our country already will have but the exploitation regenerating the sources of energy makes use of the preferential field that column for sources of energy develops, build and develop by working outregenerative energy developing the target making use of all quantity and adopting corresponding measure, the marketplace driving regenerative energy. The exploitation encouraging the various ownership economy main body to participate in regenerative energy makes use of the country, protects regenerative energy developing the lawful rights and interests making use of person according to law. The country encourages regenerative energy and the net to generate electricity and supports. Electrified wire netting enterprise ought to conclude and sign and cover an agreement as with a net with the regenerative energy electric power generation enterprise getting administration permission according to law or being submitted for putting on record. entire forehead buys whose electrified wire netting coverage range inner regenerative energy and net electric power generation project net play quantity of electric charge, and serves for regenerative energy generates electricity providing net play, Therefore, may regenerate the sources of energy project scale of construction depending on the plain, fuel mainly supplying condition Be to gain the firsthand resource condition report, Yah Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. has organized the special social investigation group, has adopted to check forms such as recording the cadre who counts a report, consults about the village group, inquiring into a questionnaire, right away. output of straw stem and the current situation that structure, the straw stem make use of, have formed the ability commercializing, peasant's problems such as expecting price, transporting condition, quality of straw stem has carried out a special subject surveying, according to several conclusions inquiring into condition, but forming all above: (1) salt east town and their periphery villages and towns but the all quantity forming the commodity straw stem can satisfy heating and power plant 75 tons of 2 platforms boilers need 25 ten thousand tons,; Appropriate expansion buys a radius can ensure 75 tons of 3 platforms boilers need. (2) straw stems' cost is 240.85 yuan to the factory, secretly scheme against according to calorific value lower than coal, point out that the straw stem generates electricity having the very good economic effect.
PartⅣconclusion and suggestion
One, have problem
(One) resource distributes the difficulty dispersing, collecting and transporting The general area straw stem resource amounts that we inquire into amount to 36.13 ten thousand tons, stability, but distribution abound in natural resources disperses, collects and makes use of transport difficulty, comparatively suitable than dispersing, At the same time, biomass energy has an effect at present the proportion making use of seldom, is going to embody its clean sufficiently and to produce a marked effect sufficiently in the sources of energy structural optimization, must high-effect having big range making use of work premise, be requiring that entire society has the all-round acquaintance and acception to biomass energy technology surely right now, process putting to use in production and commercializing in life matter technology cultivates the mature marketplace, forms large amount of consumer, the proportion making biomass energy be commodity sources of energy has notable rise, embodies out the person ultimately
(Two) present is short of effective policy and the fund supports
The country and the local government may, r~generate the sources of energy developing aspect only having the generality encouragement policy at present again, do not have stronger concrete operatability way, do not ascertain difficulty therefore policy dynamics is insufficient to biomass energy. This embodies the difficulty applying middle life matter electric power net play to reality mainly, at present government's fixed price does not embody the biomass energy contribution to environmental protection, electric power price is unreasonable, fund very difficult to attract investment, guiding that the country and place do not make clear at the same time to biomass energy electric power generation project, less than supporting policy the place, the allowance channel are non-smooth, economy preferential measures is very difficult to feel at ease.(Three) the country does not have a systematic perfect various life matter sources of energy technical norms, industry norm at present Our country grows the matter sources of energy function characteristic not yet right away, works out a set of relatively independent systematic exercise charging the strong nature industry norm for composing in reply technical norms, market management chaos. Go ahead in straw gasification air or gas supply and main equipment of straw if the straw stem boiler develops, since not having had right technical norms and strict technical supervision, much the childbirth not having had technology strength unit and individual having participated in a project contracting sum straw gasification air or gas supply equipment, arouses the project technology passing a test, being unable to attain the desired objective, brings about the safe problem even, this carries out life matter the effect making use of a job to bring about very big negative part for the days to come.
Two, suggestion
(One) perfects law and law and regulation, encouragement waste makes use of again Ought to work out special encouragement policy, the investment attracting society should implement protection policy and excitation to regenerative energy policy further for electric power, the govemment developing regenerative energy. We also ought to pass legislation sum related policy, the means with legislation protection and economy is supported being tied in wedlock each other, encouraging crops straw makes use of whose depend on sells development potential to establish and occupy whose due market share, makes.
(Two) works out development targets clear and definite and the investment in regenerative energy by finance extending a plan, increasing is the guarantee developing regenerative energy
We ought to take developing circulation economy as the priority field that the government invests in, the fund enlarging to circulation economic growth holds out. The direct investments or fund being.in progress to a few significant projects subsidizes, provides a loan of the interest so deducted support, guide banking institution of all kinds to give a loan the finance and tax policy supporting support circulation economic growth, working out to accented term beneficial to promoting circulation economic growth.
Should bring regenerative energy construction project into governments at all levels financial budget and plan standard. Government finance may support dynamics by the fact that preferential tax treatment, finance investment and financing and the government purchase the technological progress waiting for means, enlarging by straw stem electric power generation enterprise to crops's.
(Three) perfect investment, finance management system
Under investment and financing currently in effect management system, the country size according to investment and financing forehead degree, is exercised by all of the various levels administration person in charge branch examining and approving right, and project examine and approve system being confined to state-owned enterprise only, the country should perfect investment, finance management system, ensures that investment and the financing channel are unimpeded. Besides, can throw into system by building diversification science and technology such as the government, bank, enterprise and society, fully utilize social various funds lying idle in society, funding develops crops straw stem electric power generation estate, disperses investment risk
(Four) make use of international regulation, carry out allowance on enterprise
Make use of WTO"allowance and oppose the allowance measure agreement"regulation in connection with being not allowed to tell allowance.
(Five) works out a standard, the science encouraging to crops straw stem makes use of.
And the country ought to work out"energy conservation catalog"and"relate to the idea"that government energy conservation purchases, correct the preferential measures that the product producing and using the catalogue range inner gives tax exemption and reduction, prepare to list product in catalogue in the government purchasing range.
(Six) establishes rational crops straw stem electric power generation price.
Specifically for growing the primal problem that matter there exists in electric power generation, ought to act accordingto circumstances, plan as a whole, research works out a relevance extending policy, build perfect forming a complete set step by step serving system choose the pragmatic various technology and equipment, form benign competition, the application generating electricity with the matter pushing forward a life. As soon as possible, thee government works out and promulgates our city regenerative energy law inplementing regulations.
一、问题的提出
随着社会、经济的不断发展和人口数量的不断增长，世界各国对于能源的消费和需求不断攀升，就世界煤、石油、天然气储量而言，煤只能用230年，石油只能用44年，天然气只能用62年。二是石油安全问题日趋显著。2005年我国人均石油可采储量不到3吨，人均天然气可采储量为1000立方米左右，人均煤炭可采储量为90吨左右，分别为世界平均值的11.1％、4.3％和55.4％。中国石油对外依存度已从2000年的31％增加到2005年的42.9％。到2020年，石油的对外依存度将达到60％，我国能源安全尤其是石油安全问题越来越突出。“能源危机”引起了发达国家对能源安全供应的关注，可再生能源技术的研发受到广泛重视。由于受技术和自然条件的限制，目前对可再生能源大规模开发利用的主要是风能和生物质能。生物质能发电在可再生能源发电中电能质量好、可靠性高，与小水电、风能和太阳能发电等间歇性发电比较要好得多，具有很高的经济价值。用清洁可再生能源替代煤炭、石油，调整能源结构是我国近期的重要任务，而利用生物质能、风能等可再生能源发电正是我国能源结构调整最现实、最主要的方向。
二、利用生物质能源的意义
第一，生物质能发电在可再生能源发电中电能质量好、可靠性高，比小水电、风电和太阳能发电等间歇性发电要好得多，可以作为小水电、风电、太阳能发电的补充能源，具有很高的经济价值。
第二，在全面建设小康社会的目标下，农村能源结构由传统生物质能利用为主向现代化方向转化，生物质能发电是这种转化的重要途径。
第三，丰富的生物质能资源亟待有效开发利用，加工增值，以促进经济发展。
第四，生物质能发电技术比较成熟。
三、生物质能利用现状
以生物质为载体，由生物质产生的能量，便是生物质能。生物能是太阳能以化学能形式贮存在生物中的一种能量形式，一种以生物质为载体的能量，它直接或间接地来源于植物的光合作用，在各种可再生能源中，生物质是独特的，它是贮存的太阳能，更是一种唯一可再生的碳源，可转化成常规的固态、液态和气态燃料。我国各类农作物秸秆资源的合理回收加工，可归纳为“4F”线：即Fodder(饲料)，Fuel(燃料)，Fertilizer(肥料)，Feed Stock(工业原料)，研究人员称其为“四料”。在“四料”转换利用中，饲料、燃料利用及其转换技术仍然是主要领域。
第二部分研究的理论基础
一、循环经济理论
发展循环经济，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会，既是国际社会为实现人类可持续发展的共同努力方向，也是我国构建和谐社会的重大战略抉择。生物质能源作为可再生能源的主要组成部分，正面临巨大的发展机遇。循环经济要求按照自然生态系统的模式，将经济活动由过去的“资源→产品→废物”的物质单向流动导向“资源—产品—再生资源”的物质反复循环流动过程，使整个经济系统以及生产和消费过程基本上不产生或者只产生很少的废物。循环经济的特征是自然资源的低投入、高利用和废物的低排放。其核心内涵是废物减量化、资源的再使用和再循环利用。使经济活动与自然生态系统的物质循环规律相吻合，从而实现人类活动的生态化。
在在农业方面，循环经济理论对生态环境保护和可持续发展战略作了进一步补充和完善。循环型生态农业是根据生态学和生态经济学原理，运用现代科学技术，因地制宜建立的农业生产体系。循环型生态农业发展过程中，要充分开发和利用自然资源及生物质能源。推动“农村生活污染零排放运动”。在农业园区建设方而推行自然(生态)农业和有机农业。
二、可持续发展理论
发展农业生物质能源是经济社会可持续发展的战略选择。可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，又不损坏后代人满足需要的能力的发展。可持续发展经济学理论的逻辑起点和视角有二：一是发展应是无代价的，当代人的发展不应危及后代人的发展能力和机会。二是当代人有能力事先知晓自身行为后果的递延效应。可持续发展思想可概括为三条基本原则：(1)公正性原则，强调发展应追求两方面的公正，一是本代人的公正，即同一代人中一部分人的发展不应当损害另一部分人的利益，并要把消除贫困作为可持续发展进程特别优先的问题来考虑；二是代际公正，即本供的发展不能以牺牲后代人的利益为代价。(2)持续性原则，其核心是指人类的经济建设和社会发展不能超越自然资源与生态环境的承载能力，因此必须约束人类对资源的浪费和对环境的污染行为。(3)共同性原则，地球是全人类的共同家园，虽然不同的国家和区域的可持续发展的具体目标、政策和实施步骤不一定也不是唯一的，但可持续发展的思想和总的目标应该为各界各国政府、企业、社会团体和个人共同遵从。
可持续发展的新思想、新观念、新知识改变人们传统的不可持续的生产方式、消费方式、思维方式。在目前，实施可持续发展农业生物质能源的关键是各级领导要真正树立可持续发展的观点，充分认识到资源与环境保护的重要性和紧迫性。那种“一切都应为经济增长让路”的思想实际上是一种急功近利的想法，是与可持续发展思想相对立的，是实施可持续农业生物质能源战略的最大障碍。
当前，我国正处在全民建设小康社会的关键时期，工业化、城镇化进程加快，能源需求量持续增长，资源和环境对经济社会发展的压力愈来愈大。加快生物质能源发展，将为突破制约经济社会发展的资源和环境瓶颈，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会提供新的机遇。
三、环境经济理论
环境经济学科的产生与环境问题的日益严重并引起社会普遍关注是分不开的自人类进入工业社会以来，在追求经济增长的驱使下，人类对自然环境展开了大规模的前所未有的开发利用，一些工业化国家一味追求经济的快速增长，表现出了空前的增长热潮。虽然在极短的时期内，人类创造出了巨大的物质财富，但同时，在工业化、城市化的过程中，大大加剧了对耕地、淡水、森林、矿产的消耗，引发了深重的环境灾难，给人类社会带来了巨大的危害和不利影响。我国已实施的环境经济政策存在的主要问题：
(1)环境经济政策不健全，我国的环境经济政策虽然种类较多，但真正在全国范围内实施并发挥作用的并不多见。有些环境经济政策虽然有政策性规定，但是由于没有配套的措施，并没有起到应有的作用。例如，我国虽然已经建立了差别税收政策，与发达国家相比，我国的差别税收政策种类较少、应用领域较窄。
(2)已有的环境经济政策亟待完善，我国现行的环境经济政策本身存在一些问题，需要根据市场经济体制及环境保护事业不断发展、变化的要求而不断更新、完善。虽然国家已出台生物质发电补贴0.25元／千瓦时的政策，但仍缺乏具体的实施细则和协调机制；对于农林废弃物混燃量小于总热值80％的情况，国家规定不给予补贴，限制了混燃技术的推广应用。中国生物质发电尚处于示范项目阶段，示范项从立项、建设、发电上网到验收，尚无专门的管理办法，大大影响示范项目的进度，也影响投资者的积极性。
第三部分生物质能源利用模式
一、项目所在城镇自然概况
盐城东南工业区所在射阳县盐东镇东南村，位于盐城市东郊，距盐城民航机场20公里、盐城火车站25公里、连通高速公路13公里、两省道(226、311)贯穿全境。东临子午河，北靠盐海一级公路，南侧的向阳河与西潮河新洋港(国家二级水道)相连。区一期工程占地面积10平方公里，集生产、生活、服务为一体，进园企业60多家。由于地处全国主要的棉产区，进园工业以纺机、棉纺、织造、服装、染整为主体，形成了花、纱、布、衣一条龙生产体制，形成了以纺织、纺机为主导产业的特色工业区，年销售收入已达10多亿元。2002年10月被命名为“江苏省乡镇企业示范工业区”。
二、项目概况
为满足东南工业区工业企业用热的迫切需要，经江苏省发改委苏发改交能[2004]668号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司热电工程恢复建设通知书》、江苏省经济贸易委员会苏经贸电力[2004]109号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司75t／h锅炉扩建工程项目建议书的批复》和苏经贸电力[2004]110号《关于盐城东南热电有限公司15MW供热机组工程项目建议书的批复》，批准在盐城市东南纺织工业区的西南部建设一座供热站。最终规模为3台75t／h次高温次高压流化床锅炉和2台15MW抽凝机配2台18MW发电机，及相应的生产辅助设施。
项目于2004年6月18日正式开工建设，经过一年多的建设已累计完成投资1.3亿元。
三、项目所在地的生物质资源调查
我国已将可再生能源的开发利用列为能源发展的优先领域，通过制定可再生能源开发利用总量目标和采取相应措施，推动可再生能源市场的建立和发展。
国家鼓励各种所有制经济主体参与可再生能源的开发利用，依法保护可再生能源开发利用者的合法权益。
国家鼓励和支持可再生能源并网发电。电网企业应当与依法取得行政许可或者报送备案的可再生能源发电企业签订并网协议，全额收购其电网覆盖范围内可再生能源并网发电项目的上网电量，并为可再生能源发电提供上网服务。因此，可再生能源项目的建设规模主要取决于原、燃料的供应情况。
为获得第一手的资源情况报告，盐城东南热电有限公司组织了专门的社会调查小组，采用查录统计报告、咨询村组干部、调查问卷等形式，就秸秆的产量和结构、秸秆利用的现状、形成商品化的能力、农民的期望价格、运输条件、秸秆的品质等课题进行了专题调研，根据调查情况，可形成以上几点结论：
(1)盐东镇及其周边乡镇可形成商品的秸秆总量25万吨，能满足热电厂2台75吨锅炉的需要；适当扩大收购半径能确保3台75吨锅炉的需要。
(2)秸秆的到厂成本价为240.85元，按热值计算低于煤炭，提示秸秆发电有很好的经济效益。
第四部分结论及建议
一、存在的问题
(一)资源分布分散，收集和运输困难
我们调查的地区秸秆总资源量达36.13万吨，资源丰富稳定，但是分布分散，收集和运输困难，比较适合于分散利用。同时，生物质能目前有效利用的比例很少，要充分体现它的洁净性并在能源结构优化中充分发挥作用，必须有大范围的高效利用作前提，这就必然要求全社会对生物质能技术有全面的了解和认同，在生物质技术产业化和商品化的过程培育成熟的市场，形成大量的用户，使生物质能作为商品能源的比例有显著的提高，最终体现出其环境及社会效益。
(二)当前缺少有效的政策与资金扶持
目前国家和地方政府再可再生能源发展方面只有一般性的鼓励政策，对生物质能没有操作性较强的具体办法，所以政策力度不够，落实困难。这主要体现在实际应用中生物质电力上网困难，目前政府的定价没有体现生物质能对环保的贡献，电力价格不合理，很难吸引投资资会，同时国家和地方对生物质能发电项目没有明确的指引，扶持政策不到位，补贴渠道不畅通，经济优惠政策很难落实。
(三)目前国家还没有一个系统的完善的各种生物质能源的技术标准，行业规范
我国尚未就生物质能源的性能特点，制定一套相对独立又系统操控性强的行业规范和技术标准，市场管理混乱。在秸杆气化供气与秸杆主要设备如秸秆锅炉开发上，由于未有合适的技术标准和严格的技术监督，很多未具备技术力量的单位和个人参与了工程承包和秸杆气化供气设备的生产，引起项目技术不过关，达不到预期目标，甚至带来安全问题，这给今后开展生物质利用工作带来很大的负面影响。
二、建议
(一)完善法律和法规，鼓励废弃物再利用
应该制定专门的鼓励政策，吸引社会投资为了发展可再生能源的电力，政府应进一步落实对可再生能源的保护政策和激励政策。
我们也应该通过立法和有关政策，以立法保护和经济的手段扶持相结合，鼓励农作物秸杆利用，使其最终依靠自身的发展潜力来确立并占有其应有的市场份额。
(二)制定明确的发展目标和推广计划，增加财政对可再生能源的投入是发展可再生能源的保证
我们应该把发展循环经济作为政府投资的重点领域，加大对循环经济发展的资金支持。对一些重大项目进行直接投资或资金补助、贷款贴息的支持，引导各类金融机构对有利于促进循环经济发展的重点项目给予贷款支持，制定支持循环经济发展的财税政策。
应把可再生能源建设项目规范地纳入各级政府财政预算和计划。政府财政可通过税收优惠、财政投融资及政府采购等手段，加大对农作物秸秆发电企业的技术进步的扶持力度。
(三)完善投资、金融管理体制
在现行投融资管理体制下，国家按投资和融资额度的大小，由各级行政主管部门行使审批权，而且项目审批制仅限于国有企业，国家应完善投资、金融管理体制，确保投资和融资渠道畅通。另外，可以通过建立政府、银行、企业和社会等多元化科技投入体系，充分利用社会上各种闲散资金，筹集资金发展农作物秸秆发电产业，分散投资风险。
(四)利用国际规则，对企业进行补贴
利用WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》有关不可诉补贴的规定。
(五)制定标准，鼓励对农作物秸秆的科学利用。
国家应该制定《节能产品目录》和《关于政府节能采购的意见》，对生产和使用目录范围内产品给予减免税的优惠政策，并准备将目录中的产品列入政府采购范围。
(六)确立合理的农作物秸秆发电价格。
针对生物质发电存在的主要问题，应该因地制宜，统筹规划，研究制定相关推广政策，逐步建立完善的配套服务体系，选择多种实用技术和设备，形成良性竞争，以推进生物质发电的应用。政府尽快制定和颁布本市可再生能源法的实施细则。
The new that matter sources of energy makes use of probes a life
straw of Yan Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. stem boiler skill changes the project research 04 agriculture and forestry extending special field graduate student shift Shen Zhi Yuan
PartⅠsummarizes one, the problem suggesting that
The quantity ceaselessness increases by with society, economy uninterrupted growth and population, all the countries in the world climbs a litre unceasingly to the sources of energy consumption and need, as far as world coal, petroleum, gas reserves be concerned, coal can only use 230 years, petroleum can only use 44 years, gas can only use 62 years. Two is that sale problem of petroleum is day by day notable. Per capita our country petroleum workable reserves is less than 3 tons in 2005, per capita gas workable reserves is controlled by 1000 steres, per capita coal workable reserves is controlled by 90 tons, respectively for world average value 11.1%, 4.3% and 55.4%. Chinese petroleum depends on degree externally already complying with Y2K's The"energy crisis"has aroused the attention that the developed country supplies to the sources of energy safety, regenerative energy technology inkstone hair has been taken seriously broadly. Restricting since accepting the technology and natural conditions, developing at present in large scale to regenerative energy main part making use of is a wind energy source and biomass energy. Biomass energy generates electricity in regenerative energy electric power generation middle electric energy mass regards, reliability height, is going to much better, to have very high economic value comparing with intermittent electric power generation such as small hydro-electric power plant, wind energy source and solar electrical energy generation. Use clean regenerative energy to replace coal, petroleum, readjusting the energy structure is recent important mission of our country, make use of regenerative energy such as biomass energy. wind energy source to generate electricity exactly being our country energy but
Two, makes use of the significance growing matter sources of energy
Electric energy mass is good among first, biomass energy generate electricity generating electricity in regenerative energy, reliability is high, be much more better than intermittent electric power generation such as small hydro-electric power plant, wind electricity and solar electrical energy generation, can have very high economic value as small hydro-electric power plant, wind electricity, the solar electrical energy generation complement sources of energy. Secondly, under objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way, structure of energy supply makes use of rural area by tradition biomass energy give first place to generating electricity to conversion, biomass energy modernizing direction is the important approach that this changes. Thirdly, rich biomass energy resource makes use of added value, processes urgently after having an effect to develop, to promote economic growth.
The biomass energy electric power generation technology is relatively mature fourthly.
Three, biomass energy makes use of current situation
Take growing matter as carrier, from growing the energy that matter produces, being biomass energy. The biological energy source is solar energy one kind of energy form in storing living things with chemical energy form, one kind of the energy taking growing matter as carrier, it originates from plant's photosynthesis direct or indirect, in various regenerative energy, growing matter is unique, it is the solar energy storing, also is one kind of unique regenerate carbon source, may change solid state, liquid state and gas state fuel becoming routine. Our country crops straw of all kinds stem resource reasonableness reclaims treating, is summed up as"4 F"lines but: Be Fodder(feed), Fuel(fuel), Fertili
Rationale that PartⅡstudies.
One, circulation economy theory
Society who develops circulation economy, builds economize on resources the type and the amicable type of environment, direction, the important strategy being also that our country structures harmonious society choose now that the international community is making joint efforts realizing human being sustainable development. Life matter sources of energy main part as regenerative energy is composed of a part, is confronted with gigantic development opportunity That circulation economy demands according to systematic pattern of natural ecology, with again and again circulating flow of economic activity reason matter of past"resource-> product-> good-for-nothing"one-way flow guiding"resource product renewable resources"matter process, makes entire economic system produce or produce very few good-for-nothing mainly as well as producing and consuming process. Circulation economy characteristic is that the natural resources hanging down throws into, height makes use of blowoff to prepare waste material's low. Whose core connotation is good-for-nothing subtraction quantization, resource usage and the recycling make use of again. Make an economic acfivity be identical with systematic matter of natural ecology circulation law each other, realizei the human being activity's thereby organism's habits-rization. In the field of agriculture, circulating economy theory has been done to protection of ecological environment and sustainable development strategy further, complementary and improve and perfect. The circulation type environmental-friendly agriculture is to wield modem science and technology according to ecology and organism's habits economic principle, the agriculture building in a manner appropriate to local conditions produces system. The circulation type environmental-friendly agriculture develops the sources of energy being going to develop sufficiently in process, and making use of natural resources and life matter. Drive"a rural life to contaminate zero blowoff motion". Carry out(the natural ecology) agriculture and organic agriculture in agriculture garden area construction aspect.
Two, sustainable development theory
Developing agriculture life matter sources of energy is that economy society sustainable development strategy chooses. Sustainable development is that person satisfies development of the ability needing refer to both the need satisfying a modem, and block of wood breakdown descendant. Sustainable development economics theory logic starting point and visual angle have two: Develop the ability and chance should be person there be no price's, development of modem should not endanger descendant first. Two is that the modem has capability being aware of oneself behavior consequence's in advance deferring an effect. Sustainable development thought but summarization is three bases: (1) justice principle, emphasizes to develop should run after justice in two aspects, one being to replace people's justice, be to not ought to think to come the especially preferential problem damaging 'anOther part of people's benefit, and should take eradicating poverty as sustainable development. course with a development of generation philtrum part of person; Two is that generation time is impartial, is that the development confessing originally can not take people's benefit sacrificing descendant as price. (2) persistence principle. whose core are that economic development and social development referring to human being can not exceed natural resources and the ecological environment load support capability, must restrain human being therefore to the resource dissipation and to the environment contaminate behavior. (3) intercommunity principle, the earth are the human being's common home, the sustained development thought and the general target ought to be all walks of life governments of all countries in the world, enterprise, nongovernmental organization and individual follow commonly though that the different country composes in reply concrete the area sustainable development target, policy and puts step into practice is unique not ncessarily neither Sustainable development new thought, new concept, new knowledge change people no sustainable tradition mode of production, pattern of consumption, mode of thinking. Significance and urgency being that all of the various levels leader asks the viewPoint, sufficient cognition setting up sustainable development really to arrive at resource and environmental protection in the key putting sustainable development agriculture life matter sources of energy into practice at present. That"all responds to the thought making way for economic growth"is one kind of the idea being anxious to achieve quick success and getting instant benefits in fact, maximal obstacle being that thought stands on relatively with sustainable development, being to put sustainable agriculture life matter sources of energy strategy into practice. The key period, industrialization, urbanization may hold present, our country being building well-to-do society in the whole people are accelerated, energy demand amounts continue increasing by, resource and the environment pressure to economic and social development are bigger and bigger. Accelerate the life matter sources of energy development, will be to break the resource and environment bottleneck restricting economic and social development, the society who builds economize on resources the type and the amicable type of environment provides new opportunities.
Three, environment economy theory Environment economy discipline creation and environment problem gradually, grave and arousing society to pay close attention to commonly is cannot to part since human being enters industrial society, the hitherto unknown large-scale exploitation human being has been developed to the natural environment makes use of under urging running after economic growth, a few industrial country fleetness running after economy has increased by, has shown unparalleled increase upsurge. Human being has been have created out gigantic material wealth, but simultaneous though within extremely short period, the consumption having aggravated greatly to cultivated land, fresh water, forest, mineral, has initiated the extremely serious environment disaster in the process of industrialization, urbanization, have been brought about gigantic damage drawing or not by human society Primal problem that our country there exists in the environment economic policy being already put into effect: (1) environment economic policy is faulty, environment of our country economic policy sees not much though kind is put into effect and produces a marked effect more, but real within the whole nation range. Have some of environments although economic policy having policy regulation, since not having supporting measure, not playing arrive at due role. For instance, our country is compared with each other though having already founded difference tax po icy. and the developed country, difference of our country tax policy kind is less, application field is narrower. (2) already some environment economic policy urgently, our country environment economic policy currently in effect there exists a few problems in self, requires that system and the environmental protection undertaking further develop, the demand but ceaseless renewal changing, improves and perfects according to market economy after perfect. Policy growing 0.25 yuan of/ thousand watt-hours of matter electric power generation allowance though the country already appears personally, but still, be short of concrete inplementing regulations and harmonize mechanism; Drift along to agriculture and forestry waste burning measuring 80%'s condition being smaller than general calorific value, the country has stipulated the application and dissemination drifting along burning a technology not to give allowance, restricted. Chinese life matter generates electricity still being in a demonstrative project stage, demonstrate the item arrives at an acceptance check from the net setting up a project, building, generate electricity going ahead, still there is no special administration way, enthusiasm greatly, affecting a demonstrative project rate of progress, also affecting an investor's.
PartⅢlife matter sources of energy makes use of pattern
One, natural project location city and town general situation
Yan Cheng southeast industrial park location She Yang County salt east town southeast Village, is located in the Yah Cheng city eastern suburb, 13 kilometres, liang of express highway province says that(226, 311) run through entire boundary from when 20 kilometres of Yan Cheng airport, the Yan Cheng railway station are connected 25 kilometres. East face the meridian river, the north depends on the salt sea first order highway, side river having a southern exposure and new ocean of west tide river harbor(country two stage water channel) are linked together in the south Distance of one phase of square kilometer area project Zhan cover an area of 10, gather 60 many family who give birth to a child, live, serve for an integral whole, enters garden enterprise. Receive garden industry since being located in main cotton of the whole nation producing area taking spinning machine, cotton spinning, contexture, clothing, dyeing a round number as the main body, a coordinated process having formed the flower, yarn, cloth, clothes produces system, the income from sales of products has taken form to spinning and weaving, characteristic to industrial park, year spinning machine being leading factor estate already amounts to 10 being hundred million yuan more. 2002 annual 10 month are"Jiangsu province enterprise in the rural area quilt naming set an example industrial park"
Two, project general situationBe satisfied southeast industrial park industrial enterprise use hot urgent need, classics Jiangsu province get,rich change committee Su Fa change relationship energy[2004] 668"relative Yah Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. pyroelectricity project recover construction advice note", Jiangsu province economy Board of Trade Su economy and trade electric power [2004] 109"relative Yan Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. 75 t/h boiler extension project letter of advice official reply to subordinate"and Su economy and trade electric power [2004] 110"relative Yan Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. 15 MW supply heat aircraft crew construction project letter of advice official reply to subordinate", The area southwest part builds the textile industry O. K. in Yah Cheng city southeast And ultimate scale curdles for 75 3 t/h time of high temperature time of high-handed
fluidization bed boilers and 152 MW shrink machine match 182 MW generators.
corresponding childbirth assists facilities. 18 every day formal commissionings build a project in 2004 annual 6 month, accomplish 1.3 hundred million yuan of investment in accumulative total after construction for more than 1 year already
Three, project location life material resources investigates whether Our country already will have but the exploitation regenerating the sources of energy makes use of the preferential field that column for sources of energy develops, build and develop by working outregenerative energy developing the target making use of all quantity and adopting corresponding measure, the marketplace driving regenerative energy. The exploitation encouraging the various ownership economy main body to participate in regenerative energy makes use of the country, protects regenerative energy developing the lawful rights and interests making use of person according to law. The country encourages regenerative energy and the net to generate electricity and supports. Electrified wire netting enterprise ought to conclude and sign and cover an agreement as with a net with the regenerative energy electric power generation enterprise getting administration permission according to law or being submitted for putting on record. entire forehead buys whose electrified wire netting coverage range inner regenerative energy and net electric power generation project net play quantity of electric charge, and serves for regenerative energy generates electricity providing net play, Therefore, may regenerate the sources of energy project scale of construction depending on the plain, fuel mainly supplying condition Be to gain the firsthand resource condition report, Yah Cheng southeast pyroelectricity Ltd. has organized the special social investigation group, has adopted to check forms such as recording the cadre who counts a report, consults about the village group, inquiring into a questionnaire, right away. output of straw stem and the current situation that structure, the straw stem make use of, have formed the ability commercializing, peasant's problems such as expecting price, transporting condition, quality of straw stem has carried out a special subject surveying, according to several conclusions inquiring into condition, but forming all above: (1) salt east town and their periphery villages and towns but the all quantity forming the commodity straw stem can satisfy heating and power plant 75 tons of 2 platforms boilers need 25 ten thousand tons,; Appropriate expansion buys a radius can ensure 75 tons of 3 platforms boilers need. (2) straw stems' cost is 240.85 yuan to the factory, secretly scheme against according to calorific value lower than coal, point out that the straw stem generates electricity having the very good economic effect.
PartⅣconclusion and suggestion
One, have problem
(One) resource distributes the difficulty dispersing, collecting and transporting The general area straw stem resource amounts that we inquire into amount to 36.13 ten thousand tons, stability, but distribution abound in natural resources disperses, collects and makes use of transport difficulty, comparatively suitable than dispersing, At the same time, biomass energy has an effect at present the proportion making use of seldom, is going to embody its clean sufficiently and to produce a marked effect sufficiently in the sources of energy structural optimization, must high-effect having big range making use of work premise, be requiring that entire society has the all-round acquaintance and acception to biomass energy technology surely right now, process putting to use in production and commercializing in life matter technology cultivates the mature marketplace, forms large amount of consumer, the proportion making biomass energy be commodity sources of energy has notable rise, embodies out the person ultimately
(Two) present is short of effective policy and the fund supports
The country and the local government may, r~generate the sources of energy developing aspect only having the generality encouragement policy at present again, do not have stronger concrete operatability way, do not ascertain difficulty therefore policy dynamics is insufficient to biomass energy. This embodies the difficulty applying middle life matter electric power net play to reality mainly, at present government's fixed price does not embody the biomass energy contribution to environmental protection, electric power price is unreasonable, fund very difficult to attract investment, guiding that the country and place do not make clear at the same time to biomass energy electric power generation project, less than supporting policy the place, the allowance channel are non-smooth, economy preferential measures is very difficult to feel at ease.(Three) the country does not have a systematic perfect various life matter sources of energy technical norms, industry norm at present Our country grows the matter sources of energy function characteristic not yet right away, works out a set of relatively independent systematic exercise charging the strong nature industry norm for composing in reply technical norms, market management chaos. Go ahead in straw gasification air or gas supply and main equipment of straw if the straw stem boiler develops, since not having had right technical norms and strict technical supervision, much the childbirth not having had technology strength unit and individual having participated in a project contracting sum straw gasification air or gas supply equipment, arouses the project technology passing a test, being unable to attain the desired objective, brings about the safe problem even, this carries out life matter the effect making use of a job to bring about very big negative part for the days to come.
Two, suggestion
(One) perfects law and law and regulation, encouragement waste makes use of again Ought to work out special encouragement policy, the investment attracting society should implement protection policy and excitation to regenerative energy policy further for electric power, the govemment developing regenerative energy. We also ought to pass legislation sum related policy, the means with legislation protection and economy is supported being tied in wedlock each other, encouraging crops straw makes use of whose depend on sells development potential to establish and occupy whose due market share, makes.
(Two) works out development targets clear and definite and the investment in regenerative energy by finance extending a plan, increasing is the guarantee developing regenerative energy
We ought to take developing circulation economy as the priority field that the government invests in, the fund enlarging to circulation economic growth holds out. The direct investments or fund being.in progress to a few significant projects subsidizes, provides a loan of the interest so deducted support, guide banking institution of all kinds to give a loan the finance and tax policy supporting support circulation economic growth, working out to accented term beneficial to promoting circulation economic growth.
Should bring regenerative energy construction project into governments at all levels financial budget and plan standard. Government finance may support dynamics by the fact that preferential tax treatment, finance investment and financing and the government purchase the technological progress waiting for means, enlarging by straw stem electric power generation enterprise to crops's.
(Three) perfect investment, finance management system
Under investment and financing currently in effect management system, the country size according to investment and financing forehead degree, is exercised by all of the various levels administration person in charge branch examining and approving right, and project examine and approve system being confined to state-owned enterprise only, the country should perfect investment, finance management system, ensures that investment and the financing channel are unimpeded. Besides, can throw into system by building diversification science and technology such as the government, bank, enterprise and society, fully utilize social various funds lying idle in society, funding develops crops straw stem electric power generation estate, disperses investment risk
(Four) make use of international regulation, carry out allowance on enterprise
Make use of WTO"allowance and oppose the allowance measure agreement"regulation in connection with being not allowed to tell allowance.
(Five) works out a standard, the science encouraging to crops straw stem makes use of.
And the country ought to work out"energy conservation catalog"and"relate to the idea"that government energy conservation purchases, correct the preferential measures that the product producing and using the catalogue range inner gives tax exemption and reduction, prepare to list product in catalogue in the government purchasing range.
(Six) establishes rational crops straw stem electric power generation price.
Specifically for growing the primal problem that matter there exists in electric power generation, ought to act accordingto circumstances, plan as a whole, research works out a relevance extending policy, build perfect forming a complete set step by step serving system choose the pragmatic various technology and equipment, form benign competition, the application generating electricity with the matter pushing forward a life. As soon as possible, thee government works out and promulgates our city regenerative energy law inplementing regulations.
引文
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