中国自主创新战略的演进
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摘要
本文将我国自主创新战略的演进过程按照不同的历史时期分为三个阶段。第一阶段——政府干预阶段,以计划经济为主的第一阶段,虽然经历了“大跃进”、“人民公社化运动”和“文化大革命”使经济严重倒退的三个时期,但在效仿苏联的重工业化道路上,通过积极引进先进技术、模仿吸收等政策的实施,建立了相对完整的国民经济体系和独立的工业体系,为我国自主创新战略的形成奠定了良好的基础;第二阶段——市场机制下的自主创新,市场经济体制的确立和改革开放的进一步加深成为这一阶段的主旋律,政策的指引使中国与世界上其他国家的交往日益密切,再加上外商投资的大量涌进,经济特区的逐步开放,为提高我国技术创新的能力提供了更多的便利条件,对自主创新战略演进的过程起到了较好的推动作用;第三阶段——构建国家创新体系的阶段,随着我国正式加入世贸组织以来,改革开放的程度也进一步加深,为经济、社会、环境的可持续发展,提出了建设创新型国家的口号并在财政、金融、法制等方面制定了一系列鼓励自主创新的政策措施,加快了我国自主创新战略演化的进程。
随后,从建设创新型国家、提高产品核心竞争力、降低外贸依存度、转变经济增长方式四个方面具体阐述了我国实施自主创新战略的必然性。结合目前我国大力发展自主创新战略所遇到的一些问题,将制约自主创新进一步发展的因素呈现出来,能够使我们更加清楚地认识到自主创新战略发展过程中存在的弊端。
最后,结合我国发展自主创新所存在的问题,有针对性地提出建议,特别是在加大财政、金融等政策的鼓励机制,进一步完善知识产权管理制度,加快建设以企业为主体,产学研相结合的创新体系,实施多样化的战略联盟,不断构建完善的人才培养机制等方面提出了具体的改进意见,为我国自主创新战略的不断演进提供了更加有效的理论指导。
In this paper the evolution of China's independent innovation strategy is divided into three phases according to different historical periods. Phase I - governmental intervention. In the first phase characterized by planned economy, though having undergone the periods of "Great Leap Forward", "Movement of People" and "Cultural Revolution", which had seriously set the economy back, in the process of imitating the model of the Soviet Union that gave exclusive priority to heavy industry, a relatively complete national economic system and an independent industrial system had been established by actively introducing and imitating advanced technologies. A good foundation for the formation of the independent innovation strategy was therefore set up. Phase II - independent innovation in the market mechanism. The establishment of market economy and further deepening of reform and opening-up are the main themes in this phase. The policy guided China to more frequent communications with countries all around the world. Additionally, a large influx of foreign investments and gradual opening-up of special economic zones provided more convenient conditions to improve our ability of technological innovation and played an important role in the evolution of independent innovation strategy. Phase III– building of national innovation system. After China’s entry into the WTO and with continuous intensifying of reform and opening-up, for the sustainable development in respect of economy, society and environment, the slogan of building an innovative country was brought forward and a series of policies and measurements were made in financial and legal aspects to encourage independent innovations and accelerate the evolution of the independent innovation strategy.
Then, the inevitability of China’s implementation of independent innovation strategy will be described in four aspects, i.e. building of an innovative country, improvement of core competitiveness, reduction of dependence on foreign trades, changes of economic growth. Considering the problems occurring in the process of implementing the independent innovation strategy, factors restraining further development of independent innovation will be set forth so that we can clearly recognize the problem of independent innovation development.
In the end, suggestions are put forward in view of the problems existing in the process of our developing independent innovation strategy, especially, in respect of intensifying incentive mechanism of finance, improving intellectual property management system, speeding up construction of market-oriented research and production system, and perfecting training system so that more effective theoretical guidelines can be provided for continuous evolution of our country’s independent innovation strategy.
随后,从建设创新型国家、提高产品核心竞争力、降低外贸依存度、转变经济增长方式四个方面具体阐述了我国实施自主创新战略的必然性。结合目前我国大力发展自主创新战略所遇到的一些问题,将制约自主创新进一步发展的因素呈现出来,能够使我们更加清楚地认识到自主创新战略发展过程中存在的弊端。
最后,结合我国发展自主创新所存在的问题,有针对性地提出建议,特别是在加大财政、金融等政策的鼓励机制,进一步完善知识产权管理制度,加快建设以企业为主体,产学研相结合的创新体系,实施多样化的战略联盟,不断构建完善的人才培养机制等方面提出了具体的改进意见,为我国自主创新战略的不断演进提供了更加有效的理论指导。
In this paper the evolution of China's independent innovation strategy is divided into three phases according to different historical periods. Phase I - governmental intervention. In the first phase characterized by planned economy, though having undergone the periods of "Great Leap Forward", "Movement of People" and "Cultural Revolution", which had seriously set the economy back, in the process of imitating the model of the Soviet Union that gave exclusive priority to heavy industry, a relatively complete national economic system and an independent industrial system had been established by actively introducing and imitating advanced technologies. A good foundation for the formation of the independent innovation strategy was therefore set up. Phase II - independent innovation in the market mechanism. The establishment of market economy and further deepening of reform and opening-up are the main themes in this phase. The policy guided China to more frequent communications with countries all around the world. Additionally, a large influx of foreign investments and gradual opening-up of special economic zones provided more convenient conditions to improve our ability of technological innovation and played an important role in the evolution of independent innovation strategy. Phase III– building of national innovation system. After China’s entry into the WTO and with continuous intensifying of reform and opening-up, for the sustainable development in respect of economy, society and environment, the slogan of building an innovative country was brought forward and a series of policies and measurements were made in financial and legal aspects to encourage independent innovations and accelerate the evolution of the independent innovation strategy.
Then, the inevitability of China’s implementation of independent innovation strategy will be described in four aspects, i.e. building of an innovative country, improvement of core competitiveness, reduction of dependence on foreign trades, changes of economic growth. Considering the problems occurring in the process of implementing the independent innovation strategy, factors restraining further development of independent innovation will be set forth so that we can clearly recognize the problem of independent innovation development.
In the end, suggestions are put forward in view of the problems existing in the process of our developing independent innovation strategy, especially, in respect of intensifying incentive mechanism of finance, improving intellectual property management system, speeding up construction of market-oriented research and production system, and perfecting training system so that more effective theoretical guidelines can be provided for continuous evolution of our country’s independent innovation strategy.
引文
[1]陆风.理解“自主创新”[J].华东科技,2007,6
[2]熊彼特.经济发展理论[M].中国商业出版社,2009,8
[3]贝淑华.我国政府在企业技术创新中应发挥的作用分析[J] .甘肃行政学院学报, 2005
[4]、[39]李德玲.创新型企业创新发展战略研究[J].中国科技论坛,2007,7
[5]程建国.“自主创新”:全球化视角中的“中国概念”[J].理论参考,2010,5
[6]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].清华大学出版社,1998年版
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[8]王新新.提高自主创新能力的对策[J].中国国情国力,2008,2
[9]薛引娥.增强自主创新能力是实现科学发展的必然选择[J].理论导刊,2007,6
[10]郭克莎.加快经济增长方式转变[J].中国经济时报,2005,4
[11]韵江,刘立.战略演进视角下的企业自主创新发展[R].中国企业管理研究会年度报告,2006,11
[12]林毅夫、蔡昉、李周.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革[M].上海人民出版社,1949年版,第30页
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[20]吕薇.中国创新政策的未来趋势[M].中国发展观察,2008,4
[21]白小红.国外企业技术创新的举措及对我国的启示[J].北华大学学报,2000,12
[22]李惠国.关于增强自主创新能力建设创新型国家的几点思考[J].学术探索,2006,4
[23]李健.大力增强我国的自主创新能力[J].金属热处理,2008,1
[24]卢永明.国际金融危机对中国经济的影响及对策研究[J].辽宁师范大学学报,2009,9
[25]路甬祥、郑必坚.和平崛起[M].高等教育出版社,2005年版
[26]、[28]路甬祥、郑必坚.世纪机遇[M].高等教育出版社,2004年版
[27]王梦奎.中国中长期发展的重要问题2006~2020[M].中国发展出版社,2005年版
[29]解振华.构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会的基本战略[R].(2005年4月28日在《中国科学与人文论坛》上的演讲)
[30]余凤翥.转型国有企业自主创新动力问题的探索[J].科技管理研究,2008,8
[31]、[32]卢东斌.自主创新——企业发展的根本出路[J].求是杂志,2005,12
[33]张艳芳.自主创新重在获取知识产权[J].发明与创新,2006,7
[34]陈伟,张昊一,杨彩霞.我国企业自主创新现状分析与对策研究[J].科技管理研究,2010,10
[35]贝淑华.我国政府在企业技术创新中应发挥的作用分析[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2005
[36]李琳.中小企业如何有效管理知识产权[J].纺织导报,2004,2
[37]马俊如.以企业为主体的产学研结合创新探讨[J].战略与决策研究,2008,1
[38]白永秀,吴航.以国际合作推进中国自主创新[J].财经科学,2009,3
[40]张晓月,赵顺龙.基于经济危机的技术创新演进分析[J].学术界,2009, 6
[41]刘助仁.冷战后美国科技政策导向及其启示[J].国际问题研究,2003,1
[2]熊彼特.经济发展理论[M].中国商业出版社,2009,8
[3]贝淑华.我国政府在企业技术创新中应发挥的作用分析[J] .甘肃行政学院学报, 2005
[4]、[39]李德玲.创新型企业创新发展战略研究[J].中国科技论坛,2007,7
[5]程建国.“自主创新”:全球化视角中的“中国概念”[J].理论参考,2010,5
[6]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].清华大学出版社,1998年版
[7]陈佳洱.基础研究:自主创新的源头[J].光明日报,2005,11
[8]王新新.提高自主创新能力的对策[J].中国国情国力,2008,2
[9]薛引娥.增强自主创新能力是实现科学发展的必然选择[J].理论导刊,2007,6
[10]郭克莎.加快经济增长方式转变[J].中国经济时报,2005,4
[11]韵江,刘立.战略演进视角下的企业自主创新发展[R].中国企业管理研究会年度报告,2006,11
[12]林毅夫、蔡昉、李周.中国的奇迹:发展战略与经济改革[M].上海人民出版社,1949年版,第30页
[13]《中国统计年鉴(1984)》,第23、27页
[14]刘国光.中国十个五年计划研究报告[M].人民出版社,2006年版
[15]费正清.剑桥中华人民共和国史[M].上海人民出版社,1990年版
[16]蔡昉,林毅夫.中国经济[M].中国财政经济出版社,2003年版
[17]国家统计局编《中国统计摘要:2008》,中国统计出版社,2008年版
[18]国家统计局编《中国统计摘要:2008》,中国统计出版社,2008年版
[19]国家统计局编《中国统计摘要:2008》,中国统计出版社,2008年版
[20]吕薇.中国创新政策的未来趋势[M].中国发展观察,2008,4
[21]白小红.国外企业技术创新的举措及对我国的启示[J].北华大学学报,2000,12
[22]李惠国.关于增强自主创新能力建设创新型国家的几点思考[J].学术探索,2006,4
[23]李健.大力增强我国的自主创新能力[J].金属热处理,2008,1
[24]卢永明.国际金融危机对中国经济的影响及对策研究[J].辽宁师范大学学报,2009,9
[25]路甬祥、郑必坚.和平崛起[M].高等教育出版社,2005年版
[26]、[28]路甬祥、郑必坚.世纪机遇[M].高等教育出版社,2004年版
[27]王梦奎.中国中长期发展的重要问题2006~2020[M].中国发展出版社,2005年版
[29]解振华.构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会的基本战略[R].(2005年4月28日在《中国科学与人文论坛》上的演讲)
[30]余凤翥.转型国有企业自主创新动力问题的探索[J].科技管理研究,2008,8
[31]、[32]卢东斌.自主创新——企业发展的根本出路[J].求是杂志,2005,12
[33]张艳芳.自主创新重在获取知识产权[J].发明与创新,2006,7
[34]陈伟,张昊一,杨彩霞.我国企业自主创新现状分析与对策研究[J].科技管理研究,2010,10
[35]贝淑华.我国政府在企业技术创新中应发挥的作用分析[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2005
[36]李琳.中小企业如何有效管理知识产权[J].纺织导报,2004,2
[37]马俊如.以企业为主体的产学研结合创新探讨[J].战略与决策研究,2008,1
[38]白永秀,吴航.以国际合作推进中国自主创新[J].财经科学,2009,3
[40]张晓月,赵顺龙.基于经济危机的技术创新演进分析[J].学术界,2009, 6
[41]刘助仁.冷战后美国科技政策导向及其启示[J].国际问题研究,2003,1