折流板厌氧反应器（ABR）启动过程中颗粒污泥的分形特征研究
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摘要
本文研究了ABR反应器启动过程中及启动成功后颗粒污泥的物理性质和不同拓扑空间下的分形维数。结果表明,启动过程中,在水平投影方向下测得的各格室的颗粒污泥粒径范围为1.02～2.49 mm,垂直投影方向下粒径范围为1.59～3.02 mm;有效密度用Allen方程计算和Logan-Allen方程计算分布范围用分别为0.76～77.58 kg·m-3和0.96～91.08 kg·m-3;自由沉降速率在1.96～45.27mm·s-1之间。反应器启动成功后,形成了边界较为清晰的黑色颗粒污泥,它们的SVI值为25～35ml·g -1,污泥浓度MLSS在9.20~19.10g·L-1之间,水平投影方向下粒径范围为1.70～1.98 mm,垂直投影方向下粒径范围为2.23～2.68mm;有效密度用Allen方程计算和Logan-Allen方程计算分布范围用分别为0.85～66.7 kg·m-3和1.04～76.96 kg·m-3;自由沉降速率在2.43～41.14mm·s-1之间。有效密度主要集中在1.02g·ml-1以下,自由沉降速率主要集中在14.40～86.40m·h-1之间。
对颗粒污泥沉降速率的研究发现,各阶段颗粒污泥水平投影方向和垂直投影方向平均粒径的比值在被测颗粒污泥足够多时有可能会趋于常数,但阶段间的这一常数是不同的。对颗粒污泥粒径分布的研究与反应器运行状态结合考虑,适合本文设定的负荷(4.195 kgCODCr·m-3·d-1)的颗粒污泥平均粒径为大于1.70mm。
依据沉降速率-当量圆直径的双对数图计算出的各格室中颗粒污泥的质量分形维数Df在启动过程中处于2.019～2.905之间,启动成功后在2.097～2.801之间,大小顺序为:第5格>第3格>第2格≥第1格>第4格,表明第5格室中形成的颗粒污泥较为密实,而第4格室的密实程度最小,但密实的颗粒污泥并不一定意味着较高的平均沉降速率。
依据投影法计算出的ABR各格室中颗粒污泥在低维拓扑空间下的几种分形维数之间的关系与其理论公式之间的关系相符,一维拓扑空间的分形维数在多在1.0左右,说明颗粒污泥的边界不规则程度小。二维拓扑空间的分形维数的平均值启动过程中在1.39～1.87之间(投影面积-当量圆直径)和1.37～1.80之间(投影面积-长轴)。启动成功后二维拓扑空间的分形维数的平均值在1.60～1.90之间(投影面积-当量圆直径),大小顺序为:第1格室>第3格室>第5格室>第4格室>第2格室;1.69～1.84(投影面积-长轴),大小顺序为:第3格室>第1格室>第5格室>第4格室>第2格室。这些D2不等于2,即不符合Meakin的结论。
Abstract: The physical properties and fractal dimensions within different topological spaces of the granular sludge in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were investigated. During the process of ABR start-up, diameters of granules measured at horizontal projected view were 1.02～2.49 mm, and were 1.59～3.02 mm at vertical projected view; the results of effective density calculated by Allen equation and Logan-Allen equation were different, the front one showed the range were between 0.76 kg·m-3 and 77.58 kg·m-3 when the latter showed 0.96～91.08 kg·m-3; ree setting rates were 1.96～45.27mm·s-1. After complete the ABR start-up, the black and granules with distinct boundary were found in all five compartments of ABR, their SVI values were between 25 ml·g -1 and 35 ml·g -1; their diameters measured at horizontal projected view were 1.70～1.98mm, and were 2.23～2.68mm at vertical projected view; effective density calculated by Allen equation were between 0.85 kg·m-3 and 66.70 kg·m-3 when Logan-Allen equation showed the range were 1.04～76.96 kg·m-3; free setting rates were 1.96～45.27mm·s-1.
During free setting process with equal rates for these granules, the ratio between the average diameters for them in each stage at horizontal projected view and at vertical projected view was nearly constant, but every stage was different.
Their mass fractal dimensions Df, calculated by bi-logarithm relation between setting rates and equivalent circle diameters, were 2.019～2.905 during the process of ABR start-up, and were 2.097～2.801 after that. Moreover, the Df value for granules in the 5th compartment was the highest one among them, indicating that the most compact granules were formed. The least compact granules were observed in the 4th compartment, and the granules in the 1st and 2nd compartments show close compactness. However, the highest average setting rate for granules was detected in the 1st compartment.
In addition, the relation among the calculated fractal dimensions in 1-D and 2-D topological spaces for these ABR granules with image analysis method gives accordance with the relation among theirtheory equations. The fractal dimensions in 2-D topological space for these granules based on the projected area-maximum diameter bi-logarithm relation were 1.39～1.87 during the process of ABR start-up and between 1.69～1.84 after that, and they show an order of D2 values: in 3rd compartment > in 1st compartment > in 5th compartment > in 4th compartment > in 2nd compartment. The fractal dimensions in 1-D topological space of 0.99～1.03 indicate little irregular boundary of these granules and no distinct difference in the five compartments.
对颗粒污泥沉降速率的研究发现,各阶段颗粒污泥水平投影方向和垂直投影方向平均粒径的比值在被测颗粒污泥足够多时有可能会趋于常数,但阶段间的这一常数是不同的。对颗粒污泥粒径分布的研究与反应器运行状态结合考虑,适合本文设定的负荷(4.195 kgCODCr·m-3·d-1)的颗粒污泥平均粒径为大于1.70mm。
依据沉降速率-当量圆直径的双对数图计算出的各格室中颗粒污泥的质量分形维数Df在启动过程中处于2.019～2.905之间,启动成功后在2.097～2.801之间,大小顺序为:第5格>第3格>第2格≥第1格>第4格,表明第5格室中形成的颗粒污泥较为密实,而第4格室的密实程度最小,但密实的颗粒污泥并不一定意味着较高的平均沉降速率。
依据投影法计算出的ABR各格室中颗粒污泥在低维拓扑空间下的几种分形维数之间的关系与其理论公式之间的关系相符,一维拓扑空间的分形维数在多在1.0左右,说明颗粒污泥的边界不规则程度小。二维拓扑空间的分形维数的平均值启动过程中在1.39～1.87之间(投影面积-当量圆直径)和1.37～1.80之间(投影面积-长轴)。启动成功后二维拓扑空间的分形维数的平均值在1.60～1.90之间(投影面积-当量圆直径),大小顺序为:第1格室>第3格室>第5格室>第4格室>第2格室;1.69～1.84(投影面积-长轴),大小顺序为:第3格室>第1格室>第5格室>第4格室>第2格室。这些D2不等于2,即不符合Meakin的结论。
Abstract: The physical properties and fractal dimensions within different topological spaces of the granular sludge in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were investigated. During the process of ABR start-up, diameters of granules measured at horizontal projected view were 1.02～2.49 mm, and were 1.59～3.02 mm at vertical projected view; the results of effective density calculated by Allen equation and Logan-Allen equation were different, the front one showed the range were between 0.76 kg·m-3 and 77.58 kg·m-3 when the latter showed 0.96～91.08 kg·m-3; ree setting rates were 1.96～45.27mm·s-1. After complete the ABR start-up, the black and granules with distinct boundary were found in all five compartments of ABR, their SVI values were between 25 ml·g -1 and 35 ml·g -1; their diameters measured at horizontal projected view were 1.70～1.98mm, and were 2.23～2.68mm at vertical projected view; effective density calculated by Allen equation were between 0.85 kg·m-3 and 66.70 kg·m-3 when Logan-Allen equation showed the range were 1.04～76.96 kg·m-3; free setting rates were 1.96～45.27mm·s-1.
During free setting process with equal rates for these granules, the ratio between the average diameters for them in each stage at horizontal projected view and at vertical projected view was nearly constant, but every stage was different.
Their mass fractal dimensions Df, calculated by bi-logarithm relation between setting rates and equivalent circle diameters, were 2.019～2.905 during the process of ABR start-up, and were 2.097～2.801 after that. Moreover, the Df value for granules in the 5th compartment was the highest one among them, indicating that the most compact granules were formed. The least compact granules were observed in the 4th compartment, and the granules in the 1st and 2nd compartments show close compactness. However, the highest average setting rate for granules was detected in the 1st compartment.
In addition, the relation among the calculated fractal dimensions in 1-D and 2-D topological spaces for these ABR granules with image analysis method gives accordance with the relation among theirtheory equations. The fractal dimensions in 2-D topological space for these granules based on the projected area-maximum diameter bi-logarithm relation were 1.39～1.87 during the process of ABR start-up and between 1.69～1.84 after that, and they show an order of D2 values: in 3rd compartment > in 1st compartment > in 5th compartment > in 4th compartment > in 2nd compartment. The fractal dimensions in 1-D topological space of 0.99～1.03 indicate little irregular boundary of these granules and no distinct difference in the five compartments.
引文
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