杂质元素Si对超高强铝合金组织和性能的影响
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摘要
超高强铝合金是航空航天工业中主要的结构材料。近年来,高纯度的超高强铝合金的应用比重日益增大,但有关杂质元素对合金微观组织和力学性能的影响缺乏针对性研究。本文以典型杂质元素Si为研究对象,以7050合金为基础添加不同含量的Si元素配制合金,通过熔铸、均匀化退火、热挤压和固溶时效处理制备力学性能测试试样,并通过常温拉伸试验、断裂韧性试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等测试手段和方法,研究杂质元素Si对超高强铝合金微观组织、力学性能和断裂韧性的影响,并探讨杂质元素Si的存在形式、作用机理及容许限度。
Si元素在超高强铝合金的存在形态与元素含量、热处理状态和加工方式密切相关。当Si含量低于0.134wt.%时,合金中未发现明显的含Si粗大析出相。在Si元素高于0.134wt.%的铸态组织中,Si元素主要以粗大颗粒状AlCuMgSi相(其中Si含量28wt.%)的形式富集在晶界上,同时有部分颗粒状杂质相(其中Si含量3wt.%)弥散分布于晶内;在均匀化退火组织中,晶界含Si析出相转变为AlCuFeSi相(其中Si含量5wt.%),而晶内分布的Si元素仍以弥散的颗粒为主,且Si含量基本不变;在挤压组织中,Al7Cu2Fe相和AlCuFeSi相等粗大不溶物被挤压破碎,并沿加工方向排列,晶内弥散的长条状析出相主要为AlZnMgCuSi相以及和基体成分类似的AlZnMgCu相;固溶时效处理后,粗大异质相呈不规则颗粒状分布于基体各处,数目随Si含量升高而显著增加,Si元素主要以Si含量20%左右的AlCuMgSi相存在。比较了双级时效、MIL处理、RRA回归再时效等多种热处理制度下合金的性能。结果表明,双级时效的温度和时间对合金性能影响较大,预拉伸处理由于变形不均导致合金塑性下降,而采用RRA回归再时效处理的7050合金具有最高的综合性能,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到566.04MPa和590.86MPa,伸长率11.18%,断裂韧性41.15MPa.m1/2,为本试验中最佳热处理工艺制度,并以此工艺为基础完成对其他合金的固溶时效处理。
常温拉伸试验结果表明:当Si含量为0.134wt.%左右时拉伸力学性能最好,合金抗拉强度614.8MPa,屈服强度584.6MPa,伸长率13.7%。当Si含量高于0.134wt.%时,合金的各项性能均显著下降,特别是Si含量高于0.334wt.%时,屈服强度和抗拉强度相比峰值下降~14%,伸长率下降~37%。合金塑性对Si元素更加敏感,Si含量的增加导致合金组织及形变不均匀会强烈降低合金塑性。
断裂韧性试验表明:Si元素强烈影响合金的断裂韧性。随着Si含量的增加,特别是当合金Si含量大于0.344wt.%时,合金断裂韧性显著下降。Si含量0.491wt.%的合金断裂韧性仅为Si含量0.033wt.%合金的56%。结合Hahn-Rosenfield模型探讨了合金断裂韧性与第二相粒子的关系,计算结果与试验结果的变化规律一致。Si元素形成的AlCuMgSi等粗大异质相质点的不利形状、相对紧凑的分布排列以及它们所占据的大量体积,容易造成局部塑性变形能力的强烈降低,减弱了材料对裂纹扩展的阻力,从而降低了合金的断裂韧性。随着Si含量的增加,这种作用愈加明显。
Considering the current status of research on impurity elements in 7xxx series ultra-high strength aluminum alloys, one of typical impurity elements - silicon is studied by designing alloys with different Si concentrations based on 7050 alloy. The effects of Si and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of ultra high strength aluminum alloys were studied systematically by tensile test, fracture toughness test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and optical metallography (OM). The existing form, mechanism and allowable limit of these effects were discussed.
There is a strong correlation among the existing form of Si, contents, heat treatment and processes. Coarse particles have not been found in alloys with Si content lower than 0.134 wt.%. When Si content is higher than 0.134%, AlCuMgSi phase with 28%Si is found on grain boundaries and heterogeneous phase containing 3%Si in grains. AlCuFeSi phase with 5%Si is observed on grain boundaries in homogeneous annealed alloys. After extrusion process, coarse particles break up and distribute along the extrusion direction together with splinter-liked AlZnMgCuSi precipitates in matrix. After aging treatment, coarse heterogeneous phase is everywhere and the quantity of particles is related to Si content. The existing form is AlCuMgSi with 20wt.%Si.
The properties under different heat treatments, such as dual-stage aging, MIL and RRA, are compared. The results show that the highest properties are acquired by RRA treatment, with yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and fracture toughness of 566.04MPa, 590.86MPa, 11.18% and 41.15MPa.m1/2 respectively. Therefore, the RRA scheme is selected to treat all other samples. The results of tensile test under room temperature show that 0.134%Si Alloy possesses the best properties with yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of 584.6MPa, 614.8MPa and13.7% respectively. When Si content is higher than 0.344%, all properties, especially plasticity, drop sharply with the increase of Si content.
The results of fracture toughness show that Si content has strong impact on alloy fracture toughness. The fracture toughness drops by a half as the Si content increases from 0.033% to 0.491%. Combined with Hahn-Rosenfield Model and considering the distribution, shapes and sizes of particles, the negative influence of coarse particles, such as AlCuMgSi phase, on the fracture toughness is discussed. The coarse particles may reduce local plastic deforming ability and resistence to crack propagation, with such an effect increasing with Si content.
Si元素在超高强铝合金的存在形态与元素含量、热处理状态和加工方式密切相关。当Si含量低于0.134wt.%时,合金中未发现明显的含Si粗大析出相。在Si元素高于0.134wt.%的铸态组织中,Si元素主要以粗大颗粒状AlCuMgSi相(其中Si含量28wt.%)的形式富集在晶界上,同时有部分颗粒状杂质相(其中Si含量3wt.%)弥散分布于晶内;在均匀化退火组织中,晶界含Si析出相转变为AlCuFeSi相(其中Si含量5wt.%),而晶内分布的Si元素仍以弥散的颗粒为主,且Si含量基本不变;在挤压组织中,Al7Cu2Fe相和AlCuFeSi相等粗大不溶物被挤压破碎,并沿加工方向排列,晶内弥散的长条状析出相主要为AlZnMgCuSi相以及和基体成分类似的AlZnMgCu相;固溶时效处理后,粗大异质相呈不规则颗粒状分布于基体各处,数目随Si含量升高而显著增加,Si元素主要以Si含量20%左右的AlCuMgSi相存在。比较了双级时效、MIL处理、RRA回归再时效等多种热处理制度下合金的性能。结果表明,双级时效的温度和时间对合金性能影响较大,预拉伸处理由于变形不均导致合金塑性下降,而采用RRA回归再时效处理的7050合金具有最高的综合性能,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到566.04MPa和590.86MPa,伸长率11.18%,断裂韧性41.15MPa.m1/2,为本试验中最佳热处理工艺制度,并以此工艺为基础完成对其他合金的固溶时效处理。
常温拉伸试验结果表明:当Si含量为0.134wt.%左右时拉伸力学性能最好,合金抗拉强度614.8MPa,屈服强度584.6MPa,伸长率13.7%。当Si含量高于0.134wt.%时,合金的各项性能均显著下降,特别是Si含量高于0.334wt.%时,屈服强度和抗拉强度相比峰值下降~14%,伸长率下降~37%。合金塑性对Si元素更加敏感,Si含量的增加导致合金组织及形变不均匀会强烈降低合金塑性。
断裂韧性试验表明:Si元素强烈影响合金的断裂韧性。随着Si含量的增加,特别是当合金Si含量大于0.344wt.%时,合金断裂韧性显著下降。Si含量0.491wt.%的合金断裂韧性仅为Si含量0.033wt.%合金的56%。结合Hahn-Rosenfield模型探讨了合金断裂韧性与第二相粒子的关系,计算结果与试验结果的变化规律一致。Si元素形成的AlCuMgSi等粗大异质相质点的不利形状、相对紧凑的分布排列以及它们所占据的大量体积,容易造成局部塑性变形能力的强烈降低,减弱了材料对裂纹扩展的阻力,从而降低了合金的断裂韧性。随着Si含量的增加,这种作用愈加明显。
Considering the current status of research on impurity elements in 7xxx series ultra-high strength aluminum alloys, one of typical impurity elements - silicon is studied by designing alloys with different Si concentrations based on 7050 alloy. The effects of Si and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of ultra high strength aluminum alloys were studied systematically by tensile test, fracture toughness test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and optical metallography (OM). The existing form, mechanism and allowable limit of these effects were discussed.
There is a strong correlation among the existing form of Si, contents, heat treatment and processes. Coarse particles have not been found in alloys with Si content lower than 0.134 wt.%. When Si content is higher than 0.134%, AlCuMgSi phase with 28%Si is found on grain boundaries and heterogeneous phase containing 3%Si in grains. AlCuFeSi phase with 5%Si is observed on grain boundaries in homogeneous annealed alloys. After extrusion process, coarse particles break up and distribute along the extrusion direction together with splinter-liked AlZnMgCuSi precipitates in matrix. After aging treatment, coarse heterogeneous phase is everywhere and the quantity of particles is related to Si content. The existing form is AlCuMgSi with 20wt.%Si.
The properties under different heat treatments, such as dual-stage aging, MIL and RRA, are compared. The results show that the highest properties are acquired by RRA treatment, with yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and fracture toughness of 566.04MPa, 590.86MPa, 11.18% and 41.15MPa.m1/2 respectively. Therefore, the RRA scheme is selected to treat all other samples. The results of tensile test under room temperature show that 0.134%Si Alloy possesses the best properties with yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of 584.6MPa, 614.8MPa and13.7% respectively. When Si content is higher than 0.344%, all properties, especially plasticity, drop sharply with the increase of Si content.
The results of fracture toughness show that Si content has strong impact on alloy fracture toughness. The fracture toughness drops by a half as the Si content increases from 0.033% to 0.491%. Combined with Hahn-Rosenfield Model and considering the distribution, shapes and sizes of particles, the negative influence of coarse particles, such as AlCuMgSi phase, on the fracture toughness is discussed. The coarse particles may reduce local plastic deforming ability and resistence to crack propagation, with such an effect increasing with Si content.
引文
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