紧急条件下人员疏散特殊行为的元胞自动机模拟
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摘要
由于实际数据的缺乏和实验准确性的不足，人员疏散的研究以计算机模拟为主。人员疏散中的一些常见特殊心理和行为，如从众心理和行为、小群体现象以及亲情心理和行为等的研究正在逐渐开展，但基本是以灾后的问卷调查和统计为主要研究手段。
在现有的元胞自动机模型和“社会力”模型的基础上提出的人员疏散二维随机元胞自动机模型，其本质是一种离散的社会力模型。本文首先简单介绍了元胞自动机以及人员疏散元胞自动机随机模型，在此基础上模拟了火灾中的人员疏散，着重考虑视野变化对人员疏散的影响：通过调整危险度数值来改变人员的运动路线；用元胞邻域半径的改变来描述烟气造成的视野范围(可见度)的改变。
接着模拟研究了紧急疏散中常见的特殊心理和行为，包括：从众心理和行为、小群体现象以及亲情行为。模拟了存在这些特殊心理时的有趣现象，如：堵塞、不连贯、聚集、返回、等待等等，分析了小群体和亲情行为对疏散的不利影响。模拟发现疏散中的从众心理并不总是有害的；适度的从众心理可以起到信息传递的作用，使疏散更加有序；而过分的从众则会使出口的利用率降低或不平衡，从而导致疏散效率降低并延长疏散时间。进一步将疏散中的从众心理理解为方向性从众和距离性从众，进而定量分析了不同物理条件下这两种从众心理对疏散造成的有利和有害影响。
然后，从理论上研究了建筑出口结构对人员疏散行为的影响。首先研究了建筑出口处的人员疏散动力学特征，描绘了密集行人流造成的疏散出口处人员集结的典型“拱形”特征。拟合了出口流量与出口宽度的三次多项式关系，并对出口的对称性分布问题进行了探讨；其次，借鉴了颗粒流物理思想，将人员疏散中的行人流动看作是一种有意识的颗粒流动，分析了人员疏散行人流密集流-稀疏流转变的无量纲临界出口宽度，并进一步分析了建筑出口间距对疏散的影响。
Research work on occupant evacuation is mainly developed by computer simulation because of the absence of real data and theveracity of experiments. Some researchers are now trying to do some research on special psychology and behavior in evacuation, but questionnaire after disaster is still the main method.
Our two dimensional cellular automata occupant evacuation random model which is based upon the existing cellular automata models and "social force" model is essentially a discrete social force model.
Firstly, some useful knowledge of cellular automata and evacuation model are introduced briefly. Then, occupant evacuation in fire room is simulated and the influence of visual field on evacuation behavior is emphasized. Occupants' evacuation routes are changed by adjusting the value of danger grade; the change of visibility caused by smoke is depicted by the radius of cell's neighborhood.
Secondly, some special psychology and behavior in emergent evacuation are simulated including the psychology of going with the crowd, sub-group phenomenon and the kin behavior. Some interesting phenomena, such as jamming, incoherence, gathering, backtracking and waiting, are caused by sub-group behavior; the disadvantages of sub-group and kin behavior are analyzed; the psychology of going with the crowd is not always harmful. The proper psychology can transfer the information effectively, while the severe psychology will reduce the using efficiency of exits, cause passive route choices and result in jamming. Moreover, the psychology of going with the crowd (GWC) in evacuation is classified as directional GWC and spacial GWC, and quantitative analysis on the influence of these two kinds of psychology on evacuation under different physical conditions are discussed.
Finally, the influence of building exit structure on occupant evacuation behavior is investigated theoretically. In this part, exit dynamics of occupant evacuation in an emergency is analyzed first. The "arch" shape of occupant distribution at building exit caused by dense pedestrian flow is vividly observed by simulation demo; the relations between total flux and exit width are fitted into a three order polynomial equation; the symmetrical layout of building exits is also discussed. Then, pedestrian flow of evacuation is regarded as a kind of conscious granular flow, the dimensionless critical value of exit width corresponding to dense-to-dilute flow transition is discussed, and the infection of exit separation on evacuation behavior is analyzed.
在现有的元胞自动机模型和“社会力”模型的基础上提出的人员疏散二维随机元胞自动机模型，其本质是一种离散的社会力模型。本文首先简单介绍了元胞自动机以及人员疏散元胞自动机随机模型，在此基础上模拟了火灾中的人员疏散，着重考虑视野变化对人员疏散的影响：通过调整危险度数值来改变人员的运动路线；用元胞邻域半径的改变来描述烟气造成的视野范围(可见度)的改变。
接着模拟研究了紧急疏散中常见的特殊心理和行为，包括：从众心理和行为、小群体现象以及亲情行为。模拟了存在这些特殊心理时的有趣现象，如：堵塞、不连贯、聚集、返回、等待等等，分析了小群体和亲情行为对疏散的不利影响。模拟发现疏散中的从众心理并不总是有害的；适度的从众心理可以起到信息传递的作用，使疏散更加有序；而过分的从众则会使出口的利用率降低或不平衡，从而导致疏散效率降低并延长疏散时间。进一步将疏散中的从众心理理解为方向性从众和距离性从众，进而定量分析了不同物理条件下这两种从众心理对疏散造成的有利和有害影响。
然后，从理论上研究了建筑出口结构对人员疏散行为的影响。首先研究了建筑出口处的人员疏散动力学特征，描绘了密集行人流造成的疏散出口处人员集结的典型“拱形”特征。拟合了出口流量与出口宽度的三次多项式关系，并对出口的对称性分布问题进行了探讨；其次，借鉴了颗粒流物理思想，将人员疏散中的行人流动看作是一种有意识的颗粒流动，分析了人员疏散行人流密集流-稀疏流转变的无量纲临界出口宽度，并进一步分析了建筑出口间距对疏散的影响。
Research work on occupant evacuation is mainly developed by computer simulation because of the absence of real data and theveracity of experiments. Some researchers are now trying to do some research on special psychology and behavior in evacuation, but questionnaire after disaster is still the main method.
Our two dimensional cellular automata occupant evacuation random model which is based upon the existing cellular automata models and "social force" model is essentially a discrete social force model.
Firstly, some useful knowledge of cellular automata and evacuation model are introduced briefly. Then, occupant evacuation in fire room is simulated and the influence of visual field on evacuation behavior is emphasized. Occupants' evacuation routes are changed by adjusting the value of danger grade; the change of visibility caused by smoke is depicted by the radius of cell's neighborhood.
Secondly, some special psychology and behavior in emergent evacuation are simulated including the psychology of going with the crowd, sub-group phenomenon and the kin behavior. Some interesting phenomena, such as jamming, incoherence, gathering, backtracking and waiting, are caused by sub-group behavior; the disadvantages of sub-group and kin behavior are analyzed; the psychology of going with the crowd is not always harmful. The proper psychology can transfer the information effectively, while the severe psychology will reduce the using efficiency of exits, cause passive route choices and result in jamming. Moreover, the psychology of going with the crowd (GWC) in evacuation is classified as directional GWC and spacial GWC, and quantitative analysis on the influence of these two kinds of psychology on evacuation under different physical conditions are discussed.
Finally, the influence of building exit structure on occupant evacuation behavior is investigated theoretically. In this part, exit dynamics of occupant evacuation in an emergency is analyzed first. The "arch" shape of occupant distribution at building exit caused by dense pedestrian flow is vividly observed by simulation demo; the relations between total flux and exit width are fitted into a three order polynomial equation; the symmetrical layout of building exits is also discussed. Then, pedestrian flow of evacuation is regarded as a kind of conscious granular flow, the dimensionless critical value of exit width corresponding to dense-to-dilute flow transition is discussed, and the infection of exit separation on evacuation behavior is analyzed.
引文
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