不同基因型作物水分—产量响应关系及生理生态学基础研究
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摘要
作物水分-产量响应关系及其生理生态学基础研究是生物节水理论的重要内容。本文在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所衡水试验站开展了冬小麦和夏玉米的试验,以研究和确立不同基因型作物水分-产量响应关系及其生理生态学基础。试验采用梯度控制作物不同生育期的灌水定额,通过定期观测不同基因型冬小麦和夏玉米的植株冠层与根系的分布特征、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度以及物质分配比例等生理生态指标,定性地分析作物水分-产量响应基因型差异的根源,定量地确立适合不同基因型的作物水分-产量响应关系及其参数,并模拟验证基于作物水分-产量响应函数的作物产量模型——Aquacrop模型。主要的研究结果如下:
1、从全生育期来看,冬小麦的需水量、耗水量与作物系数在分蘖期和拔节期出现两个峰值。各生育阶段的日需水量和耗水量大小关系均为:拔节-孕穗期>扬花-灌浆期>返青期>苗期。品种间耗水量在拔节-孕穗期和扬花-灌浆期间也存在着显著差异,偃麦20在这两个生育期的日耗水量显著高于石家庄8号。
2、各生育期冬小麦的营养器官花前贮藏同化物运转量、营养器官花前储存同化物的运转率以及花前贮藏同化物运转量对籽粒的贡献率均为中度亏水>轻度亏水>重度亏水。不同生育期中度和重度亏水均影响花前贮藏氮素和磷素向籽粒中的转移,而在返青-拔节期和灌浆后期轻度亏水有利于营养器官的氮素和磷素向籽粒中转移。
3、不同基因型冬小麦的WUE以及各生育阶段的水分-产量响应系数不同。偃麦20在返青、拔节、扬花三个生育阶段的Ky值分别为0.25、0.51和0.30;石家庄8号在此三阶段的Ky值分别为0.26、0.57和0.36。由此可见,对于冬小麦各生育期来说,水分对产量的响应最强烈的阶段是拔节-孕穗期,其次是扬花-灌浆期,最弱的阶段是返青期。
4、水分亏缺对玉米株高和叶面积指数的增长均有抑制作用,且其抑制程度随水分胁迫的强弱及玉米的不同生育期而变化。各生育阶段中拔节阶段的水分亏缺会显著地影响两基因型的最终株高值和叶面积指数。不同生育阶段水分处理对玉米干物质积累影响不同,其中拔节期生长速率最高,而且拔节期供水对干物质累积的效应最大。
5、本研究中得出不同基因型夏玉米的水分产量响应系数:鲁单981在拔节、开花、灌浆三个生育阶段的Ky值分别为0.40、1.40和0.45。而郑单958在此三阶段的Ky值分别为0.34、1.20和0.64。水分对产量的响应最强烈的阶段是开花期,其次是灌浆期,最弱的阶段是拔节期。
6、本研究引进AquaCrop模型的同时,阐述了模型的运行机理。并基于2008年夏玉米的水分池试验数据对模型中所用的参数进行了提取和调整,利用参数化的模型模拟了2008年大田夏玉米生长过程和作物生产力水平,并通过对2008年的大田实测数据与模拟结果进行比较,达到了一定的准确度,验证了模型的正确性。
Yield response to water and its ecophysiological mechanisms research of the crop are important study content of biological water saving theoretics. Field experiment was conducted in the station of the Institute of Dry Land Farming and Water-saving Agriculture, located in Hengshui, Heibei Province, from 2007 to 2008.The experiment’s aim is to research and establish the relationship of yield response to water of different genotypic crops and their ecophysiological mechanisms. In this study, different water grads were taken to control the irrigation norm during different growth durations. By regularly observing some ecophysiological indices, i.e. the distribution characteristics of crops’canopy and root system, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and the proportion of physical distribution, the author qualitatively analyses the source of difference in yield response to water, and quantitatively establishes the relationship of yield response to water suitable for different genotypic crops. Finally, crop yield model, namely AquaCrop model, which was based on the function of yield response to water, is simulated and validated by the experimental data. Research results are as follows:
1. During whole growth period, two peak values of water requirement, water consumption and crop coefficient of winter wheat shows in tillering and jointing stage. The orders of diurnal water requirement and diurnal water consumption in each growth phase both are jointing to booting stage>flowering to filing stage>turning-green stage. Water consumption has significant difference in jointing to booting and flowering to filing stage of different genotypes. Compared different genotypic winter wheat, the diurnal water consumption of YM20 is much higher than SJZ8 in these two growth stages.
2. The translocation, translocation rate and kernel contribution rate of assimilates stored by winter wheat’s vegetative organ before anthesisin present the same rule: moderate deficit>light deficit>severe deficit. Bothe moderate deficit and severe deficit in different growth durations affect the nitrogen and phosphorus translocation before anthesisin, but in turning-green to jointing stage and after filling stag, moderate deficit benefits to translocation of nitrogen and phosphorus from vegetative organ to kernel.
3. Differences appear in WUE and the response factors of yield to water between different genotypic winter wheat. Ky values of YM20 in turning-green, jointing and flowing stages are respectively 0.25, 0.51 and 0.30; Ky values of SJZ8 are 0.26, 0.57 and 0.36. It can be seen from these that the order of yield response to water is jointing to booting stage>flowering to filing stage> turning-green stage.
4. Water deficit restrains the increase of plant height and leaf area index of maize, and the extent changes with the strong or weak of water stress and the growth period. The water deficit in jointing stage can significantly impacts the ultimate plant height and leaf area index. The influences of water treatment to the dry matter accumulation in different stages are diverse. Both the growth rate and the effect of water supply to dry matter accumulation in jointing stage are the most.
5. The research educes yield response factors of different genotypic maize. Ky values of LD981 in jointing, flowing and filing stages are respectively 0.40, 1.40 and 0.45; Ky values of SZD 958 are 0.34, 1.20 and 0.64. The order of yield response to water is flowering stage>filing stage>jointing stage.
6. This research introduces AquaCrop model and expatiates on its operational mechanism. After the parameters of model are distilled and adjusted, based on the data of maize water pool experiment in 2008, the growth process and crop productivity of field maize are simulated. And the verification and validation of model’s accuracy are achieved by compared simulated result with observed data.
1、从全生育期来看,冬小麦的需水量、耗水量与作物系数在分蘖期和拔节期出现两个峰值。各生育阶段的日需水量和耗水量大小关系均为:拔节-孕穗期>扬花-灌浆期>返青期>苗期。品种间耗水量在拔节-孕穗期和扬花-灌浆期间也存在着显著差异,偃麦20在这两个生育期的日耗水量显著高于石家庄8号。
2、各生育期冬小麦的营养器官花前贮藏同化物运转量、营养器官花前储存同化物的运转率以及花前贮藏同化物运转量对籽粒的贡献率均为中度亏水>轻度亏水>重度亏水。不同生育期中度和重度亏水均影响花前贮藏氮素和磷素向籽粒中的转移,而在返青-拔节期和灌浆后期轻度亏水有利于营养器官的氮素和磷素向籽粒中转移。
3、不同基因型冬小麦的WUE以及各生育阶段的水分-产量响应系数不同。偃麦20在返青、拔节、扬花三个生育阶段的Ky值分别为0.25、0.51和0.30;石家庄8号在此三阶段的Ky值分别为0.26、0.57和0.36。由此可见,对于冬小麦各生育期来说,水分对产量的响应最强烈的阶段是拔节-孕穗期,其次是扬花-灌浆期,最弱的阶段是返青期。
4、水分亏缺对玉米株高和叶面积指数的增长均有抑制作用,且其抑制程度随水分胁迫的强弱及玉米的不同生育期而变化。各生育阶段中拔节阶段的水分亏缺会显著地影响两基因型的最终株高值和叶面积指数。不同生育阶段水分处理对玉米干物质积累影响不同,其中拔节期生长速率最高,而且拔节期供水对干物质累积的效应最大。
5、本研究中得出不同基因型夏玉米的水分产量响应系数:鲁单981在拔节、开花、灌浆三个生育阶段的Ky值分别为0.40、1.40和0.45。而郑单958在此三阶段的Ky值分别为0.34、1.20和0.64。水分对产量的响应最强烈的阶段是开花期,其次是灌浆期,最弱的阶段是拔节期。
6、本研究引进AquaCrop模型的同时,阐述了模型的运行机理。并基于2008年夏玉米的水分池试验数据对模型中所用的参数进行了提取和调整,利用参数化的模型模拟了2008年大田夏玉米生长过程和作物生产力水平,并通过对2008年的大田实测数据与模拟结果进行比较,达到了一定的准确度,验证了模型的正确性。
Yield response to water and its ecophysiological mechanisms research of the crop are important study content of biological water saving theoretics. Field experiment was conducted in the station of the Institute of Dry Land Farming and Water-saving Agriculture, located in Hengshui, Heibei Province, from 2007 to 2008.The experiment’s aim is to research and establish the relationship of yield response to water of different genotypic crops and their ecophysiological mechanisms. In this study, different water grads were taken to control the irrigation norm during different growth durations. By regularly observing some ecophysiological indices, i.e. the distribution characteristics of crops’canopy and root system, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and the proportion of physical distribution, the author qualitatively analyses the source of difference in yield response to water, and quantitatively establishes the relationship of yield response to water suitable for different genotypic crops. Finally, crop yield model, namely AquaCrop model, which was based on the function of yield response to water, is simulated and validated by the experimental data. Research results are as follows:
1. During whole growth period, two peak values of water requirement, water consumption and crop coefficient of winter wheat shows in tillering and jointing stage. The orders of diurnal water requirement and diurnal water consumption in each growth phase both are jointing to booting stage>flowering to filing stage>turning-green stage. Water consumption has significant difference in jointing to booting and flowering to filing stage of different genotypes. Compared different genotypic winter wheat, the diurnal water consumption of YM20 is much higher than SJZ8 in these two growth stages.
2. The translocation, translocation rate and kernel contribution rate of assimilates stored by winter wheat’s vegetative organ before anthesisin present the same rule: moderate deficit>light deficit>severe deficit. Bothe moderate deficit and severe deficit in different growth durations affect the nitrogen and phosphorus translocation before anthesisin, but in turning-green to jointing stage and after filling stag, moderate deficit benefits to translocation of nitrogen and phosphorus from vegetative organ to kernel.
3. Differences appear in WUE and the response factors of yield to water between different genotypic winter wheat. Ky values of YM20 in turning-green, jointing and flowing stages are respectively 0.25, 0.51 and 0.30; Ky values of SJZ8 are 0.26, 0.57 and 0.36. It can be seen from these that the order of yield response to water is jointing to booting stage>flowering to filing stage> turning-green stage.
4. Water deficit restrains the increase of plant height and leaf area index of maize, and the extent changes with the strong or weak of water stress and the growth period. The water deficit in jointing stage can significantly impacts the ultimate plant height and leaf area index. The influences of water treatment to the dry matter accumulation in different stages are diverse. Both the growth rate and the effect of water supply to dry matter accumulation in jointing stage are the most.
5. The research educes yield response factors of different genotypic maize. Ky values of LD981 in jointing, flowing and filing stages are respectively 0.40, 1.40 and 0.45; Ky values of SZD 958 are 0.34, 1.20 and 0.64. The order of yield response to water is flowering stage>filing stage>jointing stage.
6. This research introduces AquaCrop model and expatiates on its operational mechanism. After the parameters of model are distilled and adjusted, based on the data of maize water pool experiment in 2008, the growth process and crop productivity of field maize are simulated. And the verification and validation of model’s accuracy are achieved by compared simulated result with observed data.
引文
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