电磁轨道炮电枢特性理论研究
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摘要
电磁轨道炮是利用电磁加速技术发射弹丸的一种新概念电能武器,由于具有初速高、射程远、易于操控、发射成本低等特点,在军事领域具有广阔的应用前景。其中,电枢作为电磁轨道炮的关键部件,对于电磁轨道炮的工作性能产生重要影响。由于电枢工作过程复杂,各种变量间存在耦合关系,只通过实验很难明确电枢的特性及其对轨道炮性能的影响,因而有必要利用理论分析与数值仿真技术对其进行研究。
论文的研究工作主要分为以下三个方面：
(1)固体电枢电磁及热传导特性研究：建立了固体块状电枢、U形电枢二维、三维磁场扩散与热传导瞬态模型,分别采用有限差分P-R格式以及Douglas格式对模型方程进行数值离散,对电枢内部磁场效应与热效应进行耦合分析,获得了电枢各剖面磁感强度、电流密度、温度等物理参数的分布特点。研究发现,由于速度趋肤效应,电流在电枢与导轨接触面尾端聚集,持续的焦耳加热会导致电枢尾端局部高温区甚至烧蚀的出现；在以上工作的基础上,针对带臂角固体电枢建立了三维瞬态模型,并对外部输入电流、外形、材料等因素对电枢特性的影响进行了详细的分析与讨论,为固体电枢的选择与设计提供了有价值的参考依据；
(2)等离子电枢电磁及流体特性研究：分别建立了等离子体电枢二维、三维磁流体动力学模型,耦合分析了流场与磁场特性参数的分布特点。计算结果表明,等离子体电枢头部始终保持高压；电枢中部出现高温区,边缘对外界环境存在热辐射,温度显著下降；由于内部表面力与电磁力的不平衡性,流场中部出现速度旋涡,高温区位置及加速度曲线最初均呈现周期性震荡,最终趋于稳定；同时,在二维模型中考察了粘性、烧蚀效应对电枢流场的影响。由于考虑导轨烧蚀质量的加入,电枢头部压强有所减弱,内部整体温度略有降低,密度峰值有所增加。由于考虑粘性,近壁面区域速度矢量分布也发生变化；
(3) CE/SE方法在磁流体动力学计算领域的应用研究：由于磁流体动力学方程是流体力学方程与麦克斯韦方程的耦合,考虑了磁场对动量项和能量项的影响。因此,与传统气动数值模拟相比,磁流体动力学方程的求解要复杂许多,方法的选择至关重要。本文首先推导了适用于求解一维、二维无粘磁流体动力学方程组的CE/SE方法计算格式,通过求解经典算例,验证了该方法在磁流体动力学领域具有适用性,并具有较高的计算精度；.在以上工作的基础上,根据等离子体电枢的工程实际,推导了包含扩散项的二维、三维CE/SE方法计算格式以及雅可比系数矩阵,实现了对等离子体电枢流场与电磁场的耦合求解。
论文通过对固体电枢与等离子电枢电磁—热、电磁—流体耦合特性的建模与分析,得到了一些具有重要理论及工程应用价值的成果。研究工作可以减少研制成本,缩短研制周期,对优化电磁轨道炮系统设计等方面具有重要意义。
Railgun is one of the new concept weapons which to use accelerate a projectile by using electromagnetic technology. It has a broad application prospect in military field with the advantages of the high-speed, long range, easy control, low cost and so on. As the key components of the railgun, the armature has an important impact on the performance of launch. Considering the complex working process of the armature and the coupling effect between variables, it is difficult to define the electromagnetic properties of the armature, as well as its impact on the railgun performance only by experiment. So the using of numerical simulation technology is necessary.
The main contents of the dissertation are mainly divided into the following three aspects:
(1) Research on eletromagnetic characteristics and heat conduction of solid armature: Two- and three-dimensional unsteady computational models are applied to investigate the electromagnetic effect and heat conduction in block and U-shaped solid armatures. Coupling calculations are carried out by P-R and Douglas Finite Difference Method, and the magnetic induction, current density and temperature distributions in different sections are evaluated accurately. The results show a local concentration of current and joule heating at the interface because of the velocity skin effect, and significant ablation occurs at the back edges of the armature. Based on these, three-dimensional unsteady computational models about the solid armature with brachial angles are built. The influence factors on electromagnetic properties, such as input current, shape, material and so on, are analyzed and discussed in detail, which contribute to the choice and design of the solid armature;
(2) Research on eletromagnetic and fluid characteristics of plasma armature:Possible two- and three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models are established respectively to investigate the plasma armature. The characteristics and distributions of physical parameters of the plasma have been attained. The results show that extremely high pressure can always be observed ahead of the armature; the temperature distribution is affected by the boundary conditions about the radiative heat flux, with the maximum temperature appearing in the center near the base of the projectile; resulted from the unbalanced force between the Lorentz force and pressure gradient, the circulation patterns of velocity are evident, and the position of the high temperature region and the acceleration curve oscillate in time until a new steady state is achieved; meanwhile, in consideration of the ablation quality of the rail, the pressure ahead of the armature and the internal temperature of the plasma become slightly lower, and the maxmum density becomes much higher.Considering of viscosity, the distribution of the velocity vectors near the wall changes obviously;
(3) Research on the application of the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method in magnetohydrodynamics:The MHD equations consist of fluid dynamics equations coupled with Maxwell's equations. Taking into account the effect of the magnetic field on the momentum and energy items, numerical solution of MHD equations is much more complex than the traditional equations of aerodynamics. So the choice of methods is essential. In this dissertation, the computing scheme of the CE/SE method is derived first for solving one-and two-dimensional inviscid MHD equations. Several standard MHD cases have been solved to verify the applicability and high-accuracy of this method; then, based on the practical MHD engineering problems, two- and three-dimensional computational schemes of the CE/SE method and Jacobian coefficent matrices are derived for solving the coupling flow field and electromagnetic field of plasma armature.
In this dissertation, by coupling calculations of electromagnetism-heat and electromagnetism-fluid properties about the solid and plasma armatures, some results with great significance of the theoretical and engineering application have been obtained. Meanwhile, the research can reduce the cost and shorten the development cycle, castsing some light on the optimization of the railgun system.
论文的研究工作主要分为以下三个方面：
(1)固体电枢电磁及热传导特性研究：建立了固体块状电枢、U形电枢二维、三维磁场扩散与热传导瞬态模型,分别采用有限差分P-R格式以及Douglas格式对模型方程进行数值离散,对电枢内部磁场效应与热效应进行耦合分析,获得了电枢各剖面磁感强度、电流密度、温度等物理参数的分布特点。研究发现,由于速度趋肤效应,电流在电枢与导轨接触面尾端聚集,持续的焦耳加热会导致电枢尾端局部高温区甚至烧蚀的出现；在以上工作的基础上,针对带臂角固体电枢建立了三维瞬态模型,并对外部输入电流、外形、材料等因素对电枢特性的影响进行了详细的分析与讨论,为固体电枢的选择与设计提供了有价值的参考依据；
(2)等离子电枢电磁及流体特性研究：分别建立了等离子体电枢二维、三维磁流体动力学模型,耦合分析了流场与磁场特性参数的分布特点。计算结果表明,等离子体电枢头部始终保持高压；电枢中部出现高温区,边缘对外界环境存在热辐射,温度显著下降；由于内部表面力与电磁力的不平衡性,流场中部出现速度旋涡,高温区位置及加速度曲线最初均呈现周期性震荡,最终趋于稳定；同时,在二维模型中考察了粘性、烧蚀效应对电枢流场的影响。由于考虑导轨烧蚀质量的加入,电枢头部压强有所减弱,内部整体温度略有降低,密度峰值有所增加。由于考虑粘性,近壁面区域速度矢量分布也发生变化；
(3) CE/SE方法在磁流体动力学计算领域的应用研究：由于磁流体动力学方程是流体力学方程与麦克斯韦方程的耦合,考虑了磁场对动量项和能量项的影响。因此,与传统气动数值模拟相比,磁流体动力学方程的求解要复杂许多,方法的选择至关重要。本文首先推导了适用于求解一维、二维无粘磁流体动力学方程组的CE/SE方法计算格式,通过求解经典算例,验证了该方法在磁流体动力学领域具有适用性,并具有较高的计算精度；.在以上工作的基础上,根据等离子体电枢的工程实际,推导了包含扩散项的二维、三维CE/SE方法计算格式以及雅可比系数矩阵,实现了对等离子体电枢流场与电磁场的耦合求解。
论文通过对固体电枢与等离子电枢电磁—热、电磁—流体耦合特性的建模与分析,得到了一些具有重要理论及工程应用价值的成果。研究工作可以减少研制成本,缩短研制周期,对优化电磁轨道炮系统设计等方面具有重要意义。
Railgun is one of the new concept weapons which to use accelerate a projectile by using electromagnetic technology. It has a broad application prospect in military field with the advantages of the high-speed, long range, easy control, low cost and so on. As the key components of the railgun, the armature has an important impact on the performance of launch. Considering the complex working process of the armature and the coupling effect between variables, it is difficult to define the electromagnetic properties of the armature, as well as its impact on the railgun performance only by experiment. So the using of numerical simulation technology is necessary.
The main contents of the dissertation are mainly divided into the following three aspects:
(1) Research on eletromagnetic characteristics and heat conduction of solid armature: Two- and three-dimensional unsteady computational models are applied to investigate the electromagnetic effect and heat conduction in block and U-shaped solid armatures. Coupling calculations are carried out by P-R and Douglas Finite Difference Method, and the magnetic induction, current density and temperature distributions in different sections are evaluated accurately. The results show a local concentration of current and joule heating at the interface because of the velocity skin effect, and significant ablation occurs at the back edges of the armature. Based on these, three-dimensional unsteady computational models about the solid armature with brachial angles are built. The influence factors on electromagnetic properties, such as input current, shape, material and so on, are analyzed and discussed in detail, which contribute to the choice and design of the solid armature;
(2) Research on eletromagnetic and fluid characteristics of plasma armature:Possible two- and three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models are established respectively to investigate the plasma armature. The characteristics and distributions of physical parameters of the plasma have been attained. The results show that extremely high pressure can always be observed ahead of the armature; the temperature distribution is affected by the boundary conditions about the radiative heat flux, with the maximum temperature appearing in the center near the base of the projectile; resulted from the unbalanced force between the Lorentz force and pressure gradient, the circulation patterns of velocity are evident, and the position of the high temperature region and the acceleration curve oscillate in time until a new steady state is achieved; meanwhile, in consideration of the ablation quality of the rail, the pressure ahead of the armature and the internal temperature of the plasma become slightly lower, and the maxmum density becomes much higher.Considering of viscosity, the distribution of the velocity vectors near the wall changes obviously;
(3) Research on the application of the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method in magnetohydrodynamics:The MHD equations consist of fluid dynamics equations coupled with Maxwell's equations. Taking into account the effect of the magnetic field on the momentum and energy items, numerical solution of MHD equations is much more complex than the traditional equations of aerodynamics. So the choice of methods is essential. In this dissertation, the computing scheme of the CE/SE method is derived first for solving one-and two-dimensional inviscid MHD equations. Several standard MHD cases have been solved to verify the applicability and high-accuracy of this method; then, based on the practical MHD engineering problems, two- and three-dimensional computational schemes of the CE/SE method and Jacobian coefficent matrices are derived for solving the coupling flow field and electromagnetic field of plasma armature.
In this dissertation, by coupling calculations of electromagnetism-heat and electromagnetism-fluid properties about the solid and plasma armatures, some results with great significance of the theoretical and engineering application have been obtained. Meanwhile, the research can reduce the cost and shorten the development cycle, castsing some light on the optimization of the railgun system.
引文
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