周原地区全新世河流古洪水沉积与风成黄土的对比研究
摘要
全新世时期是人类文明发展迅速的时期,同时也是全球环境发生重大变化的时期。周原地区位于黄土高原的东南部,是我国古代文明的发源地之一,人类活动存留的古遗址分布非常广泛。该地区的也是黄河最大支流渭河流经的区域,洪水事件发生频繁。现有研究成果表明,该地区在全新世水旱灾频发,对中华文明进程产生了深远影响。深入研究该地区的古洪水沉积剖面和黄土-土壤地层剖面,能够揭示出周原地区全新世环境演变情况,准确地鉴别出古洪水平流沉积物和黄土堆积物,并以此确定全新世大洪水事件发生的次数、频率、时间及规模,有助于验证水利和防洪工程、交通工程设计洪水、提高工程设计的可靠性具有重要的现实意义,同时有助于揭示周原地区及黄河中游地区全新世环境演变的特点和规律。
本研究基于详细的野外考察,分别在周原地区的扶风县和武功县选择了典型黄土堆积的匠杨村剖面和夹有古洪水沉积物的浒西庄剖面。对这两个典型剖面进行了粒度、磁化率等环境代用指标的室内实验分析和测定。通过野外沉积特征和室内实验分析,鉴定识别了渭河支流漆水河的古洪水平流沉积物,将其与风成黄土堆积物进行比较研究,为进一步揭示全新世时期周原地区环境演变和人类活动及二者的相互作用提供依据。获得的结论如下:
1、在QSH-HXZ-E剖面上,夹在黄土剖面中的古洪水平流沉积物从颜色上看,与黄土堆积物很接近。但是在形态上有很大不同,古洪水平流沉积物具有薄的水平层理或波状层理,有时还可以见到有粘土质淤泥特有的龟裂构造。单层厚度在20cm以下,与风成黄土堆积有明显区别。若干次古洪水平流沉积层代表一个古洪水期。该剖面260cm以下含有四个古洪水期的沉积物。四期古洪水发生的年代在4100～4600a B.P之间。
2、通过对磁化率的测定可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的磁化率均值最大为145.80×10~(-8)m~3k~(-1),要大于黄土堆积物的磁化率值74.60×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1)。从磁化率频率依赖率可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的频率依赖率也要大于风成黄土堆积物,并且粘土质平流沉积物SWD_2、SWD_4的磁化率和频率依赖率均大于粉沙质平流沉积物SWD_1、SWD_3。
3、粒度特征是鉴别古洪水平流沉积物的重要指标。由于古洪水平流沉积物与风成黄土堆积物的沉积方式不同,因此二者在粒度特征上有较大的差异。古洪水平流沉积物是在接近静水环境下沉积形成的。因此其粒度组成上细颗粒物质较多,即粘粒和细粉沙所占比例较大,而风成黄土在粒度组成上与古洪水平流沉积物有明显的区别,风成黄土和古土壤在粒度组成上粗颗粒物质较多,即粗粉沙和沙级颗粒所占比例较大。从粒度参数上可以看出,平流沉积物的平均粒径(Mz)要明显小于古土壤和马兰黄土,而偏态(SK)、峰态(Kg)也要小于古土壤和马兰黄土。平流沉积物明显偏细,分选较好。根据自然频率分布曲线可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的曲线位于风成黄土和古土壤的左侧,粒径范围偏小。粒度C-M图中可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物有一部分落于静水悬浮沉积的区域内。这说明了古洪水平流沉积物的沉积方式近似于静水悬浮沉积,但还有一部分古洪水平流沉积物在沉积过程中受水流动力影响,属于推动沉积。可知该次洪水的含沙量很大。风成黄土沉积方式与古洪水平流沉积有明显不同,主要分布在PQ和QR两个范围内,粒度要比古洪水平流沉积物偏大。
The Holocene was the quickly development and prosperity period of the mankind's civilization, and also the great change period of the mankind's civilization, and also the great change period of the global environment. ZhouYuan area is locate in the southeast of the loess tabland, is one of the prehistoric culture centers in China, and there are a great of ancient ruins of human activities widely distributed in it. Existing research results reveal that floods and droughts were so frequent in this area in Holocene that brought significant impact on the process of Chinese civilization. Deep studies on the Holocene loess-paleosoil sequences and the slackwater flood deposits profiles around the ancient sites, identifying and obtaining the paleoflood information recorded in them, ensuring the amount, frequency, time and scale of the extreme Holocene paleofloods, has important practical significance in testing water and flood control projects、flood-designing of traffic engineering and improving the reliability of engineering. It is also very helpful in revealing the characters and rules of the environment change during Holocene in this drainage basin and in the middle reach of the Yellow River.
Based on detailed field investigation, we choose Jiangyang village and Huxizhuang village two sections as typical of loess accumulation and paleoflood sediment in Fufeng and Wugong of Zhouyuan area. First we have some experiments in the lab about two sections' environment identification such as size and Susceptibility, second analyses experiments results and combined sedimentary features in the wild, then we identify paleoflood sediment of Qishui River a tributary of Weihe River, and finally we still compare ancient flood sediment of Qishui River with loess accumulation formed by windy, which can further reveal the rule of environment evolution and human activity the Holocene period of the Holocene period of the Holocene period of Zhouyuan area, and provide some basis for the interaction between the two. This article's main conclusions are as follow:
1、On the QSH-HXZ-E profile, we can see paleoflood slackwater deposits coloure is similar to the loess deposits. But the slackwater deposits conformation are different from the loess deposits. The slackwater deposits have thin level layer or sinuate layer. Sometimes also may see have the putty soil texture silt unique chap structure. Single-layer thickness below 20cm, becomes the loess deposits to have the obvious difference. Certain paleoflood slackwater deposit formation represents an paleoflood period. Below this section plane 260cm includes four paleoflood slackwater deposite. Four issue of paleofloods occur age between 4100～4600a B.P.
2、Through to the magnetic susceptibility determination, we can see the paleoflood advection deposit magnetic susceptibility average value for 145.80×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1), be bigger than the loess deposit most greatly the magnetic susceptibility value 74.60×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1). From the magnetic susceptibility frequency dependence (Freq. Dep/%), we can see the paleoflood slackwater deposit also bigger than the loess deposit. And the value of clay slackwater deposit SWD_2、SWD_4 are bigger than the silty sand slackwater deposit SWD_1、SWD_3.
3、The grain characteristic is the most important target to distinguish the paleoflood slackwater deposit. Because the deposition way of the paleoflood slackwater deposit and the loess deposit are different, therefore the two have the big difference in the grain characteristic. The paleoflood slackwater deposit is under the close still water environment the deposit formation. Therefore its size composition fine-grain material are many, namely the clay and the thin fine-grained sand account for the proportion to be big, but the loess deposit to have the obvious difference in the size composition with the paleoflood slackwater deposit, the loess deposit and the paleosoil the coarse particles material are many in the size composition, namely the thick fine-grained sand and the sand level pellet accounts for the proportion to be big. We can see from the granularity parameter, slackwater deposit average grain diameter (Mz) must be smaller than obviously the paleosoil and the Malan loess, and skewness (SK), kurtosis (Kg) also must be smaller than the paleosoil and the Malan loess. The slackwater deposit is obviously thin, the separation is good. May see according to the free frequency distribution curve, the paleoflood slackwater deposit curve is located the loess and paleosoil left, the particle size scope is small. In the granularity C-M chart may see, the paleoflood slackwater deposit is located the slackwater deposition and in the turbidite two regions, some part falls in the slackwateraerosol deposition region. This indicated the paleoflood slackwater deposit deposition way is approximate in the slackwater deposition, but also has a part of paleoflood slackwater deposit in the process of deposition the fluent power influence, belongs to the muddy stream impetus deposition. The loess deposition way and the paleoflood slackwater deposition has obviously different, the Malan loess is located in the turbidite region in the C-M chart. Mainly distributes in PQ and in the QR two scopes, the granularity must be bigger than the paleoflood slackwater deposit.
本研究基于详细的野外考察,分别在周原地区的扶风县和武功县选择了典型黄土堆积的匠杨村剖面和夹有古洪水沉积物的浒西庄剖面。对这两个典型剖面进行了粒度、磁化率等环境代用指标的室内实验分析和测定。通过野外沉积特征和室内实验分析,鉴定识别了渭河支流漆水河的古洪水平流沉积物,将其与风成黄土堆积物进行比较研究,为进一步揭示全新世时期周原地区环境演变和人类活动及二者的相互作用提供依据。获得的结论如下:
1、在QSH-HXZ-E剖面上,夹在黄土剖面中的古洪水平流沉积物从颜色上看,与黄土堆积物很接近。但是在形态上有很大不同,古洪水平流沉积物具有薄的水平层理或波状层理,有时还可以见到有粘土质淤泥特有的龟裂构造。单层厚度在20cm以下,与风成黄土堆积有明显区别。若干次古洪水平流沉积层代表一个古洪水期。该剖面260cm以下含有四个古洪水期的沉积物。四期古洪水发生的年代在4100～4600a B.P之间。
2、通过对磁化率的测定可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的磁化率均值最大为145.80×10~(-8)m~3k~(-1),要大于黄土堆积物的磁化率值74.60×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1)。从磁化率频率依赖率可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的频率依赖率也要大于风成黄土堆积物,并且粘土质平流沉积物SWD_2、SWD_4的磁化率和频率依赖率均大于粉沙质平流沉积物SWD_1、SWD_3。
3、粒度特征是鉴别古洪水平流沉积物的重要指标。由于古洪水平流沉积物与风成黄土堆积物的沉积方式不同,因此二者在粒度特征上有较大的差异。古洪水平流沉积物是在接近静水环境下沉积形成的。因此其粒度组成上细颗粒物质较多,即粘粒和细粉沙所占比例较大,而风成黄土在粒度组成上与古洪水平流沉积物有明显的区别,风成黄土和古土壤在粒度组成上粗颗粒物质较多,即粗粉沙和沙级颗粒所占比例较大。从粒度参数上可以看出,平流沉积物的平均粒径(Mz)要明显小于古土壤和马兰黄土,而偏态(SK)、峰态(Kg)也要小于古土壤和马兰黄土。平流沉积物明显偏细,分选较好。根据自然频率分布曲线可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物的曲线位于风成黄土和古土壤的左侧,粒径范围偏小。粒度C-M图中可以看出,古洪水平流沉积物有一部分落于静水悬浮沉积的区域内。这说明了古洪水平流沉积物的沉积方式近似于静水悬浮沉积,但还有一部分古洪水平流沉积物在沉积过程中受水流动力影响,属于推动沉积。可知该次洪水的含沙量很大。风成黄土沉积方式与古洪水平流沉积有明显不同,主要分布在PQ和QR两个范围内,粒度要比古洪水平流沉积物偏大。
The Holocene was the quickly development and prosperity period of the mankind's civilization, and also the great change period of the mankind's civilization, and also the great change period of the global environment. ZhouYuan area is locate in the southeast of the loess tabland, is one of the prehistoric culture centers in China, and there are a great of ancient ruins of human activities widely distributed in it. Existing research results reveal that floods and droughts were so frequent in this area in Holocene that brought significant impact on the process of Chinese civilization. Deep studies on the Holocene loess-paleosoil sequences and the slackwater flood deposits profiles around the ancient sites, identifying and obtaining the paleoflood information recorded in them, ensuring the amount, frequency, time and scale of the extreme Holocene paleofloods, has important practical significance in testing water and flood control projects、flood-designing of traffic engineering and improving the reliability of engineering. It is also very helpful in revealing the characters and rules of the environment change during Holocene in this drainage basin and in the middle reach of the Yellow River.
Based on detailed field investigation, we choose Jiangyang village and Huxizhuang village two sections as typical of loess accumulation and paleoflood sediment in Fufeng and Wugong of Zhouyuan area. First we have some experiments in the lab about two sections' environment identification such as size and Susceptibility, second analyses experiments results and combined sedimentary features in the wild, then we identify paleoflood sediment of Qishui River a tributary of Weihe River, and finally we still compare ancient flood sediment of Qishui River with loess accumulation formed by windy, which can further reveal the rule of environment evolution and human activity the Holocene period of the Holocene period of the Holocene period of Zhouyuan area, and provide some basis for the interaction between the two. This article's main conclusions are as follow:
1、On the QSH-HXZ-E profile, we can see paleoflood slackwater deposits coloure is similar to the loess deposits. But the slackwater deposits conformation are different from the loess deposits. The slackwater deposits have thin level layer or sinuate layer. Sometimes also may see have the putty soil texture silt unique chap structure. Single-layer thickness below 20cm, becomes the loess deposits to have the obvious difference. Certain paleoflood slackwater deposit formation represents an paleoflood period. Below this section plane 260cm includes four paleoflood slackwater deposite. Four issue of paleofloods occur age between 4100～4600a B.P.
2、Through to the magnetic susceptibility determination, we can see the paleoflood advection deposit magnetic susceptibility average value for 145.80×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1), be bigger than the loess deposit most greatly the magnetic susceptibility value 74.60×10~(-8)m~3kg~(-1). From the magnetic susceptibility frequency dependence (Freq. Dep/%), we can see the paleoflood slackwater deposit also bigger than the loess deposit. And the value of clay slackwater deposit SWD_2、SWD_4 are bigger than the silty sand slackwater deposit SWD_1、SWD_3.
3、The grain characteristic is the most important target to distinguish the paleoflood slackwater deposit. Because the deposition way of the paleoflood slackwater deposit and the loess deposit are different, therefore the two have the big difference in the grain characteristic. The paleoflood slackwater deposit is under the close still water environment the deposit formation. Therefore its size composition fine-grain material are many, namely the clay and the thin fine-grained sand account for the proportion to be big, but the loess deposit to have the obvious difference in the size composition with the paleoflood slackwater deposit, the loess deposit and the paleosoil the coarse particles material are many in the size composition, namely the thick fine-grained sand and the sand level pellet accounts for the proportion to be big. We can see from the granularity parameter, slackwater deposit average grain diameter (Mz) must be smaller than obviously the paleosoil and the Malan loess, and skewness (SK), kurtosis (Kg) also must be smaller than the paleosoil and the Malan loess. The slackwater deposit is obviously thin, the separation is good. May see according to the free frequency distribution curve, the paleoflood slackwater deposit curve is located the loess and paleosoil left, the particle size scope is small. In the granularity C-M chart may see, the paleoflood slackwater deposit is located the slackwater deposition and in the turbidite two regions, some part falls in the slackwateraerosol deposition region. This indicated the paleoflood slackwater deposit deposition way is approximate in the slackwater deposition, but also has a part of paleoflood slackwater deposit in the process of deposition the fluent power influence, belongs to the muddy stream impetus deposition. The loess deposition way and the paleoflood slackwater deposition has obviously different, the Malan loess is located in the turbidite region in the C-M chart. Mainly distributes in PQ and in the QR two scopes, the granularity must be bigger than the paleoflood slackwater deposit.
引文
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