麻纤维复合材料高性能化的研究
摘要
本文以苎麻、亚麻纤维为增强材料，线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)为基体，研制了两种麻纤维层压复合材料，研究了麻织物表面处理、纤维含量、成型温度、成型压力等对该复合材料力学性能的影响，得到了性能较为优异的麻纤维复合材料，探讨了复合材料的增强机理。采用微波辐照和超声波技术，制备了麻纤维／尼龙氢键复合物，研究了氢键复合对麻纤维／LLDPE复合材料力学性能的影响。此外，制备了麻纤维与玻璃纤维混杂复合材料，研究了该混杂复合材料的力学性能、混杂效应以及湿热老化性能。实验结果表明通过对麻纤维预处理和采用微波、电子束辐照和超声波技术可使麻纤维／LLDPE复合材料的强度大幅度得到提高，为麻纤维复合材料如何通过简捷、高效途径使其高性能化提供了一个新的思路。
1．麻纤维素含有大量羟基，亲水性强，热稳定性较差，加工成型温度不宜过高。麻纤维复合材料的最佳成型温度为140℃，成型压力7.3MPa。
2．经碱液预处理后，苎麻／LLDPE层压复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量由未处理试样51.2MPa、23.1MPa、1.58GPa提高到102.6MPa、30.4MPa、1.66GPa；经硅烷偶联剂A-151预处理后，提高到91.1MPa、86.3MPa、6.79GPa。亚麻／LLDPE层压复合材料的拉伸强度由84.8MPa提高到96.9MPa(碱液预处理)、115.8MPa(硅烷偶联剂)。
3．经电子束辐照后，LLDPE分子链中引入含氧基团，苎麻／电子束辐照LLDPE复合材料的界面相容性提高，复合材料的屈服强度、杨氏模量从9.78MPa、432MPa提高到13.1MPa、633MPa。
4．经微波辐照或超声波处理后，苎麻纤维素氢键被削弱，与尼龙形成氢键复合物，增强了苎麻／尼龙／电子束辐照LLDPE复合材料体系的相容性，屈服强度、杨氏模量从9.68MPa、260MPa提高到15.7MPa、722MPa。
四J；【大学博士学位论文
5．芒麻纤维与玻璃纤维的用量比为2：l时，芒麻／玻纤／LLDPE混杂复合材料
的拉伸强度和弹性模量由未加入玻纤时的引二 MPa、l．17 GPa提高到 117．7
MPa，4．85 GPa，弯曲强度和模量由 23．IMPa、l．58 GPa提高到 31．5 MPa。
3石5 GPa。
The approaches of enhancing the mechanical properties of ramie and flax composites were studied in this paper. The effects of surface pretreatment, fiber content, molding temperature and pressure as well as the effect of electron beam, microwave and ultrasonic wave on the mechanical properties of the composites were explored. The experimental results show that:
1. Both ramie and flax are hydrophilic fibers, their thermal stability is not pretty well. The optimal molding temperature and pressure of their composite are 140C and 7.3 MPa.
2. The tensile strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of alkali pretreated ramie/LLDPE composite are increased from 51.2 MPa, 23.1 MPa, 1.58 GPa to 102.6 MPa, 30.4 MPa, 1.66 GPa. Those of silane pretreated ramie/LLDPE composites are increased to 91.1 MPa, 86.3 MPa, and 6.79 GPa respectively. The tensile strength of flax/LLDPE laminates are increased from 84.8 MPa to 96.9 MPa (alkali pretreated) and 115.8 MPa (silane pretreated).
3. By means of electron beam irradiation, some oxygen containing groupe are introduced on the molecular chain of LLDPE, the interface compatibility of the composite is improved. The yield strength and young's modulus of ramie/LLDPE are increased from 9.78 MPa, 432 MPa to 13.1 MPa and 633 MPa respectively.
4. The presence of microwave or ultrasonic wave, the inter- and intra-molecular complexation of cellulose molecules through hydrogen bonding is weakened, and the complexed polymer of cellulose and nylon formed in situ. The yield strength and young's modulus of the ramie/nylon/LLDPE composites are increased from 9.68 MPa, 260 MPa to 15.7 MPa and 722 MPa respectively.
5. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of ramie fiber (RF)/LLDPE are 51.2 MPa ,1.17 GPa; flexural strength and modulus are 23.1 MPa, 1.58 GPa. In case one third of ramie fiber (RF) is replaced by glass fiber (GF), the tensile strength and elastic modulus are increased to 117.7 MPa, 4.85 GPa; flexural strength and modulus increased to 31.5 MPa and 3.65 GPa respectively.
1．麻纤维素含有大量羟基，亲水性强，热稳定性较差，加工成型温度不宜过高。麻纤维复合材料的最佳成型温度为140℃，成型压力7.3MPa。
2．经碱液预处理后，苎麻／LLDPE层压复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量由未处理试样51.2MPa、23.1MPa、1.58GPa提高到102.6MPa、30.4MPa、1.66GPa；经硅烷偶联剂A-151预处理后，提高到91.1MPa、86.3MPa、6.79GPa。亚麻／LLDPE层压复合材料的拉伸强度由84.8MPa提高到96.9MPa(碱液预处理)、115.8MPa(硅烷偶联剂)。
3．经电子束辐照后，LLDPE分子链中引入含氧基团，苎麻／电子束辐照LLDPE复合材料的界面相容性提高，复合材料的屈服强度、杨氏模量从9.78MPa、432MPa提高到13.1MPa、633MPa。
4．经微波辐照或超声波处理后，苎麻纤维素氢键被削弱，与尼龙形成氢键复合物，增强了苎麻／尼龙／电子束辐照LLDPE复合材料体系的相容性，屈服强度、杨氏模量从9.68MPa、260MPa提高到15.7MPa、722MPa。
四J；【大学博士学位论文
5．芒麻纤维与玻璃纤维的用量比为2：l时，芒麻／玻纤／LLDPE混杂复合材料
的拉伸强度和弹性模量由未加入玻纤时的引二 MPa、l．17 GPa提高到 117．7
MPa，4．85 GPa，弯曲强度和模量由 23．IMPa、l．58 GPa提高到 31．5 MPa。
3石5 GPa。
The approaches of enhancing the mechanical properties of ramie and flax composites were studied in this paper. The effects of surface pretreatment, fiber content, molding temperature and pressure as well as the effect of electron beam, microwave and ultrasonic wave on the mechanical properties of the composites were explored. The experimental results show that:
1. Both ramie and flax are hydrophilic fibers, their thermal stability is not pretty well. The optimal molding temperature and pressure of their composite are 140C and 7.3 MPa.
2. The tensile strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of alkali pretreated ramie/LLDPE composite are increased from 51.2 MPa, 23.1 MPa, 1.58 GPa to 102.6 MPa, 30.4 MPa, 1.66 GPa. Those of silane pretreated ramie/LLDPE composites are increased to 91.1 MPa, 86.3 MPa, and 6.79 GPa respectively. The tensile strength of flax/LLDPE laminates are increased from 84.8 MPa to 96.9 MPa (alkali pretreated) and 115.8 MPa (silane pretreated).
3. By means of electron beam irradiation, some oxygen containing groupe are introduced on the molecular chain of LLDPE, the interface compatibility of the composite is improved. The yield strength and young's modulus of ramie/LLDPE are increased from 9.78 MPa, 432 MPa to 13.1 MPa and 633 MPa respectively.
4. The presence of microwave or ultrasonic wave, the inter- and intra-molecular complexation of cellulose molecules through hydrogen bonding is weakened, and the complexed polymer of cellulose and nylon formed in situ. The yield strength and young's modulus of the ramie/nylon/LLDPE composites are increased from 9.68 MPa, 260 MPa to 15.7 MPa and 722 MPa respectively.
5. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of ramie fiber (RF)/LLDPE are 51.2 MPa ,1.17 GPa; flexural strength and modulus are 23.1 MPa, 1.58 GPa. In case one third of ramie fiber (RF) is replaced by glass fiber (GF), the tensile strength and elastic modulus are increased to 117.7 MPa, 4.85 GPa; flexural strength and modulus increased to 31.5 MPa and 3.65 GPa respectively.
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