高水平运动员临场竞技心理状态的面部表情特征测评及其应用探骊
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摘要
随着竞技体育赛场竞争形势愈演愈烈，运动员的身体能力和心理素质都受到了巨大考验，运动员赛场上的竞技心理状态也日益受到重视。竞技心理状态是运动员在比赛时表现出的心理活动状态，既是对当前比赛环境的心理反映，又成为其比赛行为的背景因素，对于运动员技术水平的发挥起着重要的影响作用。多学科多领域的监测手段开始在竞技体育领域发挥作用，并取得较好的效果。但是，当前的监测手段，尤其是关于竞技心理状态的监测大多还是通过赛前和赛后的调查、访谈采集运动员竞赛时的心理状态，具有一定的滞后性。同时，由于竞技心理状态本身具有一定的情景性，那么赛前、赛后采集到的信息就不可避免地有受到其他一些因素的影响，从而可能造成信息的不完善、不准确。
为此，研究者开始尝试从临场的角度出发，了解运动员的竞技心理状态。其中赛中行为程序分析是一种较好的手段，能够通过揭示运动员的执行平时行为程度间接反映其心理状态，业已为运动心理学工作者采用。另外一种途径就是通过对运动员的面部表情进行分析，来反映其临场竞技心理状态。面部表情特征是心理状态的一种最为重要的外显形式，在比赛过程中，运动员注意力高度集中于比赛，针对面部表情的自我意识监控处于更低的状态，因此，此时的运动员面部表情也更能真切反映其竞技心理状态。
本研究采用最新的技术手段FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统，以运动项目项群理论为研究视角，对北京奥运会决赛中运动员临场比赛时的面部表情进行分析，结合运动项目和运动员自身特点，分析面部表情背后的心理学意义，揭示高水平运动员在临场比赛时的心理状态，有助于更好地把握运动员的临场心理状态，进而帮助教练员和运动心理工作者对运动员进行针对性的心理训练，以期为教练员更好地指导比赛和运动员取得理想的运动成绩提供即时的监控和指导，促进其竞技水平的发挥。
研究结果显示：（1）6种基本情绪视频诱发的目标情绪的主观体验值前测与后测配对T检验呈现极其显著性差异，同时每一种情绪视频诱发的面部表情中目标情绪的前测值都为0且与后测值的对比差异非常明显。（2）高水平技能类主导类表现难美项群跳水和体操运动员的面部表情的总体特征是以自然情绪为主导，其次为忧愁情绪，个别运动员又有自身个性化的小比例惊奇或厌恶或生气等情绪。（3）高水平技能主导类隔网对抗性项群排球和乒乓球运动员的面部表情总体特征为自然情绪所占的比例最大，面部表情中都有比较高比例的忧愁和惊奇情绪；乒乓球运动员赢球后与输球后运动员的面部表情的忧愁情绪都较高，赢球后很少表现出高兴情绪；排球运动员赢球后忧愁情绪降低而高兴情绪提高，输球后高兴情绪降低而忧愁情绪提高。（4）高水平技能主导类同场对抗性项群篮球运动员在罚球和犯规后面部表情中自然情绪比例都较最高；男篮和女篮运动员罚球与犯规后的面部表情对比在惊奇情绪上呈现极其显著性差异，罚球时惊奇情绪高于犯规后，犯规后的生气情绪高于罚球时；女篮运动员罚球与犯规后在忧愁情绪上呈现非常显著性差异，犯规后忧愁情绪高于罚球时；男篮与女篮运动员罚球时面部表情对比在惊奇和忧愁情绪上呈现显著性差异，女篮惊奇情绪高于男篮，男篮忧愁情绪高于女篮；男篮与女篮运动员犯规后面部表情对比在惊奇和生气情绪上呈现非常显著性差异，女篮惊奇情绪高于男篮，男篮生气情绪高于女篮。（5）高水平技能主导类格斗对抗性项群摔跤和柔道运动员临场比赛时面部表情中自然情绪比例都在50%左右；运动员面部表情中都有较高比例的忧愁和惊奇情绪并附带一定比例的厌恶情绪和生气情绪。（6）高水平体能主导类快速力量性项群跳远和标枪运动员的面部表情中自然情绪比例最高，其次为忧愁和惊奇情绪比例，最后为小比例的生气情绪。（7）高水平体能主导类速度性项群短跑和跨栏跑运动员面部表情中自然情绪比例最高，忧愁和惊奇情绪比例之和超出自然情绪比例，并附带小比例的害怕和生气情绪。（8）高水平体能主导类耐力性项群中长距离跑运动员面部表情中自然情绪比例都低于50%，忧愁和惊奇情绪比例之和已接近或超出自然情绪比例，面部表情中有一定比例的生气和害怕情绪并附带小比例的高兴情绪。（9）面部表情调节对高水平跳水运动员临场训练五轮干预后，惊奇和自然情绪比例随着干预次数的增加而呈现提高的趋势，而忧愁和害怕情绪比例随着干预次数的增加呈现降低趋势；面部表情调节在高水平跳水运动员临场比赛时情绪调节及监控的应用研究中，干预前与干预后成绩呈现显著性差异，干预后成绩明显好于干预前成绩；干预前与干预后的面部表情在自然、忧愁和害怕呈现显著性差异，干预后较干预前自然和惊奇情绪提高而忧愁和害怕情绪降低。
通过上述结果的分析，本研究得出以下结论：（1） FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统验证性研究，每种情绪视频诱发的主观体验感受与面部表情分析结果有较高程度的一致性，表明FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统的有效性较高。（2）高水平技能主导类表现难美项群跳水和体操运动员临场比赛是以稳定平和的心态主导，普遍带有提高比赛唤醒水平的焦虑情绪，运动员临场比赛调节能力较强，能够将自身的心态调整到应对比赛的最佳状态。（3）高水平技能主导类隔网对抗性项群排球和乒乓球运动员在快速多变比赛中运动员保持了较为稳定的心态，并保持较高的唤醒水平和专注程度；个人项目运动员在比赛中的焦虑情绪持续较高，带有较强的个性化情绪特征，集体项目运动员在比赛中的焦虑情绪有波动过程，集体项目运动员的情绪特征相似性较高。（4）高水平技能主导类同场对抗性项群篮球运动员在罚球和犯规后的心态都是比较稳定的；篮球运动员罚球时专注度高于犯规后，而犯规后的气愤程度高于罚球时；罚球时女篮运动员的专注度高于男篮，而男篮运动员焦虑程度高于女篮；犯规后女篮运动员好奇程度高于男篮，而男篮运动员在犯规后的气愤程度高于女篮。（5）高水平技能主导类格斗对抗性项群摔跤和柔道运动员在临场比赛时的心态比较稳定；并存在比较高的唤醒水平及专注程度，除此还表现出一定的优越感和自信程度以及调动自身能量的外部表现。（6）高水平体能主导类快速力量性项群跳远和标枪运动员在临场比赛中以比较稳定心态为主导；并带有较高的唤醒水平和专注程度以及调动自身能量的表情外露。（7）高水平体能主导类速度性项群短跑和跨栏跑运动员临场心态以较高焦虑和唤醒水平及兴奋性为主导；短跑运动员比跨栏跑运动员唤醒水平和兴奋程度高；速度项群运动员在在临场比赛时的敏锐程度和专注程度较高。（8）高水平体能主导类耐力性项群中长距离跑运动员临场比赛时心态以较高唤醒水平和专注程度为主导；运动员的心理耐受能力较强。（9）面部表情调节对高水平跳水运动员临场跳水训练时心理状态干预初步证明有效；在正规比赛中也证明面部表情调节对运动员临场竞技比赛时的情绪和心态具有良好的调节和改善作用。
综合以上研究结果，本研究的理论贡献与创新点是：第一，本研究采用最新的面部表情分析技术对高水平运动员在奥运会比赛临场时的面部表情进行分析，进而分析运动员临场竞技的心理状态，从情绪心理学视角，在研究方法上丰富了国内情绪心理学的研究模式和技术手段，在理论上丰富了情绪心理学中面部表情的情绪内容。第二，从运动心理学视角，在理论上丰富了运动心理学中高水平运动员临场竞技情绪和心理状态特征的内容，在研究方法上丰富了对高水平运动员临场竞技心理状态的干预和监控的技术手段，拓展了心理状态的研究思路。第三，从运动项目项群理论视角，丰富了项群理论中运动员心理特征的理论内涵，开辟了运动项目项群中奥运会比赛项目新的研究视角。第四，在高水平运动员临场竞技心理状态的面部表情的应用中，对高水平跳水运动员进行个案干预和监控研究，从运动心理训练、咨询和干预的视角，在理论上丰富了面部表情调节的内容，在技术手段上拓展了新的操作模式。第五，对高水平跳水运动员训练和比赛的心理状态分析与心理干预和监控，丰富了高水平跳运动员备战重大比赛心理干预模式的理论与实证研究。
As the sport competition become more and more fierce, both the athlete'sphysical ability and mental qualities are in the face of a great test, the athletics mentalstate of athletes during the competition has received an increasing attention as well.Athletics mental state is athletes’ metal state which be showed during the competition.It is not only the athletes’ mental reactions to the competition conditions, but also isthe background factor of their competitive behaviors. And it plays an important role inthe performance of athlete’s skill. Monitoring methods of multi-subject andmulti-field have worked and achieved a good effect. But, current monitoring methods,especially the monitoring methods of athletics mental state, have a certain lag withinvestigation and interview athletes before and after the game. At the same time,because of the situational of athletics mental state, the information collected beforeand after the game will be influenced with other factors inevitably, which may resultin imperfection and inaccuracy of the information.
Therefore, Researcher try to find out athletes’ mental state with the view of onthe spot. Pre-performance routine is a good means to reveal athletes mental state bytheir performance level of their usually behaviors and which have been adopted bysport psychology workers. Another way to know athletes’ on-the-spot athletics mentalstate is the analysis of their facial expression. Facial expression feature is the mostimportant external form of mental state. During the competition, Athletes’ attention ishighly concentrated on the game, the self-consciousness monitoring of facialexpression becomes lower, so, athlete’s facial expression can reflect their athleticsmental state more truly at that time.
This study analyzed athletes’ facial expression during the game with the latesttechnology, and combined with the characteristics of sports and athletes, theninterpreted the psychological meaning of facial expression, in order to reveal eliteathletes athletics mental state on the spot, and which can help grasp athletes’ mentalstate on the spot better, thus help coaches and sport psychologists implement targetedmental training for athletes and hope to provide real-time monitoring and guidance fora better coaches’ guidance and athletes’ ideal athletic performance to promote theperformance of athletics level.
Results indicated that:(1) A paired-samples t-test was conducted on thesubjective experience of the target emotion induced by the six basic emotions videos,the pre-and post-test had significant difference, at the same time the score of thetarget emotion induced facial expression in every kind of emotions video from thepre-test is0and the score of the post-test had significant difference.(2) The generalfeatures of the elite divers and gymnastics’ facial expression of the skill dominatedperforming event-group are the neutral emotion being the leading factor, followed bythe emotion of sadness, and only a few athletes have their own personalized surpriseor disgust or angry of a small proportion.(3) The general features of the elitevolleyball and table tennis of skill dominated net antagonistic event-group players’facial expression is that the neutral emotion accounted for the largest proportion, andthe emotions of sadness and surprise have high proportion in facial expression; Table tennis players’ facial expression have lots of grief both after they win and lose, andthey rarely show their happiness emotion after winning; Volleyball players’ sademotion reduce and happy emotion improve after winning, and vice versa.(4) Thegeneral features of the elite basketball belonging to skill dominated antagonisticevent-group players’ facial expression after they had free throw and foul shot is thatthe neutral emotion accounted for the largest proportion; Men's basketball team andwomen's basketball team athletes’ facial expression about the emotion of surprise hadextremely significant difference after they had free throw and foul shot, and surpriseafter free throw is higher than after a foul, the emotion of angry after a foul is higherthan after free throw; Women's basketball team athletes’ sad emotion had extremelysignificant difference after they had free throw and foul shot, and the emotion of sadafter a foul is higher than after free throw; Men's basketball team and women'sbasketball team athletes in facial expression had significant difference on bothsurprise and sadness, women's surprise is higher than men's and men's sad is higherthan women's; Men's basketball team and women's basketball team athletes in facialexpression had significant difference on both surprise and angry, women's surprise ishigher than men's and men's angry is higher than women's.(5) The general features ofthe elite wrestling and judo of the skill dominated fighting event-group athletes’ facialexpression is that the neutral emotion accounted for around50percent; Athletes havehigher proportion of sad and surprise with a certain proportion of disgusting and angryin their facial expression.(6) The elite long jump and javelin athletes belonging tophysical fitness dominated speed-strength event-group players have the neutralemotion being the highest percentage of emotions in their facial expression, followedby sadness and surprise, and small proportion of the emotion of angry.(7) The elitesprinters and hurdlers race of physical fitness dominated speed event-group have theneutral emotion being the highest percentage of emotions in their facial expression,the sum of the proportion of sadness and surprise is beyond the neutral emotion, andsmall proportion of the emotion of fear and angry.(8) The general features of the elitemiddle and long distance runners’ facial expression belonging to the physical fitnessendurance event-group is that the neutral emotion accounted for less50percent, thesum of the proportion of sadness and surprise is close to or beyond the neutralemotion, athletes have certain proportion of angry and fear with a small proportion ofhappy in their facial expression.(9) After five rounds of on-the-spot training aboutfacial expression regulation, elite divers’ surprise and neutral emotion ratio increasedwith the increase of number of the intervention, and the proportion of sad and fearshowed a trend of decrease along with the increase of the intervention; Facialexpression regulation in the study of the elite diving athletes’ emotion regulation andmonitoring, the pre-and post-test had significant difference, performance afterintervention is much better than before; facial expression before and after theintervention had significant difference in neutral emotion, sadness and fear, and afterthe intervention the proportion of neutral emotion and surprise increase while sadnessand fear decrease.
Through the analysis of the results, this study concluded that:(1)The study ofFaceReader4.0facial expression analysis system, subject experiences induced by each video have a high degree of consistency with results of facial expression analysis,showing that FaceReader4.0system has a higher effectiveness.(2)Facial expressions’general characteristics of elite divers and gymnasts belonging to skill dominatedperforming events attend games with stability and peace of mental state, generallywith a anxiety emotion which can improved arousal level. Players’ on the gameregulation ability, can be the best state own attitude adjustment to cope withcompetition. And athletes have a strong adjusting ability during competition whichcan adjust their own mind-set to a best state about dealing with competition.(3) Tokeep a stable mental state in the speed-changed games, elite volleyball players andtable tennis players belonging to skill dominated net antagonistic event-group usuallykeep a higher arousal level and focus level. Individual event players in thecompetition have a higher anxiety with a strong personality emotional characteristics.collective event players’ anxiety emotion have a fluctuation process duringcompetition, and there is a higher similarity of their emotional characteristics.(4)Elite basketball players belonging to skill dominated antagonistic event-group have astable state when they take a free throw and after committing a foul. Their focus levelin taking a free throw is higher than it after committing a foul, on the contrary, theiranger degree after committing a foul is higher than it in taking a free throw. Focuslevel of women's basketball players is higher than which of men's basketball playerbut anxiety degree is lower than which of men's basketball players in taking a freethrow. Women's basketball players’ surprise degree is higher but anger degree is lowerthan which of men's basketball players.(5) Elite wrestler and judokas of skilldominated fighting event-group also have a stable state during competition, exceptinga higher level of arousal and focus, they show a sense of superiority andself-confidence to some degree and external performance of mobilizing their energy.(6) Elite long jumpers and javelin throwers physical fitness dominated speed-strengthevent-group led a relatively stable mental state during competition with a higherdegree of arousal and focus and a external expression of mobilizing their own energy.(7) Elite sprinters and hurdlers of physical fitness dominated speed event-group with ahigher level of anxiety, arousal and excitability as the dominant mentality duringcompetition. Sprinters’ level of arousal and excitability is higher than which ofhurdlers. Athletes of speed event-group have a high degree of desensitization andfocus.(8) Elite middle and long distance runners of physical fitness enduranceevent-group with a high level of arousal and focus as the dominant mentality duringcompetition and their level of mental tolerance is high.(9) Intervention with facialexpression regulation for mental training of elite divers on the pot is proved to beeffective preliminarily. It is also proved that facial expression regulation has a goodeffect on adjustment of athletes’ emotion and mental state in a formal game.
Based on above findings, he theoretical contributions and innovations of thisstudy are: First of all, this study analyzed elite athletes’ facial expression during thegame of Olympic with the latest facial expression analysis technology, in order toanalyze athletes’ mental during competition. From the view of emotional psychology,this study can enrich research mode and technical means of emotional psychologyresearch method and can enrich facial expressions’ emotional content of emotional psychology in theory. Secondly, from the view of sport psychology, this study hasenriched the content of elite athletes’ athletics emotion during competition and mentalstate’s feature. In research method, this study has enriched means of intervention andmonitoring for elite athletes’ mental state during competition, and has expanded theresearch ideas of mental state. Thirdly, from the view of event-group theory, this studyhas enriched the intension of athletes’ mental feature and has opened up a newresearch perspective about Olympic items in event-group. Fourthly, in the applicationof elite athletes’ facial expression during competition, researcher did a caseintervention and monitoring research. From the view of sport mental training,counseling and intervention, this study can enrich the content of facial expressionadjustment theoretical and expand a new mode of operation in the technical means.Lastly, researcher did a analysis of mental state and mental intervention andmonitoring for elite athletes in the competition and training, which enriched themental intervention model in theory and empirical research of elite athletes preparingfor important games.
为此，研究者开始尝试从临场的角度出发，了解运动员的竞技心理状态。其中赛中行为程序分析是一种较好的手段，能够通过揭示运动员的执行平时行为程度间接反映其心理状态，业已为运动心理学工作者采用。另外一种途径就是通过对运动员的面部表情进行分析，来反映其临场竞技心理状态。面部表情特征是心理状态的一种最为重要的外显形式，在比赛过程中，运动员注意力高度集中于比赛，针对面部表情的自我意识监控处于更低的状态，因此，此时的运动员面部表情也更能真切反映其竞技心理状态。
本研究采用最新的技术手段FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统，以运动项目项群理论为研究视角，对北京奥运会决赛中运动员临场比赛时的面部表情进行分析，结合运动项目和运动员自身特点，分析面部表情背后的心理学意义，揭示高水平运动员在临场比赛时的心理状态，有助于更好地把握运动员的临场心理状态，进而帮助教练员和运动心理工作者对运动员进行针对性的心理训练，以期为教练员更好地指导比赛和运动员取得理想的运动成绩提供即时的监控和指导，促进其竞技水平的发挥。
研究结果显示：（1）6种基本情绪视频诱发的目标情绪的主观体验值前测与后测配对T检验呈现极其显著性差异，同时每一种情绪视频诱发的面部表情中目标情绪的前测值都为0且与后测值的对比差异非常明显。（2）高水平技能类主导类表现难美项群跳水和体操运动员的面部表情的总体特征是以自然情绪为主导，其次为忧愁情绪，个别运动员又有自身个性化的小比例惊奇或厌恶或生气等情绪。（3）高水平技能主导类隔网对抗性项群排球和乒乓球运动员的面部表情总体特征为自然情绪所占的比例最大，面部表情中都有比较高比例的忧愁和惊奇情绪；乒乓球运动员赢球后与输球后运动员的面部表情的忧愁情绪都较高，赢球后很少表现出高兴情绪；排球运动员赢球后忧愁情绪降低而高兴情绪提高，输球后高兴情绪降低而忧愁情绪提高。（4）高水平技能主导类同场对抗性项群篮球运动员在罚球和犯规后面部表情中自然情绪比例都较最高；男篮和女篮运动员罚球与犯规后的面部表情对比在惊奇情绪上呈现极其显著性差异，罚球时惊奇情绪高于犯规后，犯规后的生气情绪高于罚球时；女篮运动员罚球与犯规后在忧愁情绪上呈现非常显著性差异，犯规后忧愁情绪高于罚球时；男篮与女篮运动员罚球时面部表情对比在惊奇和忧愁情绪上呈现显著性差异，女篮惊奇情绪高于男篮，男篮忧愁情绪高于女篮；男篮与女篮运动员犯规后面部表情对比在惊奇和生气情绪上呈现非常显著性差异，女篮惊奇情绪高于男篮，男篮生气情绪高于女篮。（5）高水平技能主导类格斗对抗性项群摔跤和柔道运动员临场比赛时面部表情中自然情绪比例都在50%左右；运动员面部表情中都有较高比例的忧愁和惊奇情绪并附带一定比例的厌恶情绪和生气情绪。（6）高水平体能主导类快速力量性项群跳远和标枪运动员的面部表情中自然情绪比例最高，其次为忧愁和惊奇情绪比例，最后为小比例的生气情绪。（7）高水平体能主导类速度性项群短跑和跨栏跑运动员面部表情中自然情绪比例最高，忧愁和惊奇情绪比例之和超出自然情绪比例，并附带小比例的害怕和生气情绪。（8）高水平体能主导类耐力性项群中长距离跑运动员面部表情中自然情绪比例都低于50%，忧愁和惊奇情绪比例之和已接近或超出自然情绪比例，面部表情中有一定比例的生气和害怕情绪并附带小比例的高兴情绪。（9）面部表情调节对高水平跳水运动员临场训练五轮干预后，惊奇和自然情绪比例随着干预次数的增加而呈现提高的趋势，而忧愁和害怕情绪比例随着干预次数的增加呈现降低趋势；面部表情调节在高水平跳水运动员临场比赛时情绪调节及监控的应用研究中，干预前与干预后成绩呈现显著性差异，干预后成绩明显好于干预前成绩；干预前与干预后的面部表情在自然、忧愁和害怕呈现显著性差异，干预后较干预前自然和惊奇情绪提高而忧愁和害怕情绪降低。
通过上述结果的分析，本研究得出以下结论：（1） FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统验证性研究，每种情绪视频诱发的主观体验感受与面部表情分析结果有较高程度的一致性，表明FaceReader4.0面部表情分析系统的有效性较高。（2）高水平技能主导类表现难美项群跳水和体操运动员临场比赛是以稳定平和的心态主导，普遍带有提高比赛唤醒水平的焦虑情绪，运动员临场比赛调节能力较强，能够将自身的心态调整到应对比赛的最佳状态。（3）高水平技能主导类隔网对抗性项群排球和乒乓球运动员在快速多变比赛中运动员保持了较为稳定的心态，并保持较高的唤醒水平和专注程度；个人项目运动员在比赛中的焦虑情绪持续较高，带有较强的个性化情绪特征，集体项目运动员在比赛中的焦虑情绪有波动过程，集体项目运动员的情绪特征相似性较高。（4）高水平技能主导类同场对抗性项群篮球运动员在罚球和犯规后的心态都是比较稳定的；篮球运动员罚球时专注度高于犯规后，而犯规后的气愤程度高于罚球时；罚球时女篮运动员的专注度高于男篮，而男篮运动员焦虑程度高于女篮；犯规后女篮运动员好奇程度高于男篮，而男篮运动员在犯规后的气愤程度高于女篮。（5）高水平技能主导类格斗对抗性项群摔跤和柔道运动员在临场比赛时的心态比较稳定；并存在比较高的唤醒水平及专注程度，除此还表现出一定的优越感和自信程度以及调动自身能量的外部表现。（6）高水平体能主导类快速力量性项群跳远和标枪运动员在临场比赛中以比较稳定心态为主导；并带有较高的唤醒水平和专注程度以及调动自身能量的表情外露。（7）高水平体能主导类速度性项群短跑和跨栏跑运动员临场心态以较高焦虑和唤醒水平及兴奋性为主导；短跑运动员比跨栏跑运动员唤醒水平和兴奋程度高；速度项群运动员在在临场比赛时的敏锐程度和专注程度较高。（8）高水平体能主导类耐力性项群中长距离跑运动员临场比赛时心态以较高唤醒水平和专注程度为主导；运动员的心理耐受能力较强。（9）面部表情调节对高水平跳水运动员临场跳水训练时心理状态干预初步证明有效；在正规比赛中也证明面部表情调节对运动员临场竞技比赛时的情绪和心态具有良好的调节和改善作用。
综合以上研究结果，本研究的理论贡献与创新点是：第一，本研究采用最新的面部表情分析技术对高水平运动员在奥运会比赛临场时的面部表情进行分析，进而分析运动员临场竞技的心理状态，从情绪心理学视角，在研究方法上丰富了国内情绪心理学的研究模式和技术手段，在理论上丰富了情绪心理学中面部表情的情绪内容。第二，从运动心理学视角，在理论上丰富了运动心理学中高水平运动员临场竞技情绪和心理状态特征的内容，在研究方法上丰富了对高水平运动员临场竞技心理状态的干预和监控的技术手段，拓展了心理状态的研究思路。第三，从运动项目项群理论视角，丰富了项群理论中运动员心理特征的理论内涵，开辟了运动项目项群中奥运会比赛项目新的研究视角。第四，在高水平运动员临场竞技心理状态的面部表情的应用中，对高水平跳水运动员进行个案干预和监控研究，从运动心理训练、咨询和干预的视角，在理论上丰富了面部表情调节的内容，在技术手段上拓展了新的操作模式。第五，对高水平跳水运动员训练和比赛的心理状态分析与心理干预和监控，丰富了高水平跳运动员备战重大比赛心理干预模式的理论与实证研究。
As the sport competition become more and more fierce, both the athlete'sphysical ability and mental qualities are in the face of a great test, the athletics mentalstate of athletes during the competition has received an increasing attention as well.Athletics mental state is athletes’ metal state which be showed during the competition.It is not only the athletes’ mental reactions to the competition conditions, but also isthe background factor of their competitive behaviors. And it plays an important role inthe performance of athlete’s skill. Monitoring methods of multi-subject andmulti-field have worked and achieved a good effect. But, current monitoring methods,especially the monitoring methods of athletics mental state, have a certain lag withinvestigation and interview athletes before and after the game. At the same time,because of the situational of athletics mental state, the information collected beforeand after the game will be influenced with other factors inevitably, which may resultin imperfection and inaccuracy of the information.
Therefore, Researcher try to find out athletes’ mental state with the view of onthe spot. Pre-performance routine is a good means to reveal athletes mental state bytheir performance level of their usually behaviors and which have been adopted bysport psychology workers. Another way to know athletes’ on-the-spot athletics mentalstate is the analysis of their facial expression. Facial expression feature is the mostimportant external form of mental state. During the competition, Athletes’ attention ishighly concentrated on the game, the self-consciousness monitoring of facialexpression becomes lower, so, athlete’s facial expression can reflect their athleticsmental state more truly at that time.
This study analyzed athletes’ facial expression during the game with the latesttechnology, and combined with the characteristics of sports and athletes, theninterpreted the psychological meaning of facial expression, in order to reveal eliteathletes athletics mental state on the spot, and which can help grasp athletes’ mentalstate on the spot better, thus help coaches and sport psychologists implement targetedmental training for athletes and hope to provide real-time monitoring and guidance fora better coaches’ guidance and athletes’ ideal athletic performance to promote theperformance of athletics level.
Results indicated that:(1) A paired-samples t-test was conducted on thesubjective experience of the target emotion induced by the six basic emotions videos,the pre-and post-test had significant difference, at the same time the score of thetarget emotion induced facial expression in every kind of emotions video from thepre-test is0and the score of the post-test had significant difference.(2) The generalfeatures of the elite divers and gymnastics’ facial expression of the skill dominatedperforming event-group are the neutral emotion being the leading factor, followed bythe emotion of sadness, and only a few athletes have their own personalized surpriseor disgust or angry of a small proportion.(3) The general features of the elitevolleyball and table tennis of skill dominated net antagonistic event-group players’facial expression is that the neutral emotion accounted for the largest proportion, andthe emotions of sadness and surprise have high proportion in facial expression; Table tennis players’ facial expression have lots of grief both after they win and lose, andthey rarely show their happiness emotion after winning; Volleyball players’ sademotion reduce and happy emotion improve after winning, and vice versa.(4) Thegeneral features of the elite basketball belonging to skill dominated antagonisticevent-group players’ facial expression after they had free throw and foul shot is thatthe neutral emotion accounted for the largest proportion; Men's basketball team andwomen's basketball team athletes’ facial expression about the emotion of surprise hadextremely significant difference after they had free throw and foul shot, and surpriseafter free throw is higher than after a foul, the emotion of angry after a foul is higherthan after free throw; Women's basketball team athletes’ sad emotion had extremelysignificant difference after they had free throw and foul shot, and the emotion of sadafter a foul is higher than after free throw; Men's basketball team and women'sbasketball team athletes in facial expression had significant difference on bothsurprise and sadness, women's surprise is higher than men's and men's sad is higherthan women's; Men's basketball team and women's basketball team athletes in facialexpression had significant difference on both surprise and angry, women's surprise ishigher than men's and men's angry is higher than women's.(5) The general features ofthe elite wrestling and judo of the skill dominated fighting event-group athletes’ facialexpression is that the neutral emotion accounted for around50percent; Athletes havehigher proportion of sad and surprise with a certain proportion of disgusting and angryin their facial expression.(6) The elite long jump and javelin athletes belonging tophysical fitness dominated speed-strength event-group players have the neutralemotion being the highest percentage of emotions in their facial expression, followedby sadness and surprise, and small proportion of the emotion of angry.(7) The elitesprinters and hurdlers race of physical fitness dominated speed event-group have theneutral emotion being the highest percentage of emotions in their facial expression,the sum of the proportion of sadness and surprise is beyond the neutral emotion, andsmall proportion of the emotion of fear and angry.(8) The general features of the elitemiddle and long distance runners’ facial expression belonging to the physical fitnessendurance event-group is that the neutral emotion accounted for less50percent, thesum of the proportion of sadness and surprise is close to or beyond the neutralemotion, athletes have certain proportion of angry and fear with a small proportion ofhappy in their facial expression.(9) After five rounds of on-the-spot training aboutfacial expression regulation, elite divers’ surprise and neutral emotion ratio increasedwith the increase of number of the intervention, and the proportion of sad and fearshowed a trend of decrease along with the increase of the intervention; Facialexpression regulation in the study of the elite diving athletes’ emotion regulation andmonitoring, the pre-and post-test had significant difference, performance afterintervention is much better than before; facial expression before and after theintervention had significant difference in neutral emotion, sadness and fear, and afterthe intervention the proportion of neutral emotion and surprise increase while sadnessand fear decrease.
Through the analysis of the results, this study concluded that:(1)The study ofFaceReader4.0facial expression analysis system, subject experiences induced by each video have a high degree of consistency with results of facial expression analysis,showing that FaceReader4.0system has a higher effectiveness.(2)Facial expressions’general characteristics of elite divers and gymnasts belonging to skill dominatedperforming events attend games with stability and peace of mental state, generallywith a anxiety emotion which can improved arousal level. Players’ on the gameregulation ability, can be the best state own attitude adjustment to cope withcompetition. And athletes have a strong adjusting ability during competition whichcan adjust their own mind-set to a best state about dealing with competition.(3) Tokeep a stable mental state in the speed-changed games, elite volleyball players andtable tennis players belonging to skill dominated net antagonistic event-group usuallykeep a higher arousal level and focus level. Individual event players in thecompetition have a higher anxiety with a strong personality emotional characteristics.collective event players’ anxiety emotion have a fluctuation process duringcompetition, and there is a higher similarity of their emotional characteristics.(4)Elite basketball players belonging to skill dominated antagonistic event-group have astable state when they take a free throw and after committing a foul. Their focus levelin taking a free throw is higher than it after committing a foul, on the contrary, theiranger degree after committing a foul is higher than it in taking a free throw. Focuslevel of women's basketball players is higher than which of men's basketball playerbut anxiety degree is lower than which of men's basketball players in taking a freethrow. Women's basketball players’ surprise degree is higher but anger degree is lowerthan which of men's basketball players.(5) Elite wrestler and judokas of skilldominated fighting event-group also have a stable state during competition, exceptinga higher level of arousal and focus, they show a sense of superiority andself-confidence to some degree and external performance of mobilizing their energy.(6) Elite long jumpers and javelin throwers physical fitness dominated speed-strengthevent-group led a relatively stable mental state during competition with a higherdegree of arousal and focus and a external expression of mobilizing their own energy.(7) Elite sprinters and hurdlers of physical fitness dominated speed event-group with ahigher level of anxiety, arousal and excitability as the dominant mentality duringcompetition. Sprinters’ level of arousal and excitability is higher than which ofhurdlers. Athletes of speed event-group have a high degree of desensitization andfocus.(8) Elite middle and long distance runners of physical fitness enduranceevent-group with a high level of arousal and focus as the dominant mentality duringcompetition and their level of mental tolerance is high.(9) Intervention with facialexpression regulation for mental training of elite divers on the pot is proved to beeffective preliminarily. It is also proved that facial expression regulation has a goodeffect on adjustment of athletes’ emotion and mental state in a formal game.
Based on above findings, he theoretical contributions and innovations of thisstudy are: First of all, this study analyzed elite athletes’ facial expression during thegame of Olympic with the latest facial expression analysis technology, in order toanalyze athletes’ mental during competition. From the view of emotional psychology,this study can enrich research mode and technical means of emotional psychologyresearch method and can enrich facial expressions’ emotional content of emotional psychology in theory. Secondly, from the view of sport psychology, this study hasenriched the content of elite athletes’ athletics emotion during competition and mentalstate’s feature. In research method, this study has enriched means of intervention andmonitoring for elite athletes’ mental state during competition, and has expanded theresearch ideas of mental state. Thirdly, from the view of event-group theory, this studyhas enriched the intension of athletes’ mental feature and has opened up a newresearch perspective about Olympic items in event-group. Fourthly, in the applicationof elite athletes’ facial expression during competition, researcher did a caseintervention and monitoring research. From the view of sport mental training,counseling and intervention, this study can enrich the content of facial expressionadjustment theoretical and expand a new mode of operation in the technical means.Lastly, researcher did a analysis of mental state and mental intervention andmonitoring for elite athletes in the competition and training, which enriched themental intervention model in theory and empirical research of elite athletes preparingfor important games.
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①田麦久.运动训练学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2000
②陈静等.优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析[J].体育学刊，2008（10）：82-85
③陈静.高水平乒乓球运动员心理素质的质性研究[J].天津体育学院学报，2008（4）：281-284
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，199-200
①陈静等.优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析[J].体育学刊，2008（10）：82-85
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:283-284
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，298
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:200
①（新西兰）K．T．Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006，130-131
②陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:283-284
③陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:200
①（新西兰）K．T．Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006，130-131
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，249-251
①郑璞，刘聪慧，俞国良.情绪诱发方法述评[J].心理科学进展.2012（1）：45-55
②刘亚，王振宏，孔风.情绪具身观：情绪研究的新视角[J].心理科学进展.2011（1）：50-59
[1]蒋长好.大中学生面部表情加工的事件相关电位开究［D］首都师范大学博士学位论文，2006年4月
[2]刘爱楼.近二十年我国情绪心理学研究的解析与思考［D］南京师范大学硕士学位论文2006年5月
[3]孟昭兰.情绪心理学［M］北京大学出版社，2005年3月
[4]孟昭兰.为什么面部表情可以作为情绪研究的客观指标[J].心理学报,1987,(2):124-134
[5]井玲等.体育运动领域中行为程序研究综述［J］武汉体育学院学报，2009，43，（11）：96-99
[6]Cohn,P.J.Preperformance routines in sport:Theoretical support and practical implication[J].Thesport psychologist,1990,(4):301-312.
[7]Moran,A.P.The psychology of concentration in sport performers:Acognitive analysis[M].Hove,England:Psychology Press,1996,171.
[8]Lidor,R.,&Singer,R.N.Preperformance routines in selfpaced tasks:Developmental andeducational considerations.In R.Lidor&K.P.Henschen (Eds.),The psychology of team sports [M].Morganown, WV: Fitness Information Technology,2003,69-98.
[9]赵大亮.南拳运动员赛前3分钟行为程序的建立———个案研究[C]第八届全国运动心理学大会论文,2006.
[10]Gordon A.Bloom.Pre-and postcompetition routine of expert coaches of team sports[J].TheSport Psychologist,1997,(11):127-141.
[11]许小冬,高敬萍.激流回旋部分专项心理特征和运动员参赛行为调控特征的分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,30(9):1201-1203.
[12]李佑发.运用程序化参赛模式和自我暗提高帆船运动员十运会比赛成绩———对十运会帆船冠军的心理训练方案设计与心理干预[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2007,29(1):125-129.
[13]Robert N.Singer.Preperformance state, routine, and automaticity:What does it take to realizeexpertise in selfpaced events[J].Journal of sport&exercise psychology,2002,(24):359-375.
[14]Schmidt,R.A.A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning[J].PsychologicalReview,1975,(82):225-260.
[15]Schmidt,R.A.Control process in motor skills[J].Exercise and Sport ScienceReview,1976,(4):229-261.
[16]王瑞元,熊开宇.运动生理学[J].北京:人民体育出版社,2002:243-245.
[17]Fitts, P.M. Perceptual motor skills learning. In A. W.Melton(Ed.), Categories of humanlearning[M]. New York:Academic Press,1964,243-285.
[18]Fitts,P.M.,&Posner, M.I. Human performance[M].Belmont,CA:Brooks/Cole,1967.
[19]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003:166-167.
[20]John Liu&Yingbo Zhang. The effects of two types of preperformance routines on theacquisition, retention and transfer of a motor skill [J].Research Quarterly for Exercise andSport,2003,(74):1.
[21]Nascon,J.,&Schmidt,R.A. The activity-set hypothesis for warm-up decrement[J]. Journal ofMotor Behavior,1971,(3):1-15.
[22]马启伟,张力为.体育运动心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1998:413.
[23]Lobmeyer, D. L.,&Wasserman, E. A. Preliminaries to free throw shooting:Superstitiousbehavior?[J].Journal of Sport Behavior,1986,(9):70-78.
[24]Gayton,W.F.,Cielinski,K.L.,Francis-Keniston,W.J.,&J.F.Hearns.Effects of preshot routine onfree throw shooting [J].Perceptual and Motor Skill,1989,(68):317-318.
[25]洪晓彬等.程序化行为对篮球罚篮命中率影响的实验研究[J].首都体育学院学报,2007,3,19（2）：49-51
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[28] John Liu&Yingbo Zhang. The effects of two types ofpreperformance routines on theacquisition, retention and transfer of a motor skill [J].Research Quarterly for Exercise andSport,2003,(74):1.
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[38]周成林,章建成,李安民,徐畅,熊路,王小春,赵洪朋.不同比赛情境视频对羽毛球运动员心理状态的影响[J].体育科学,2008,28(12):14-20.
[39]殷恒禅,丁雪琴,陈勇嘉.生物反馈技术在运动员心理训练过程中的应用[J].体育与科学,2000,21(124):44-47.
[40]符明秋,于志涛,周喜华.运动员赛前心理状态及其影响因素研究[J].体育科学,2004,24(2):48-50.
[41]刘方琳,张力为.运动员心理疲劳的定性探索[J].体育科学,2004,24(11):37-44.
[42]姒刚彦.运动心理学即时性临场支持模式探讨[J].体育科学,2003,23(6):97-101.
[43]张忠秋,赵国明,刘运洲,郑樊慧,罗锐,姚强.中国跳水队备战北京奥运会的心理训练与监控[J].体育科学,2009,29(11):8-14.
[44]张忠秋.运动心理学在竞技体育领域的研究发展与应用[J].天津体育学院学报,2012,27(3):185-191.
[45]胡咏梅,张忠秋,徐红.中国击剑队运动员大脑处理信息能力诊断及个性化心理调控对策[J].中国体育科技,2008,44(3):120-124.
[46]何洋,王霆,石岩.我国优秀射箭运动员脑功能特征研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2007,33(2):73-78.
[47]李建平等.5种基本情绪自主神经反应模式特异性的实验研究[J]中国行为医学科学，2005，14（3）：257-259
[48]贾静.影片片段诱发情绪的生理活动研究［D］.南京：南京师范大学硕士学位论文，2006.
[49]P.Ekman.Universal facial expressions of emotion.California Mental Health Research Digest,8:151-158,1970
[50]（新西兰）K.T.Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006
[51]陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008
[52]（美国）James W.Kalat,Michelle.Shiota著，周仁来等译.情绪.［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2009
[53][美]芭芭拉·弗雷德里克森（Barbara Fredrickson）著，王珺译.积极情绪的力量[M]北京：中国人民大学出版社，2010，134-136
[54]陈静等.优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析[J].体育学刊，2008（10）：82-85
[55]陈静.高水平乒乓球运动员心理素质的质性研究[J].天津体育学院学报，2008（4）：281-284
[56]郑璞，刘聪慧，俞国良.情绪诱发方法述评[J].心理科学进展.2012（1）：45-55
[57]刘亚，王振宏，孔风.情绪具身观：情绪研究的新视角[J].心理科学进展.2011（1）：50-59
①周成林,章建成,李安民,徐畅,熊路,王小春,赵洪朋.不同比赛情境视频对羽毛球运动员心理状态的影响[J].体育科学,2008,28(12):14-20.
②殷恒禅,丁雪琴,陈勇嘉.生物反馈技术在运动员心理训练过程中的应用[J].体育与科学,2000,21(124):44-47.
③符明秋,于志涛,周喜华.运动员赛前心理状态及其影响因素研究[J].体育科学,2004,24(2):48-50.
④刘方琳,张力为.运动员心理疲劳的定性探索[J].体育科学,2004,24(11):37-44.
⑤姒刚彦.运动心理学即时性临场支持模式探讨[J].体育科学,2003,23(6):97-101.
⑥张忠秋,赵国明,刘运洲,郑樊慧,罗锐,姚强.中国跳水队备战北京奥运会的心理训练与监控[J].体育科学,2009,29(11):8-14.
①张忠秋.运动心理学在竞技体育领域的研究发展与应用[J].天津体育学院学报,2012,27(3):185-191.
②胡咏梅,张忠秋,徐红.中国击剑队运动员大脑处理信息能力诊断及个性化心理调控对策[J].中国体育科技,2008,44(3):120-124.
③何洋,王霆,石岩.我国优秀射箭运动员脑功能特征研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2007,33(2):73-78.
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，4
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③李建平等.5种基本情绪自主神经反应模式特异性的实验研究[J]中国行为医学科学，2005，14（3）：257-259
④靳霄.情绪视频材料的量化评定研究［D］.上海：第二军医大学硕士学位论文，2009.
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①李建平等.5种基本情绪自主神经反应模式特异性的实验研究[J]中国行为医学科学，2005，14（3）：257-259
②贾静.影片片段诱发情绪的生理活动研究［D］.南京：南京师范大学硕士学位论文，2006.
①蒋长好.大中学生面部表情加工的事件相关电位开究［D］首都师范大学博士学位论文，2006年4月
①田麦久.运动训练学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2000
①P.Ekman.Universal facial expressions of emotion.California Mental Health Research Digest,8:151-158,1970
①（新西兰）K.T.Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006:126-130
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:283-284
②海峡都市报.心理战胜大赛恐惧何冲击败三大高手获金牌.[EB/OL].http://2008.qq.com/a/20080820/005169.htm2008-08-20
①（美国）James W.Kalat,Michelle.Shiota著，周仁来等译.情绪.［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2009
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，199-200
①（美国）James W.Kalat,Michelle.Shiota著，周仁来等译.情绪.［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2009
①（新西兰）K．T．Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006，130-131
①[美]芭芭拉·弗雷德里克森（Barbara Fredrickson）著，王珺译.积极情绪的力量[M]北京：中国人民大学出版社，2010，134-136
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，282-285
①田麦久.运动训练学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2000
②陈静等.优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析[J].体育学刊，2008（10）：82-85
③陈静.高水平乒乓球运动员心理素质的质性研究[J].天津体育学院学报，2008（4）：281-284
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，199-200
①陈静等.优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析[J].体育学刊，2008（10）：82-85
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:283-284
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，298
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:200
①（新西兰）K．T．Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006，130-131
②陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:283-284
③陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008:200
①（新西兰）K．T．Strongman著，王力主译.情绪心理学—从日常生活到理论（第五版）［M］北京：中国轻工业出版社，2006，130-131
①陈少华.情绪心理学［M］广州：暨南大学出版社，2008，249-251
①郑璞，刘聪慧，俞国良.情绪诱发方法述评[J].心理科学进展.2012（1）：45-55
②刘亚，王振宏，孔风.情绪具身观：情绪研究的新视角[J].心理科学进展.2011（1）：50-59
[1]蒋长好.大中学生面部表情加工的事件相关电位开究［D］首都师范大学博士学位论文，2006年4月
[2]刘爱楼.近二十年我国情绪心理学研究的解析与思考［D］南京师范大学硕士学位论文2006年5月
[3]孟昭兰.情绪心理学［M］北京大学出版社，2005年3月
[4]孟昭兰.为什么面部表情可以作为情绪研究的客观指标[J].心理学报,1987,(2):124-134
[5]井玲等.体育运动领域中行为程序研究综述［J］武汉体育学院学报，2009，43，（11）：96-99
[6]Cohn,P.J.Preperformance routines in sport:Theoretical support and practical implication[J].Thesport psychologist,1990,(4):301-312.
[7]Moran,A.P.The psychology of concentration in sport performers:Acognitive analysis[M].Hove,England:Psychology Press,1996,171.
[8]Lidor,R.,&Singer,R.N.Preperformance routines in selfpaced tasks:Developmental andeducational considerations.In R.Lidor&K.P.Henschen (Eds.),The psychology of team sports [M].Morganown, WV: Fitness Information Technology,2003,69-98.
[9]赵大亮.南拳运动员赛前3分钟行为程序的建立———个案研究[C]第八届全国运动心理学大会论文,2006.
[10]Gordon A.Bloom.Pre-and postcompetition routine of expert coaches of team sports[J].TheSport Psychologist,1997,(11):127-141.
[11]许小冬,高敬萍.激流回旋部分专项心理特征和运动员参赛行为调控特征的分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,30(9):1201-1203.
[12]李佑发.运用程序化参赛模式和自我暗提高帆船运动员十运会比赛成绩———对十运会帆船冠军的心理训练方案设计与心理干预[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2007,29(1):125-129.
[13]Robert N.Singer.Preperformance state, routine, and automaticity:What does it take to realizeexpertise in selfpaced events[J].Journal of sport&exercise psychology,2002,(24):359-375.
[14]Schmidt,R.A.A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning[J].PsychologicalReview,1975,(82):225-260.
[15]Schmidt,R.A.Control process in motor skills[J].Exercise and Sport ScienceReview,1976,(4):229-261.
[16]王瑞元,熊开宇.运动生理学[J].北京:人民体育出版社,2002:243-245.
[17]Fitts, P.M. Perceptual motor skills learning. In A. W.Melton(Ed.), Categories of humanlearning[M]. New York:Academic Press,1964,243-285.
[18]Fitts,P.M.,&Posner, M.I. Human performance[M].Belmont,CA:Brooks/Cole,1967.
[19]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003:166-167.
[20]John Liu&Yingbo Zhang. The effects of two types of preperformance routines on theacquisition, retention and transfer of a motor skill [J].Research Quarterly for Exercise andSport,2003,(74):1.
[21]Nascon,J.,&Schmidt,R.A. The activity-set hypothesis for warm-up decrement[J]. Journal ofMotor Behavior,1971,(3):1-15.
[22]马启伟,张力为.体育运动心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1998:413.
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