森林生态系统定位研究标准体系构建
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来,随着全球生态环境的迅速恶化,很多大型的生态研究网络应运而生,生态系统长期观测标准化问题提到了议事日程。伴随着国家林业局中国森林生态系统定位研究网络(CFERN)的迅速发展,为了提升森林生态站的联网观测与研究能力,加快我国森林生态系统定位研究网络与世界生态定位研究网络接轨,防止技术壁垒,提升我国在生态环境问题上的国际发言权和主导权,标准体系建设和标准化研究已经成为当前森林生态系统定位研究网络亟待解决的问题。
定位研究的目的在于揭示森林生态系统结构与功能的时空变化规律,及其对环境变化的响应与适应机制,回答林业重大科学问题,采用多过程、多尺度、跨区域的联网观测是定位研究的重要方法和手段。由于森林生态系统定位研究的相关标准缺乏,造成不同生态站、不同研究人员对森林生态系统定位研究的理解和表达不统一,生态站建设水平和定位观测研究水平参差不齐,观测数据千差万别,难以进行比较和共享,阻碍了定位研究网络台站的联网研究,无法为国家生态环境建设和社会经济发展提供理论支持及数据服务。本研究通过系统分析国内外生态系统定位观测的标准化现状,特别是森林生态系统定位观测的标准化现状和存在问题,根据标准体系构建的原则、原理,结合森林生态系统定位观测的特点,初步构建了森林生态系统定位研究标准体系的总体框架。同时,详细阐述了各项标准的研建过程,指标的来源和依据,为森林生态系统定位研究标准的制定与修订提供了积极的参考作用,为规范和提升森林生态站建设和观测研究水平,积累高质量的数据,实现数据共享,联网研究奠定了良好的基础,对于我国开展森林生态系统定位观测研究提供了积极的参考价值。本研究的主要结论包括:
(1)对国内外生态系统长期观测及森林可持续经营的标准化现状,特别是森林生态系统定位观测的标准化现状及存在问题进行了全面系统的综述与总结。与国外相比,我国森林生态系统定位观测的标准化起步较晚,缺乏整体规划和标准体系,标准化工作相对滞后,相关标准缺项,而且对标准的宣贯力度和实施力度不够,已经制约了森林生态系统定位观测的国际化、标准化、规范化和网络化的发展。
(2)分析了森林生态系统定位观测的特点,以系统学和生态学为基础,在“简化、统一、协调、优化”的标准化原理及“系统性、科学性、先进性、可扩展性和可操作性”的标准体系原则指导下,充分考虑森林生态系统的分布特点和区域差异,借鉴并参考相关领域的标准体系建设,从森林生态站的建设规范、运行管理、观测指标体系、观测方法、数据管理和数据应用六个方面构建了森林生态系统定位研究标准体系框架。
(3)根据森林生态系统定位观测的内容及森林生态站数据采集和传输、海量数据存储与管理的现状,一方面以生态学、生态系统学理论为指导,依靠科学的设施、先进的观测和分析仪器,从定位研究站及野外综合实验基地、森林气象观测设施、森林水文观测设施、森林生物定位研究设施、土壤定位观测设施、森林健康与可持续发展观测设施、水土资源的保持观测设施和数据管理配套设施等8个方面构建了森林生态站建设技术要求;另一方面以数字化为思路,从数字化观测和数据采集设备、数字化传输设备、数据处理和分析设备及数字化森林生态站基础设施构建了森林生态站数字化建设规范。同时,编制和阐述了森林生态站建设技术规范中每个指标的来源及其依据。
(4)通过分析国内外生态系统长期观测及森林可持续经营标准指标,充分借鉴吸收其优良指标及相关研究成果中的指标,采用专家分析和频度分析相结合的方法,建立了气象常规指标、森林土壤理化指标、森林生态系统的健康与可持续发展指标、森林水文指标和森林群落学特征指标五个方面共94个指标的森林生态系统定位观测指标体系。同时,根据森林生态系统的分布特点以及特殊性,建立了热带、暖温带、寒温带、干旱半干旱区森林生态系统定位观测指标体系,编制和阐述了各指标体系中每个指标的来源和依据。
(5)通过分析国内外现有森林生态系统的定位研究方法,为满足森林生态系统定位研究的发展需求,根据定位观测的长期性和连续性等特点,采用系统设计思路,将野外观测系统按照生态系统结构和功能设置,针对野外观测研究的水、土、气、生及其他方面的28个关键生态问题,把握新技术与新方法的应用,充分参考并借鉴国内外生态系统定位观测的研究方法和相关标准,从观测内容、观测与采样方法及数据处理等方面建立了森林生态系统定位观测系统野外观测方法,编制和阐述了每个观测方法的来源及其依据。
(6)根据森林生态系统定位研究中观测数据的特点,充分吸收和采纳国内外数字化、智能化方面的先进经验及国内外相关标准,根据森林生态系统定位观测体系中各指标的内在联系,科学划分各种观测数据,从管理指标、管理方法和信息管理系统三个方面构建了森林生态系统定位观测数据管理规范,编制和阐述了每项指标的来源、依据及其内涵。
(7)森林生态系统服务功能评估是森林生态系统定位观测数据应用的具体体现。通过分析国内外生态系统服务功能评估中使用的指标和方法,采用专家咨询法和频度分析法相结合的方法,构建了水源涵养、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护、生物多样性保护和森林游憩八个方面14项指标的森林生态系统服务功能评估规范,编制和阐述了每项评估指标的来源及其依据。
(8)森林生态系统定位研究标准体系建设是一个长期的过程,而且科学技术在日新月异地发展,标准体系必将随着科学技术的进步而不断发展、充实和完善。
Many large scale ecological research networks have been sprung up since 1980s when the global environments were deteriorating rapidly, and the standardization of long term ecosystem research has been brought to agenda. The construction of standardization system and research in standardization have become urgent issues to be solved in the present forest ecosystem research networks, with the rapid development of Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN) of the State Forestry Administration (SFA), and with an aim to improve the capacity in networking observation and forest ecosystem research stations and to speed up the progress so that China’s forest ecosystem research networks would be geared to the international standards, to avoid technical barriers, and to promote China’s voice and initiative internationally concerning ecological and environmental issues.
The purpose of ecosystem research is to reveal the space-time transformation patterns of the structures and fucntions of the forest ecosystem and the response and adaption mechanisms to the environmental changes, to answer the major forestry science problems, and the vital method for such research is multi-process, multi-scale and trans-regional networking observation and research. Lacks in relevant criteria in forest ecosystem research have led to various understanding and inconsistent expressions among various research stations and researchers concerning forest ecosystem research, the various qualities of the research stations and research levels. The heterogenous observation data have made it difficult to compare and share, impeded the networking research among the forest ecosystem research stations and could not serve as theroy and data basis for the ecological environment construction and the socio-economic development of the nation. The overall framework of standardization system of forest ecosystem research is basically constructed by review and systematic analysis of the present situations in ecosystem research home and abroad, especially the present situations and the existing problems in forest ecosystem research, based on the principles and theories for constructing standardization systems and integrating the characteristics of forest ecosystem research, considering the present conditions that there lacks a complete standardization system for forest ecosystem research, the standardization is underdeveloped, relevant standards are missing, and the levels in ecological research stations, ecological research and the observation data are various, which makes it difficult to compare and share the data. At the same time, the construction processes of various standards, the sources, basis and implications of the standards are expatiated, which provides positive basis for the elaboration and revision of standards of forest ecosystem research, serves as a good foundation for regulating and improving the levels of forest ecological research station construction, observation and research, accumulating high quality data, achieving data sharing and network research, and provides positive reference for implementing forest ecosystem research in China. The main conclusion of this paper includes:
(1) Review and summary are made concerning the present situations of standardization and existing problems of long term ecosystem research and sustainable forest management home and abroad especially about forest ecosystem research. Compared with abroad, the standardization of forest ecosystem observation in China has started considerably late and there lacks in the overall planning and standardization systems, the standardization work is underdeveloped, and the publicity and implementation of the standards are not enough, which has limited the development of internationalization, standardization, regulation and networking of forest ecosystem research.
(2) The standardization system framework for forest ecosystem research is established from 6 aspects including construction guidelines for forest ecological research stations, the operation management, observation criteria systems, observation methods, data management and data utilization, by analysis of the characteristics of forest ecosystem observation, based on the sciences of systematics and ecology, guided by the standardization principles of simplicity, uniformity, coordination and optimization and the standard system characteristics of being systematic, scientific, advanced, extendible and practicable, by taking fully into consideration the distribution characteristics and regional differences of the forest ecosystems and referring to the standardization system construction in the relevant fields.
(3)According to the components in forest ecosystem research and the present situations concerning the collection, transition, input and management of large scales of data by the forest ecosystem research stations, on the one hand, guided by the theories of ecology and ecosystem ecology, and based on the scientific and advanced observation and analysis equipment, the techniques requirements, the forest ecosyste m research stations are established from 8 aspects including the station infrastructures and comprehensive site experiment bases, forest meteorology observation equipments, forest hydrology observation equipments, forest organism observation equipments, soil observation equipments, observation equipments for forest health and sustainable forest management, observation equipments for soil and water conservation and counterpart data management equipments. On the other hand, by way of digitalization, the technical regulations for digital forest ecosystem stations are set up from the aspects of digital observation and data collection equipments, digital data transition equipments, data processing and analysis equipments as well as the infrastructure construction of digital forest ecosystem stations. Meanwhile, the sources, basis and implications of every criterion in the technical regulations for forest ecosystem station construction are elaborated and expatiated. Systematic and comprehensive technical regulations for forest ecosystem station construction will meet both the ordinary requirements to build the forest ecosystem stations and the requirements to build high quality forest ecosystem stations.
(4) 94 indicators are set down for forest ecosystem research from 5 aspects including regular meteorological indicators, and the physical and chemical indicators of forest soil, forest ecosystem health and sustainable forest development, forest hydrology, forest community characteristics, by analysis of and reference to the criteria and indicators of long term ecosystem research and observation and sustainable forest management as well as the other relevant research outputs, and by application of the integrated method of expert analysis and frequency analysis. At the same time, in accordance with the distribution characteristics and specific traits of different forest ecosystems, the indicator systems are built up for the forest ecosystem observation and research on the forests in the tropical zone, warm temperate zone, cold temperate zone and the arid-and-semiarid zone, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated.
(5) With an aim to meet the requirements of forest ecosystem research development, by analysis of the forest ecosystem research methods home and abroad, based on the long term and continuous characteristics of site-specific observation, by way of system design, concerning the 28 key ecological problems in field observation and research concerning water, soil, air, organism and the other fields, the site specific forest ecosystem observation methods are established from observation contents, observation and sampling methods and data processing, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, by arranging the field observation system according to the structures and functions of ecosystems, by applying the new techniques and methods, and by thorough reference to the research methods and the relevant criteria in site specific ecosystem observation home and abroad.
(6) Various observation data are classified, data management regulations for forest ecosystem research are established from 3 fields including management indicators, management methods and information management system, the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, based on the characteristics of the observation data in forest ecosystem research, by thorough digestion and application of the advanced experiences in digitalization and intellectualization and the relevant criteria home and abroad, and in line with the internal relationships among different indicators of forest ecosystem research systems.
(7) The service functions of the forest ecosystem embody the application and utilization of the observation data of forest ecosystem research. The appraisal regulations on the service functions of forest ecosystems are set up involving 14 indicators in 8 aspects, water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, nutrient accumulation, air purification, forest protection, biodiversity protection and forest recreation, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, by analysis of the indicators and methods applied in appraisal of the service functions of forest ecosystems home and abroad and by the integrated method of expert workshop method and frequency analysis method.
(8) The construction of the standardization system of forest ecosystem research is a long-term process and shall be continuously developed, enriched and completed with the rapid progresses of science and technologies.
定位研究的目的在于揭示森林生态系统结构与功能的时空变化规律,及其对环境变化的响应与适应机制,回答林业重大科学问题,采用多过程、多尺度、跨区域的联网观测是定位研究的重要方法和手段。由于森林生态系统定位研究的相关标准缺乏,造成不同生态站、不同研究人员对森林生态系统定位研究的理解和表达不统一,生态站建设水平和定位观测研究水平参差不齐,观测数据千差万别,难以进行比较和共享,阻碍了定位研究网络台站的联网研究,无法为国家生态环境建设和社会经济发展提供理论支持及数据服务。本研究通过系统分析国内外生态系统定位观测的标准化现状,特别是森林生态系统定位观测的标准化现状和存在问题,根据标准体系构建的原则、原理,结合森林生态系统定位观测的特点,初步构建了森林生态系统定位研究标准体系的总体框架。同时,详细阐述了各项标准的研建过程,指标的来源和依据,为森林生态系统定位研究标准的制定与修订提供了积极的参考作用,为规范和提升森林生态站建设和观测研究水平,积累高质量的数据,实现数据共享,联网研究奠定了良好的基础,对于我国开展森林生态系统定位观测研究提供了积极的参考价值。本研究的主要结论包括:
(1)对国内外生态系统长期观测及森林可持续经营的标准化现状,特别是森林生态系统定位观测的标准化现状及存在问题进行了全面系统的综述与总结。与国外相比,我国森林生态系统定位观测的标准化起步较晚,缺乏整体规划和标准体系,标准化工作相对滞后,相关标准缺项,而且对标准的宣贯力度和实施力度不够,已经制约了森林生态系统定位观测的国际化、标准化、规范化和网络化的发展。
(2)分析了森林生态系统定位观测的特点,以系统学和生态学为基础,在“简化、统一、协调、优化”的标准化原理及“系统性、科学性、先进性、可扩展性和可操作性”的标准体系原则指导下,充分考虑森林生态系统的分布特点和区域差异,借鉴并参考相关领域的标准体系建设,从森林生态站的建设规范、运行管理、观测指标体系、观测方法、数据管理和数据应用六个方面构建了森林生态系统定位研究标准体系框架。
(3)根据森林生态系统定位观测的内容及森林生态站数据采集和传输、海量数据存储与管理的现状,一方面以生态学、生态系统学理论为指导,依靠科学的设施、先进的观测和分析仪器,从定位研究站及野外综合实验基地、森林气象观测设施、森林水文观测设施、森林生物定位研究设施、土壤定位观测设施、森林健康与可持续发展观测设施、水土资源的保持观测设施和数据管理配套设施等8个方面构建了森林生态站建设技术要求;另一方面以数字化为思路,从数字化观测和数据采集设备、数字化传输设备、数据处理和分析设备及数字化森林生态站基础设施构建了森林生态站数字化建设规范。同时,编制和阐述了森林生态站建设技术规范中每个指标的来源及其依据。
(4)通过分析国内外生态系统长期观测及森林可持续经营标准指标,充分借鉴吸收其优良指标及相关研究成果中的指标,采用专家分析和频度分析相结合的方法,建立了气象常规指标、森林土壤理化指标、森林生态系统的健康与可持续发展指标、森林水文指标和森林群落学特征指标五个方面共94个指标的森林生态系统定位观测指标体系。同时,根据森林生态系统的分布特点以及特殊性,建立了热带、暖温带、寒温带、干旱半干旱区森林生态系统定位观测指标体系,编制和阐述了各指标体系中每个指标的来源和依据。
(5)通过分析国内外现有森林生态系统的定位研究方法,为满足森林生态系统定位研究的发展需求,根据定位观测的长期性和连续性等特点,采用系统设计思路,将野外观测系统按照生态系统结构和功能设置,针对野外观测研究的水、土、气、生及其他方面的28个关键生态问题,把握新技术与新方法的应用,充分参考并借鉴国内外生态系统定位观测的研究方法和相关标准,从观测内容、观测与采样方法及数据处理等方面建立了森林生态系统定位观测系统野外观测方法,编制和阐述了每个观测方法的来源及其依据。
(6)根据森林生态系统定位研究中观测数据的特点,充分吸收和采纳国内外数字化、智能化方面的先进经验及国内外相关标准,根据森林生态系统定位观测体系中各指标的内在联系,科学划分各种观测数据,从管理指标、管理方法和信息管理系统三个方面构建了森林生态系统定位观测数据管理规范,编制和阐述了每项指标的来源、依据及其内涵。
(7)森林生态系统服务功能评估是森林生态系统定位观测数据应用的具体体现。通过分析国内外生态系统服务功能评估中使用的指标和方法,采用专家咨询法和频度分析法相结合的方法,构建了水源涵养、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护、生物多样性保护和森林游憩八个方面14项指标的森林生态系统服务功能评估规范,编制和阐述了每项评估指标的来源及其依据。
(8)森林生态系统定位研究标准体系建设是一个长期的过程,而且科学技术在日新月异地发展,标准体系必将随着科学技术的进步而不断发展、充实和完善。
Many large scale ecological research networks have been sprung up since 1980s when the global environments were deteriorating rapidly, and the standardization of long term ecosystem research has been brought to agenda. The construction of standardization system and research in standardization have become urgent issues to be solved in the present forest ecosystem research networks, with the rapid development of Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN) of the State Forestry Administration (SFA), and with an aim to improve the capacity in networking observation and forest ecosystem research stations and to speed up the progress so that China’s forest ecosystem research networks would be geared to the international standards, to avoid technical barriers, and to promote China’s voice and initiative internationally concerning ecological and environmental issues.
The purpose of ecosystem research is to reveal the space-time transformation patterns of the structures and fucntions of the forest ecosystem and the response and adaption mechanisms to the environmental changes, to answer the major forestry science problems, and the vital method for such research is multi-process, multi-scale and trans-regional networking observation and research. Lacks in relevant criteria in forest ecosystem research have led to various understanding and inconsistent expressions among various research stations and researchers concerning forest ecosystem research, the various qualities of the research stations and research levels. The heterogenous observation data have made it difficult to compare and share, impeded the networking research among the forest ecosystem research stations and could not serve as theroy and data basis for the ecological environment construction and the socio-economic development of the nation. The overall framework of standardization system of forest ecosystem research is basically constructed by review and systematic analysis of the present situations in ecosystem research home and abroad, especially the present situations and the existing problems in forest ecosystem research, based on the principles and theories for constructing standardization systems and integrating the characteristics of forest ecosystem research, considering the present conditions that there lacks a complete standardization system for forest ecosystem research, the standardization is underdeveloped, relevant standards are missing, and the levels in ecological research stations, ecological research and the observation data are various, which makes it difficult to compare and share the data. At the same time, the construction processes of various standards, the sources, basis and implications of the standards are expatiated, which provides positive basis for the elaboration and revision of standards of forest ecosystem research, serves as a good foundation for regulating and improving the levels of forest ecological research station construction, observation and research, accumulating high quality data, achieving data sharing and network research, and provides positive reference for implementing forest ecosystem research in China. The main conclusion of this paper includes:
(1) Review and summary are made concerning the present situations of standardization and existing problems of long term ecosystem research and sustainable forest management home and abroad especially about forest ecosystem research. Compared with abroad, the standardization of forest ecosystem observation in China has started considerably late and there lacks in the overall planning and standardization systems, the standardization work is underdeveloped, and the publicity and implementation of the standards are not enough, which has limited the development of internationalization, standardization, regulation and networking of forest ecosystem research.
(2) The standardization system framework for forest ecosystem research is established from 6 aspects including construction guidelines for forest ecological research stations, the operation management, observation criteria systems, observation methods, data management and data utilization, by analysis of the characteristics of forest ecosystem observation, based on the sciences of systematics and ecology, guided by the standardization principles of simplicity, uniformity, coordination and optimization and the standard system characteristics of being systematic, scientific, advanced, extendible and practicable, by taking fully into consideration the distribution characteristics and regional differences of the forest ecosystems and referring to the standardization system construction in the relevant fields.
(3)According to the components in forest ecosystem research and the present situations concerning the collection, transition, input and management of large scales of data by the forest ecosystem research stations, on the one hand, guided by the theories of ecology and ecosystem ecology, and based on the scientific and advanced observation and analysis equipment, the techniques requirements, the forest ecosyste m research stations are established from 8 aspects including the station infrastructures and comprehensive site experiment bases, forest meteorology observation equipments, forest hydrology observation equipments, forest organism observation equipments, soil observation equipments, observation equipments for forest health and sustainable forest management, observation equipments for soil and water conservation and counterpart data management equipments. On the other hand, by way of digitalization, the technical regulations for digital forest ecosystem stations are set up from the aspects of digital observation and data collection equipments, digital data transition equipments, data processing and analysis equipments as well as the infrastructure construction of digital forest ecosystem stations. Meanwhile, the sources, basis and implications of every criterion in the technical regulations for forest ecosystem station construction are elaborated and expatiated. Systematic and comprehensive technical regulations for forest ecosystem station construction will meet both the ordinary requirements to build the forest ecosystem stations and the requirements to build high quality forest ecosystem stations.
(4) 94 indicators are set down for forest ecosystem research from 5 aspects including regular meteorological indicators, and the physical and chemical indicators of forest soil, forest ecosystem health and sustainable forest development, forest hydrology, forest community characteristics, by analysis of and reference to the criteria and indicators of long term ecosystem research and observation and sustainable forest management as well as the other relevant research outputs, and by application of the integrated method of expert analysis and frequency analysis. At the same time, in accordance with the distribution characteristics and specific traits of different forest ecosystems, the indicator systems are built up for the forest ecosystem observation and research on the forests in the tropical zone, warm temperate zone, cold temperate zone and the arid-and-semiarid zone, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated.
(5) With an aim to meet the requirements of forest ecosystem research development, by analysis of the forest ecosystem research methods home and abroad, based on the long term and continuous characteristics of site-specific observation, by way of system design, concerning the 28 key ecological problems in field observation and research concerning water, soil, air, organism and the other fields, the site specific forest ecosystem observation methods are established from observation contents, observation and sampling methods and data processing, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, by arranging the field observation system according to the structures and functions of ecosystems, by applying the new techniques and methods, and by thorough reference to the research methods and the relevant criteria in site specific ecosystem observation home and abroad.
(6) Various observation data are classified, data management regulations for forest ecosystem research are established from 3 fields including management indicators, management methods and information management system, the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, based on the characteristics of the observation data in forest ecosystem research, by thorough digestion and application of the advanced experiences in digitalization and intellectualization and the relevant criteria home and abroad, and in line with the internal relationships among different indicators of forest ecosystem research systems.
(7) The service functions of the forest ecosystem embody the application and utilization of the observation data of forest ecosystem research. The appraisal regulations on the service functions of forest ecosystems are set up involving 14 indicators in 8 aspects, water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, nutrient accumulation, air purification, forest protection, biodiversity protection and forest recreation, and the sources, basis and implications of every indicator are elaborated and expatiated, by analysis of the indicators and methods applied in appraisal of the service functions of forest ecosystems home and abroad and by the integrated method of expert workshop method and frequency analysis method.
(8) The construction of the standardization system of forest ecosystem research is a long-term process and shall be continuously developed, enriched and completed with the rapid progresses of science and technologies.
引文
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