适用于微污染水源水的农村饮水浸没式超滤组合工艺研究
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摘要
在我国农村地区，特别是一些经济欠发达地区地表水饮用水水源普遍受到污染；受到经济、技术和管理水平的制约，农村地区的供水安全，特别是分散式供水安全存在很大的风险。本研究中采用以浸没式超滤膜为核心，综合生物预处理、混凝、粉末炭吸附等技术的微污染水源水净化处理组合工艺。
超滤膜去除水中有机污染物的效果不佳（20%以下），强化混凝预处理对提高超滤膜组合工艺去除水中腐殖酸效果明显，混凝剂投加量10mg/L时，对UV254和DOC去除率可达到85.7%和69.0%；混凝和粉末炭吸附预处理能有效提高组合工艺对受生活污染的水源水中的污染物去除效果；采用经济有效的横向流跌水曝气生物滤池作为生物预处理，适用于受污染水源的农村饮用水处理，可以有效去除氨氮（90%以上），并降低后续超滤膜处理的有机物负荷及AOC和BDOC，提高后续管网的生物稳定性；生物滤池自然充氧效果良好，水力停留时间应不小于r=r (T-20)1小时，氨氮的去除速率与水温的关系式为T20。
通过采用强化的冲洗操作，浸没式超滤膜膜箱内混合液浊度可以达到20000NTU，为扩大短流程膜法净水工艺的应用范围提供了参考依据；单位膜比通量（J/J0）与过滤时间可以简化拟合为公式J/J0a exp(kt)，拟合方程中指数系数k与进水腐殖酸DOC之间存在二次项关系。混凝、粉末炭吸附预处理可以去除水中造成膜污染的疏水性物质，混凝形成的矾花可以使超滤膜表面的滤饼层结构疏松，粉末炭可以在超滤膜表面形成滤饼层的刚性骨架，从而缓解组合工艺运行过程中膜通量的下降；连续投加混凝剂和一次性投加粉末炭对提高膜通量效果较好，并可不设置混凝反应池；缩小反洗周期、增大曝气强度可以提高膜通量，化学清洗和低碱度在线化学清洗使通量恢复较好。
NOM可以使水中的粘土颗粒稳定性更强，从而不容易形成多孔性的的透水性强的滤饼层，对膜通量存在负面的叠加效应，混凝预处理可以降低粘土颗粒与腐殖酸的叠加效应，并使粘土颗粒与腐殖酸同时存在的条件下通量下降速度比单纯腐殖酸时的通量下降更小，其机理是粘土颗粒改善了滤饼层结构。
示范工程浸没式超滤膜组合工艺可长期稳定运行，产水率为93.8%，气水比0.31:1；单位制水成本为0.36元/m~3，其中动力费为0.02元/m~3，药剂费为0.01元/m~3，主要的费用是膜处理设备的折旧费（0.19元/m~3）和人工费（0.07元/m~3）。
The surface drinking water resource in rural districts of China has been pollutedin many ways, especially in some poor districts. Due to the limit of economy,technology and management level, there is some critical risk for the drinking watersafety in rural districts, especially for some scattered drinking water facilities Drinkingwater treatment technology on micro-polluted water resources was studied in thisarticle, whose key technology was immersed ultrafiltration(UF) membrane with thepretreatments of coagulation, powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption and biologicalpretreatment.
The removal rate of organic matter in the water by solo UF was lower than20%.Enhanced coagulation as pretreatment could increase the removal rate of humic acid inthe water by hybrid process of UF efficiently, and10mg/L dosage of coagulant couldmake the removal rate of UV254and DOC up to85.7%and69.0%, respectively.Coagulation and PAC adsorption could improve the removal rate of pollutant led bysewage in the water resource by hybrid process efficiently. It is suitable, economicaland effective for transverse flow and water-dropping aerated biological filter to beadopted as pretreatment of immersed UF, biological filter could achieve high ammonianitrogen removal(>90%), decrease the organic matter load of UF, and increase thebiological stability of pipeline through removing AOC and BDOC. The effectivenessof water-dropping aeration was fine and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) should belonger than1hour. The relationship between ammonia nitrogen removal velocity andwater temperature followed the equation asr=r (T-20)20.
The turbidity of the mixed liquid in the reactor of immersed UF could reach20,000NTU through enhanced washing, which could offer reference for short-processdrinking water treatment technology of UF membrane being applied more widely. Therelationships between the normalized permeate flux (J/J0) and filtration time could befitted to the simple equation of J/J0a exp(kt), and coefficient k in the equationand DOC of humic acid in influent could be fitted to the square equation. Coagulationand PAC adsorption could remove hydrophobic matter in the water which mostly leadsto membrane fouling, and flocs caused by coagulation could make filter cake layer on the membrane surface loose, PAC could act as skeleton of the cake layer, then, the
membrane flux would decline slower during the process. Continuous dosing coagulantand batch dosing PAC had better results on increasing the membrane flux. During theapplication of the hybrid process of UF, coagulation reaction tank was not necessary.Shorter backflushing period and greater aeration intensity could increase the membraneflux; chemical washing and in-line chemical washing in low alkali solution could makethe membrane flux revive efficiently.
With the co-existence of particles and NOM, NOM will adsorb onto the surface ofthe particles, make the particles more stable, decrease the agglomerate size and smoothout the surface heterogeneity of kaolinite. Porous polyhedral structure would not beformed on the membrane surface easily, which was an additive effect on membraneflux during solo UF. Coagulation could eliminate the additive effect led by NOM andparticles and make the membrane flux decline slower with the co-existence of particleand NOM, than with the existence of NOM alone, because the particles improved thestructure of filter cake layer.
The process and equipment in the demonstration project could work stably in along period. In this demonstration project, the water production ratio was93.8%, andthe ratio between air and water was0.31:1. The unit cost of water production was0.36RMB yuan/m~3, including0.02RMB yuan/m~3of power fee, and0.01RMB yuan/m~3of medicament expense. In the unit cost of water production, depreciation cost ofmembrane and other equipments (0.19RMB yuan/m~3) and payment for the workerswere the main cost (0.07RMB yuan/m~3).
超滤膜去除水中有机污染物的效果不佳（20%以下），强化混凝预处理对提高超滤膜组合工艺去除水中腐殖酸效果明显，混凝剂投加量10mg/L时，对UV254和DOC去除率可达到85.7%和69.0%；混凝和粉末炭吸附预处理能有效提高组合工艺对受生活污染的水源水中的污染物去除效果；采用经济有效的横向流跌水曝气生物滤池作为生物预处理，适用于受污染水源的农村饮用水处理，可以有效去除氨氮（90%以上），并降低后续超滤膜处理的有机物负荷及AOC和BDOC，提高后续管网的生物稳定性；生物滤池自然充氧效果良好，水力停留时间应不小于r=r (T-20)1小时，氨氮的去除速率与水温的关系式为T20。
通过采用强化的冲洗操作，浸没式超滤膜膜箱内混合液浊度可以达到20000NTU，为扩大短流程膜法净水工艺的应用范围提供了参考依据；单位膜比通量（J/J0）与过滤时间可以简化拟合为公式J/J0a exp(kt)，拟合方程中指数系数k与进水腐殖酸DOC之间存在二次项关系。混凝、粉末炭吸附预处理可以去除水中造成膜污染的疏水性物质，混凝形成的矾花可以使超滤膜表面的滤饼层结构疏松，粉末炭可以在超滤膜表面形成滤饼层的刚性骨架，从而缓解组合工艺运行过程中膜通量的下降；连续投加混凝剂和一次性投加粉末炭对提高膜通量效果较好，并可不设置混凝反应池；缩小反洗周期、增大曝气强度可以提高膜通量，化学清洗和低碱度在线化学清洗使通量恢复较好。
NOM可以使水中的粘土颗粒稳定性更强，从而不容易形成多孔性的的透水性强的滤饼层，对膜通量存在负面的叠加效应，混凝预处理可以降低粘土颗粒与腐殖酸的叠加效应，并使粘土颗粒与腐殖酸同时存在的条件下通量下降速度比单纯腐殖酸时的通量下降更小，其机理是粘土颗粒改善了滤饼层结构。
示范工程浸没式超滤膜组合工艺可长期稳定运行，产水率为93.8%，气水比0.31:1；单位制水成本为0.36元/m~3，其中动力费为0.02元/m~3，药剂费为0.01元/m~3，主要的费用是膜处理设备的折旧费（0.19元/m~3）和人工费（0.07元/m~3）。
The surface drinking water resource in rural districts of China has been pollutedin many ways, especially in some poor districts. Due to the limit of economy,technology and management level, there is some critical risk for the drinking watersafety in rural districts, especially for some scattered drinking water facilities Drinkingwater treatment technology on micro-polluted water resources was studied in thisarticle, whose key technology was immersed ultrafiltration(UF) membrane with thepretreatments of coagulation, powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption and biologicalpretreatment.
The removal rate of organic matter in the water by solo UF was lower than20%.Enhanced coagulation as pretreatment could increase the removal rate of humic acid inthe water by hybrid process of UF efficiently, and10mg/L dosage of coagulant couldmake the removal rate of UV254and DOC up to85.7%and69.0%, respectively.Coagulation and PAC adsorption could improve the removal rate of pollutant led bysewage in the water resource by hybrid process efficiently. It is suitable, economicaland effective for transverse flow and water-dropping aerated biological filter to beadopted as pretreatment of immersed UF, biological filter could achieve high ammonianitrogen removal(>90%), decrease the organic matter load of UF, and increase thebiological stability of pipeline through removing AOC and BDOC. The effectivenessof water-dropping aeration was fine and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) should belonger than1hour. The relationship between ammonia nitrogen removal velocity andwater temperature followed the equation asr=r (T-20)20.
The turbidity of the mixed liquid in the reactor of immersed UF could reach20,000NTU through enhanced washing, which could offer reference for short-processdrinking water treatment technology of UF membrane being applied more widely. Therelationships between the normalized permeate flux (J/J0) and filtration time could befitted to the simple equation of J/J0a exp(kt), and coefficient k in the equationand DOC of humic acid in influent could be fitted to the square equation. Coagulationand PAC adsorption could remove hydrophobic matter in the water which mostly leadsto membrane fouling, and flocs caused by coagulation could make filter cake layer on the membrane surface loose, PAC could act as skeleton of the cake layer, then, the
membrane flux would decline slower during the process. Continuous dosing coagulantand batch dosing PAC had better results on increasing the membrane flux. During theapplication of the hybrid process of UF, coagulation reaction tank was not necessary.Shorter backflushing period and greater aeration intensity could increase the membraneflux; chemical washing and in-line chemical washing in low alkali solution could makethe membrane flux revive efficiently.
With the co-existence of particles and NOM, NOM will adsorb onto the surface ofthe particles, make the particles more stable, decrease the agglomerate size and smoothout the surface heterogeneity of kaolinite. Porous polyhedral structure would not beformed on the membrane surface easily, which was an additive effect on membraneflux during solo UF. Coagulation could eliminate the additive effect led by NOM andparticles and make the membrane flux decline slower with the co-existence of particleand NOM, than with the existence of NOM alone, because the particles improved thestructure of filter cake layer.
The process and equipment in the demonstration project could work stably in along period. In this demonstration project, the water production ratio was93.8%, andthe ratio between air and water was0.31:1. The unit cost of water production was0.36RMB yuan/m~3, including0.02RMB yuan/m~3of power fee, and0.01RMB yuan/m~3of medicament expense. In the unit cost of water production, depreciation cost ofmembrane and other equipments (0.19RMB yuan/m~3) and payment for the workerswere the main cost (0.07RMB yuan/m~3).
引文
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