酸性土壤中铝镉对柱花草铝镉吸收分配差异及其生长影响
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摘要
土壤酸化是全球环境变化中的主要问题之一,土壤酸化将导致土壤酸度的上升,导致酸性土壤中活性铝含量升高,以及一些重金属元素的淋出,会毒害植物根系,从而限制植物的生长。本文以两个不同柱花草品种西卡和圭亚那柱花草为研究对象,研究柱花草对铝镉及矿质元素吸收分配；并以不同耐铝柱花草为试验材料,研究不同耐铝的柱花草对铝胁迫的生理响应。同时研究铝镉对土壤酶及微生物毒害,以探讨其对环境的危害性。主要研究结果如下：
1)从100多份柱花草种质中筛选出耐铝差异的柱花草种质：2个耐铝的柱花草种质品10和品107,铝敏感种质品9和品151。
2)30μmol/L铝处理提高柱花草叶片MDA含量和电导率、H202含量,同时增加SOD、CAT、POD活性,对脯氨酸的影响小。铝敏感柱花草相对电导率、MDA大于耐铝柱花草,而POD、CAT活性低于耐铝杜花草。耐铝柱花草抗氧化系统清除铝氧化胁迫诱导的产生的自由基能力超过铝敏感柱花草。
3)镉处理浓度10μmol/L以下,对柱花草MDA、脯氨酸含量没有影响,只有处理浓度在100μmol/L胁迫下,MDA含量升高。根据镉对热研2号的MDA含量及POD,CAT的影响大于TPRC2001-1和热研13号。
4)土培盆栽实验结果表明,添加50mg/kg Al后降低士壤的pH及增加有效态镉的含量；促进土壤微量元素Mn、Zn、Fe溶出。对土壤酸度的影响按大小顺序为Al+Cd>Al>Cd。铝镉复合处理提高土壤有效态镉的含量。
5)铝处理增加柱花草根部铝的含量,对地上部的铝的含量没有影响。但增加根和地上部镉的含量。铝和镉处理均对地上部Ca、Fe、P的含量没有影响,铝和镉处理增加K、Mg的含量。铝处理降低Zn的含量。铝处理增加柱花草根系Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn的含量。西卡柱花草对铝和镉的吸收低于热研2号和热研13号。
6)铝对土壤酶活性的抑制率从大到小依次为磷酸酶>过氧化氢酶>脱氢酶>脲酶。镉对土壤酶活性的影响为抑制脱氢酶活性,促进脲酶活性,但对磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶影响极小。铝镉复合处理对过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性有显著的协同作用。铝主要影响参与C和P循环的土壤酶。铝抑制士壤CO2呼吸强度处理浓度在55.59-74.12mmol/kg范围,而镉促进土壤CO2呼吸强度浓度在0.44～0.88mmol/kg范围内。
7)铝处理对土壤微生物的抑制率顺序为放线菌>真菌>细菌；铝镉复合处理对土壤微生物的抑制率顺序为真菌>放线菌>细菌；镉处理土壤微生物的抑制放线菌的生长,促进真菌的生长,低浓度促进细菌的生长,高浓度对细菌的生长比较复杂。
Soil acidification, resulting in decrease of soil acidity, increase of active aluminum content, and leaching of many heavy metal elements, is one of the major problems on global environmental change. Toxic aluminum and heavy metal was harmful for root systems and limits the development of plants. In this study, Stylosanthes scabra Vogel and stylosanthes guianensis were selected to research the difference of uptake and distribution of aluminum, cadmium and mineral elements in two different stylo species. Physiology responses to aluminum stress were compared in different Al-tolerant stylo varieties. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium to enzyme and development of microorganisms was investigated in acid soil. The main results are as follow:
Two Al-tolerant varieties, cultivar10and cultivar107, and two Al-sensitive varieties, cultivar9and cultivar151, were screened out from more than100stylo varieties.
The contents of MDA and H2O2, activity of SOD, CAT and POD, and relative conductivity increase distinctly in stylo leaves under Al stress condition at30μmol/L, but no effect on Pro content. Comparing with Al-sensitive stylo varieties, Al-tolerant varieties have stronger ROS-scavenging ability.
Cadmium stress haves no effect on the content of MDA and Pro at less than10μmol/L in stylo, and enhances the content of MDA at100μmol/L. The responses of MDA, POD and CAT under cadmium stress indicated that Reyan No.2was more sensitive to cadmium than TPRC2001-1and Reyan No.13.
The results of soil cultivation experiments indicated that aluminum stress can decrease the soil pH and enhance active cadmium content and leaching of three microelements including Mn, Zn and Fe at50mg/kg in soil. The effect on soil acidity order was as follow:Al+Cd> Al> Cd. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium significantly enhance the active cadmium content in soil.
Al stress can enhance the content of Al in stylo root and Cd in stylo root and shoot, but no effect on the content of Al in stylo shoot. Both Al and Cd stress can enhance the content of K and Mg, but no effect on Ca, Fe and P in stylo shoot. Al stress can decrease Zn content, but increase the content of Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn in stylo root system. Under soil cultivation, Al stress promote the uptake of Ca, however, Al stress inhibit the uptake of Ca under water cultivation. The uptake of Al and Cd was lower in Stylosanthes scabra Vogel than Reyan No.2and Reyan No.13.
The limitation of enzyme activity order was as follow under Al stress condition: phosphatase> catalase> dehydrogenase> urease. Cadmium stress can decrease the dehydrogenase activity and increase the urease active, but no effect on phosphatase and catalase activity. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium significantly limit the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase. Al has effect on enzyme related to the cycles of C and P. The appropriate cadmium stress was advantageous for the cycle of N. Al stress can limit CO2respiratory intenesity at1500-2000mg/kg, and Cd stress can enhance CO2respiratory intensity at50-1OOmg/kg.
The limitation of soil microorganism order was as follow under Al stress condition: actinomycete> fungus> bacteria. The limitation of soil microorganism order was as follow under the interaction of aluminum and cadmium:fungus>actinomycete bacteria. Cadmium stress can limit the development of actinomycete and promote the development of fungus. Cadmium stress promotes the development of bacteria under low concentration. The effect of cadmium on the development of bacteria was complicated under high concentration.
1)从100多份柱花草种质中筛选出耐铝差异的柱花草种质：2个耐铝的柱花草种质品10和品107,铝敏感种质品9和品151。
2)30μmol/L铝处理提高柱花草叶片MDA含量和电导率、H202含量,同时增加SOD、CAT、POD活性,对脯氨酸的影响小。铝敏感柱花草相对电导率、MDA大于耐铝柱花草,而POD、CAT活性低于耐铝杜花草。耐铝柱花草抗氧化系统清除铝氧化胁迫诱导的产生的自由基能力超过铝敏感柱花草。
3)镉处理浓度10μmol/L以下,对柱花草MDA、脯氨酸含量没有影响,只有处理浓度在100μmol/L胁迫下,MDA含量升高。根据镉对热研2号的MDA含量及POD,CAT的影响大于TPRC2001-1和热研13号。
4)土培盆栽实验结果表明,添加50mg/kg Al后降低士壤的pH及增加有效态镉的含量；促进土壤微量元素Mn、Zn、Fe溶出。对土壤酸度的影响按大小顺序为Al+Cd>Al>Cd。铝镉复合处理提高土壤有效态镉的含量。
5)铝处理增加柱花草根部铝的含量,对地上部的铝的含量没有影响。但增加根和地上部镉的含量。铝和镉处理均对地上部Ca、Fe、P的含量没有影响,铝和镉处理增加K、Mg的含量。铝处理降低Zn的含量。铝处理增加柱花草根系Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn的含量。西卡柱花草对铝和镉的吸收低于热研2号和热研13号。
6)铝对土壤酶活性的抑制率从大到小依次为磷酸酶>过氧化氢酶>脱氢酶>脲酶。镉对土壤酶活性的影响为抑制脱氢酶活性,促进脲酶活性,但对磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶影响极小。铝镉复合处理对过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性有显著的协同作用。铝主要影响参与C和P循环的土壤酶。铝抑制士壤CO2呼吸强度处理浓度在55.59-74.12mmol/kg范围,而镉促进土壤CO2呼吸强度浓度在0.44～0.88mmol/kg范围内。
7)铝处理对土壤微生物的抑制率顺序为放线菌>真菌>细菌；铝镉复合处理对土壤微生物的抑制率顺序为真菌>放线菌>细菌；镉处理土壤微生物的抑制放线菌的生长,促进真菌的生长,低浓度促进细菌的生长,高浓度对细菌的生长比较复杂。
Soil acidification, resulting in decrease of soil acidity, increase of active aluminum content, and leaching of many heavy metal elements, is one of the major problems on global environmental change. Toxic aluminum and heavy metal was harmful for root systems and limits the development of plants. In this study, Stylosanthes scabra Vogel and stylosanthes guianensis were selected to research the difference of uptake and distribution of aluminum, cadmium and mineral elements in two different stylo species. Physiology responses to aluminum stress were compared in different Al-tolerant stylo varieties. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium to enzyme and development of microorganisms was investigated in acid soil. The main results are as follow:
Two Al-tolerant varieties, cultivar10and cultivar107, and two Al-sensitive varieties, cultivar9and cultivar151, were screened out from more than100stylo varieties.
The contents of MDA and H2O2, activity of SOD, CAT and POD, and relative conductivity increase distinctly in stylo leaves under Al stress condition at30μmol/L, but no effect on Pro content. Comparing with Al-sensitive stylo varieties, Al-tolerant varieties have stronger ROS-scavenging ability.
Cadmium stress haves no effect on the content of MDA and Pro at less than10μmol/L in stylo, and enhances the content of MDA at100μmol/L. The responses of MDA, POD and CAT under cadmium stress indicated that Reyan No.2was more sensitive to cadmium than TPRC2001-1and Reyan No.13.
The results of soil cultivation experiments indicated that aluminum stress can decrease the soil pH and enhance active cadmium content and leaching of three microelements including Mn, Zn and Fe at50mg/kg in soil. The effect on soil acidity order was as follow:Al+Cd> Al> Cd. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium significantly enhance the active cadmium content in soil.
Al stress can enhance the content of Al in stylo root and Cd in stylo root and shoot, but no effect on the content of Al in stylo shoot. Both Al and Cd stress can enhance the content of K and Mg, but no effect on Ca, Fe and P in stylo shoot. Al stress can decrease Zn content, but increase the content of Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn in stylo root system. Under soil cultivation, Al stress promote the uptake of Ca, however, Al stress inhibit the uptake of Ca under water cultivation. The uptake of Al and Cd was lower in Stylosanthes scabra Vogel than Reyan No.2and Reyan No.13.
The limitation of enzyme activity order was as follow under Al stress condition: phosphatase> catalase> dehydrogenase> urease. Cadmium stress can decrease the dehydrogenase activity and increase the urease active, but no effect on phosphatase and catalase activity. The interaction of aluminum and cadmium significantly limit the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase. Al has effect on enzyme related to the cycles of C and P. The appropriate cadmium stress was advantageous for the cycle of N. Al stress can limit CO2respiratory intenesity at1500-2000mg/kg, and Cd stress can enhance CO2respiratory intensity at50-1OOmg/kg.
The limitation of soil microorganism order was as follow under Al stress condition: actinomycete> fungus> bacteria. The limitation of soil microorganism order was as follow under the interaction of aluminum and cadmium:fungus>actinomycete bacteria. Cadmium stress can limit the development of actinomycete and promote the development of fungus. Cadmium stress promotes the development of bacteria under low concentration. The effect of cadmium on the development of bacteria was complicated under high concentration.
引文
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