基于电子合同的虚拟企业中跨组织工作流系统研究
|
摘要
随着科学技术飞速发展，消费需求日新月异，企业只有敏锐掌握市场脉搏，建立高度灵活、富有弹性的动态组织形式，适应变革时代的要求，才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。因此，越来越多的公司倾向于将非核心的业务外包出去，强化核心能力，提高市场竞争力。外包业务所涉及的企业就组成了一个动态的虚拟企业。工作流管理系统的主要目标是通过合理的调用和分配有关的信息及资源来协调虚拟企业业务过程中的各个活动，以促使业务目标的高效实现。
利用工作流技术，可以在不同企业之间实现服务外包业务自动化，提高生产效率，优化业务流程，这也是现在许多虚拟企业的目标。然而，在工作流管理系统开发的最初阶段，由于缺乏统一的、普遍遵循的标准以及限于当时软件支撑技术的水平，导致不同公司的工作流管理系统在功能上、所采用的支撑技术上、开发技术上和接口上都呈现出非常大的不同，几乎彼此都不能兼容。由于不同的企业选取不同厂家的工作流产品，而且不同企业对同样的外包业务描述也存在各种各样的差别。如何为企业找到最合适或最优的合作伙伴，实现外包活动自动化，以及使虚拟企业中异构的工作流系统有效的连接、协同工作，完成外包活动成为了亟待解决的问题。
目前对于虚拟企业构建与管理、虚拟企业工作流的建模方法、异构工作流的无缝连接，国内外都有相关的研究。但都未能把虚拟企业的外包活动与工作流技术明确的结合起来。虽然现在有研究组织提出了电子合同的概念，但未对其内容、结构等做深入分析。基于国内外在这方面的研究内容，本文阐述了服务外包活动的过程。提出了一个与传统电子合同内容不同的、基于XML语言的电子合同模型，来描述外包活动。并分析了电子合同的目的、内容，给出了电子合同模型的结构图，进而定义了电子合同的文档类型定义(DTD)。然后提出了一个基于CORBA交易服务的外包服务匹配引擎，提供虚拟企业各方一个广告及搜索外包服务的平台，使得双方能够找到与自己需求相匹配的外包业务。并且能保证由最优或最合适的合作伙伴，来建立虚拟企业。最后，通过对CORBA技术、RMI技术及相关工作流产品的研究，结合服务外包电子合同模型与服务匹配引擎，给出了一个虚拟企业跨组织工作流系统外包架构。将外包活动及异构的、跨组织的工作流系统有机地、无缝地连接起来，实现虚拟企业工作流系统中外包业务执行、服务自动化。
虚拟企业具有巨大的生命力和广阔的应用前景，必将成为21世纪企业形态的主流。“外包”也成为世界性的风潮，形成众多的“外包”市场，为专业公司提供了巨大的商业机会。我国企业应该仔细审视这些新市场的内容与发展趋势，把握这次全球性的企业战略调整所带来的重大机遇。本文提出了一种新的虚拟企业外包架构，该架构基于电子合同，将外包活动与虚拟企业工作流结合起来，为虚拟企业工作流系统中的外包活动提供了一种研究与实现的方法。
As the development of science and technology, the changing of consumption demand, the enterprise only grasps the market pulse sharply and set up highly flexible, elastic dynamic organizational form to meet the request of transform time. So, they could be in the invincible position in fierce market competition. Now, more and more companies incline to outsource the non-central business and strengthen key ability in order to improve competitiveness to the market. The enterprises or organizations which involved by outsourcing business forms a dynamic virtual enterprise . The main goal of WfMS is to coordinate each activity in the virtual enterprise business course and impel the realizing high-efficiently of business objective. The approach is rational transferring and assigning relevant information and resource.
By using workflow technology, we can realize outsourcing automatization between different enterprises. And it also can improve production efficiency and optimize the business flow. Now it is the goals of a lot of virtual enterprises. However, at the initial stages, because the development of WfMS lack unified general standard and limited to the level of software at that time, the workflow products of different company have heavy difference such as the function, the support technology adopted, developing technology and the interface .So they can't be compatible each other nearly. Because different enterprises choose different workflow products and different enterprises describe the same outsourcing business in various ways. How to find most suitable or optimum cooperative partner for enterprise and make heterogenous workflow system of the virtual enterprises effective joining, coordination together to finish outsourcing business becomes a major issue.
Now, there is relevant domestic and international research including construct and management, modeling method of the virtual enterprises and the joining of heterogenous workflow system But they don't combine outsourcing business of virtual enterprises with workflow technology. Though some people have presented the concept of the electronic contract, but they have not made in-depth analysis to its content .On the basis of domestic and international research contents in this respect, this article has explained the course of outsourcing activities. It presents an electronic contract model which based on XML language and different from content of traditional electronic contract. And the model is used to describe outsourcing activities. This article has analyzed the purpose, content of electronic contract. It also has given electronic contract model structure chart and then defined electronic contract DTD. This article put forward a service -match engine on the basis of CORBA trading service. The engine offer each side the a platform to advertise and search for outsourcing services .And it make both sides find optimum or most suitable, cooperative partner to set up virtual enterprise. Lastly, after studying CORBA, RMI technology and workflow product, combining electronic contract models, this article has given the architecture of virtual enterprises work flow system .It also combined the outsourcing with WfMS together .It realizes virtual enterprises workflow system outsourcing carrying out, serving automation.
Virtual enterprises have enormous vitality and widely application prospect. It will become the
mainstream of enterprise's form in the 21st century. Outsourcing becomes cosmopolitan tendency and forms the numerous markets of outsourcing. It offers enormous commercial opportunity for specialized company. Enterprises of our country should examine the content and development tendency of these new markets carefully. They should hold the great opportunity brought by this global enterprise strategically adjustment. The outsourcing architecture of virtual enterprise which this article puts forward to is based on electronic contract . It has combined the outsourcing with WfMS together and provided a kind of solution which realized outsourcing in the virtual
利用工作流技术，可以在不同企业之间实现服务外包业务自动化，提高生产效率，优化业务流程，这也是现在许多虚拟企业的目标。然而，在工作流管理系统开发的最初阶段，由于缺乏统一的、普遍遵循的标准以及限于当时软件支撑技术的水平，导致不同公司的工作流管理系统在功能上、所采用的支撑技术上、开发技术上和接口上都呈现出非常大的不同，几乎彼此都不能兼容。由于不同的企业选取不同厂家的工作流产品，而且不同企业对同样的外包业务描述也存在各种各样的差别。如何为企业找到最合适或最优的合作伙伴，实现外包活动自动化，以及使虚拟企业中异构的工作流系统有效的连接、协同工作，完成外包活动成为了亟待解决的问题。
目前对于虚拟企业构建与管理、虚拟企业工作流的建模方法、异构工作流的无缝连接，国内外都有相关的研究。但都未能把虚拟企业的外包活动与工作流技术明确的结合起来。虽然现在有研究组织提出了电子合同的概念，但未对其内容、结构等做深入分析。基于国内外在这方面的研究内容，本文阐述了服务外包活动的过程。提出了一个与传统电子合同内容不同的、基于XML语言的电子合同模型，来描述外包活动。并分析了电子合同的目的、内容，给出了电子合同模型的结构图，进而定义了电子合同的文档类型定义(DTD)。然后提出了一个基于CORBA交易服务的外包服务匹配引擎，提供虚拟企业各方一个广告及搜索外包服务的平台，使得双方能够找到与自己需求相匹配的外包业务。并且能保证由最优或最合适的合作伙伴，来建立虚拟企业。最后，通过对CORBA技术、RMI技术及相关工作流产品的研究，结合服务外包电子合同模型与服务匹配引擎，给出了一个虚拟企业跨组织工作流系统外包架构。将外包活动及异构的、跨组织的工作流系统有机地、无缝地连接起来，实现虚拟企业工作流系统中外包业务执行、服务自动化。
虚拟企业具有巨大的生命力和广阔的应用前景，必将成为21世纪企业形态的主流。“外包”也成为世界性的风潮，形成众多的“外包”市场，为专业公司提供了巨大的商业机会。我国企业应该仔细审视这些新市场的内容与发展趋势，把握这次全球性的企业战略调整所带来的重大机遇。本文提出了一种新的虚拟企业外包架构，该架构基于电子合同，将外包活动与虚拟企业工作流结合起来，为虚拟企业工作流系统中的外包活动提供了一种研究与实现的方法。
As the development of science and technology, the changing of consumption demand, the enterprise only grasps the market pulse sharply and set up highly flexible, elastic dynamic organizational form to meet the request of transform time. So, they could be in the invincible position in fierce market competition. Now, more and more companies incline to outsource the non-central business and strengthen key ability in order to improve competitiveness to the market. The enterprises or organizations which involved by outsourcing business forms a dynamic virtual enterprise . The main goal of WfMS is to coordinate each activity in the virtual enterprise business course and impel the realizing high-efficiently of business objective. The approach is rational transferring and assigning relevant information and resource.
By using workflow technology, we can realize outsourcing automatization between different enterprises. And it also can improve production efficiency and optimize the business flow. Now it is the goals of a lot of virtual enterprises. However, at the initial stages, because the development of WfMS lack unified general standard and limited to the level of software at that time, the workflow products of different company have heavy difference such as the function, the support technology adopted, developing technology and the interface .So they can't be compatible each other nearly. Because different enterprises choose different workflow products and different enterprises describe the same outsourcing business in various ways. How to find most suitable or optimum cooperative partner for enterprise and make heterogenous workflow system of the virtual enterprises effective joining, coordination together to finish outsourcing business becomes a major issue.
Now, there is relevant domestic and international research including construct and management, modeling method of the virtual enterprises and the joining of heterogenous workflow system But they don't combine outsourcing business of virtual enterprises with workflow technology. Though some people have presented the concept of the electronic contract, but they have not made in-depth analysis to its content .On the basis of domestic and international research contents in this respect, this article has explained the course of outsourcing activities. It presents an electronic contract model which based on XML language and different from content of traditional electronic contract. And the model is used to describe outsourcing activities. This article has analyzed the purpose, content of electronic contract. It also has given electronic contract model structure chart and then defined electronic contract DTD. This article put forward a service -match engine on the basis of CORBA trading service. The engine offer each side the a platform to advertise and search for outsourcing services .And it make both sides find optimum or most suitable, cooperative partner to set up virtual enterprise. Lastly, after studying CORBA, RMI technology and workflow product, combining electronic contract models, this article has given the architecture of virtual enterprises work flow system .It also combined the outsourcing with WfMS together .It realizes virtual enterprises workflow system outsourcing carrying out, serving automation.
Virtual enterprises have enormous vitality and widely application prospect. It will become the
mainstream of enterprise's form in the 21st century. Outsourcing becomes cosmopolitan tendency and forms the numerous markets of outsourcing. It offers enormous commercial opportunity for specialized company. Enterprises of our country should examine the content and development tendency of these new markets carefully. They should hold the great opportunity brought by this global enterprise strategically adjustment. The outsourcing architecture of virtual enterprise which this article puts forward to is based on electronic contract . It has combined the outsourcing with WfMS together and provided a kind of solution which realized outsourcing in the virtual
引文
[1] 史美林，张艳．虚拟企业——21世纪的企业模式[J]．通信学报，1999，20(9)：99-104
[2] 陈剑，冯蔚东．虚拟企业的构建与管理[M]．清华大学出版，2002：17-21
[3] 史美林，杨光信，向勇等．WfMS．工作流管理系统[J]．计算机学报， 1999,22 (3)：325-334
[4] 史美林．计算机支持的协同工作：理论与应用[M]．电子工业出版社，2000：5-11
[5] 范玉顺．工作流管理技术基础—实现企业经营过程重组与经营过程自动化的核心技术[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001：27-54
[6] 张艳，史美林．工作流技术在虚拟企业信息处理中的应用[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2002．03：51-54
[7] 石伟，范玉顺，吴澄．分布对象环境下工作流执行系统设计[J]．CIMS，1998(12))：8-9
[8] 刘铁名 范玉顺．基于工作流管理方式的应用协作模块分析[J]． 计算机工程与应用，vol．35 No．2，1 999
[9] 顾军忠．计算机支持的协同工作导论[M]．清华大学出版社，2002
[10] 刘铁名，范玉顺．基于工作流的企业过程的建模与仿真技术研究[J]．清华大学学报vol (40)，No．1，2004
[11] 孙瑞志，史美林．面向电子商务的虚拟谈判系统[J]．第二届全国CSCW学术会议论文集。北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[12] 张青山，郑国用，赵忠华．虚拟企业联盟对象间的风险分担和利益分配[J]。商业研究，2001/01总第225期：31-33页
[13] 吴昌伦，曹占英．论虚拟企业[J]．科技导报，1991．10：3-25页
[14] 杨浩．现代企业理论教程[M]．上海财经大学出版社，2001，9
[15] 张五常．经济学解释[M]，北京：商务印书馆，2002
[16] 陈泽聪，翁君奕．虚拟企业协调的任务、障碍与策略[J]．企业信息化，1999，4：8-59
[17] 陈加丰．制度短缺：现阶段在我国构建虚拟企业的深层制约因素[J]．现代管理科学，2000，5：12-13页
[18] 石春生，李锦胜，宋志强等．虚拟企业组织管理的几个基本问题[J]．现代管理，2001．3：60-62
[19] 余津津、朱东辰．虚拟企业的产生、现状与发展——技术创新、制度创新和经济增长互促效应的解释[J]。经济问题探索，2000(12)
[20] 张振峰．知识经济时代与扁平化开发式管理模式[J]．决策借鉴，2000(2)
[21] 姜万生，王润孝．虚拟企业工作流技术在电子商务中的应用研究[J]． 制造业自动化，
2003．1 NO．25：30页
[22] 邹辉，罩正，梁讳．动态联盟分布式信息系统的体系结构研究[J]．西北工业大学学报(社会科学版) ，vol．23，No．1，2003
[23] 李伟刚，莫蓉，杨海成等．基于web的工作流管理系统：co-F10w[J]。计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，vol．14，No．8，2002
[24] 战德臣、叶丹、徐晓飞。动态联盟建立过程研[J]究．计算机集成制造系统，1997．8
[25] 叶丹、战德臣、徐晓飞。敏捷虚拟企业组织形态及描述方法[J]．高技术通讯，1997．7
[26] M．Rei．β检验中的虚拟组织[J]．工业工程与管理，1997．6
[27] 张金隆．现代管理信息技术[M]．华中理工大学出版社，1999，9
[28] 解树江．虚拟企业—理论分析、运行机制与发展战略[M]．经济管理出版社，2002，1
[29] 刘剑文．WTO与中国法律改革[M]。北京：北京大学出版社，2000
[30] 希德·拉曼，马赫胥·菜辛哈尼(伟民等译)．电子商务的机遇与挑战[M]．华夏出版社，2001
[31] 周忠海．电子商务法导论[M]。北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000
[32] 沈鸿．互联网需要法律革命—谈电子商务的法律环境[J]．网易虚拟社区北京站，2000，9
[33] 沈军营，黄进，严隽琪．虚拟企业中的工作流技术研究[J] 计算机集成制造系统(CIMs)，2000，6(2) ：7-10
[34] 徐焕良，丁秋林． 基于XML的业务过程管理的协同工作的研究[J]．中国制造业信息化，vol(3)，2003，6
[35] 高阳 普小看，苏越良．基于多阶段协商的虚拟企业联盟形成[J]．制造业自动化，vol．25，No．7，2003
[36] 钱洪国．虚拟企业工作流建模技术研究[硕士学位论文]．重庆：西南农业大学，2003
[37] 韦乐平，孟洛明．CORBA系统结构、原理与规范[M]．．电子工作出版社，2001，5
[38] WfMC TC00-1003. Workflow Reference Model. The Workflow Management Coalition Specification January 1995. http://www.wfmc.org.
[39] The Standard for Interact Commerce. Version 1.4-1999. http://www.gii.com/standard
[40] Mohan C.Recent Trendsin . Workflow Management Products, Standards and Research. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/exotica/wfnat097.ps
[41] Workflow Management Coalition. Interface 1: process definition interchange and process model[EB/OL] . WFMC-TC-1016-P, http://www.wfmc.org,1999-10/
[42] James G. Hayes, Effat Peyrovian, Sunil Sarin, et al. Workflow Interoperability Standards for the Internet [J] . 1EEE Interact Computing, 2000 (5-6)
[43] Robert Kraut..Information and Communication: Alternative Uses of the Internet in
Households. Information Systems Research, Vol.10.No.4.December 1999
[44] Workfow Management Coalition. Terminology&giossary[DB/OL], http//:www. Aiim.org wfmc Standards giossary3.pdf, 1999
[45] Havard D.Jorgensen , John Krogstie . Active models for dynamic networked organizations[DB/OL] . http:llciteseer, nj.nec.com1488302.html,2001
[46] D.K.W Chiu, Qing Li,, kamalakar Karlapalem. A mata modeling approach to workflow management system supporting exception handling[J] , Information system 1999 24 (2) ::159-184.
[47] Shazia W. Sadiq, Olivera Marjanovic, Maria E.Orlowska. Managing change and time in dynamic workfiow processs[J] . International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 2000, 9 (1-2): 93-116
[48] Edmond, Arthur H.M., ter Hofstede.. A Refective Infrastructure for Workflow Adaptability[J] . Data &Knowledge Engineering, 2000,34 (3): 271-304
[49] Peter J.Kammer, Gerory Alan Bolcer, RiChard N.Tayior, et al. Techniques for supporting dynamic and adaptive workfiow[J]. Computer supported cooperative work, 2000, 3-4. 269-292http:/
[50] Salil Deshpande. CORBA and Distributed Applications Including Java. Prentice Hall, Availability: Sep, 2000
[51] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise Application Integration with CORBA: Component and Web-Based Solutions, 2001
[52] Production Workflow: Concepts and Techniques. Frank Leymann,Dieter Roller, July, 1999
[53] http://www-900.cn.ibm.com/devel0PerWorks/cn/xml/x-dtdint/index.shtml
[54] Booch G. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications Second edition[M] . New York:: Addison-Wesley, 1984
[55] Rob van Kaathoven, Manfred A. Jeusfeld, Martin Staudt et al. Organizational Memory Supported Workfiow Management[A] . Electronic Business Engineering[M] . Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1999.543-563.
[56] W.M.P. van der Aalst.. Workflow Verification: Finding Control-Flow Errors Using Petri-Net-Based Techniques[A].. Business Process Management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1806Springer, 2000 , 161-183
[57] Jorg M.Haake, Weigang Wang. Flexible Support for Business Process: Extending Cooperative hypermedia with ProcessSupport[J] . Information and Software Technology., 1999, 41:355-366
[58] F.Casati,S.Ceri, B.Pernici, G.Pozzi. Workfiow Evolution[A]. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 1998,, 24 (3): 211-238.
[59] Manfred Reichert, Peter Dadam. ADEPT flex-Supporting Dynamic Changes of Workflows Without Loosing Control[R]. Technical Report, No.1997-07
[60] Bemardi, A.. Ntioudis. The DECOR Toolbox for Workflow-Embedded Organizational Memory Access[A]. Proceedings of 3rd int. Conference on Enterprise Information Systems[C]. Setbal, Portugal. Kiuwer, 2001, 225-232
[61] Andreas A becker, Gregoris Mentzas, Maria Legal, et al. Business-Process Oriented Delivery of Knowledge through Domain Ontologies[A] . Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Theory and Applications of Knowledge Management[C]. Munich, 2001. 3-7
[2] 陈剑，冯蔚东．虚拟企业的构建与管理[M]．清华大学出版，2002：17-21
[3] 史美林，杨光信，向勇等．WfMS．工作流管理系统[J]．计算机学报， 1999,22 (3)：325-334
[4] 史美林．计算机支持的协同工作：理论与应用[M]．电子工业出版社，2000：5-11
[5] 范玉顺．工作流管理技术基础—实现企业经营过程重组与经营过程自动化的核心技术[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001：27-54
[6] 张艳，史美林．工作流技术在虚拟企业信息处理中的应用[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2002．03：51-54
[7] 石伟，范玉顺，吴澄．分布对象环境下工作流执行系统设计[J]．CIMS，1998(12))：8-9
[8] 刘铁名 范玉顺．基于工作流管理方式的应用协作模块分析[J]． 计算机工程与应用，vol．35 No．2，1 999
[9] 顾军忠．计算机支持的协同工作导论[M]．清华大学出版社，2002
[10] 刘铁名，范玉顺．基于工作流的企业过程的建模与仿真技术研究[J]．清华大学学报vol (40)，No．1，2004
[11] 孙瑞志，史美林．面向电子商务的虚拟谈判系统[J]．第二届全国CSCW学术会议论文集。北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[12] 张青山，郑国用，赵忠华．虚拟企业联盟对象间的风险分担和利益分配[J]。商业研究，2001/01总第225期：31-33页
[13] 吴昌伦，曹占英．论虚拟企业[J]．科技导报，1991．10：3-25页
[14] 杨浩．现代企业理论教程[M]．上海财经大学出版社，2001，9
[15] 张五常．经济学解释[M]，北京：商务印书馆，2002
[16] 陈泽聪，翁君奕．虚拟企业协调的任务、障碍与策略[J]．企业信息化，1999，4：8-59
[17] 陈加丰．制度短缺：现阶段在我国构建虚拟企业的深层制约因素[J]．现代管理科学，2000，5：12-13页
[18] 石春生，李锦胜，宋志强等．虚拟企业组织管理的几个基本问题[J]．现代管理，2001．3：60-62
[19] 余津津、朱东辰．虚拟企业的产生、现状与发展——技术创新、制度创新和经济增长互促效应的解释[J]。经济问题探索，2000(12)
[20] 张振峰．知识经济时代与扁平化开发式管理模式[J]．决策借鉴，2000(2)
[21] 姜万生，王润孝．虚拟企业工作流技术在电子商务中的应用研究[J]． 制造业自动化，
2003．1 NO．25：30页
[22] 邹辉，罩正，梁讳．动态联盟分布式信息系统的体系结构研究[J]．西北工业大学学报(社会科学版) ，vol．23，No．1，2003
[23] 李伟刚，莫蓉，杨海成等．基于web的工作流管理系统：co-F10w[J]。计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，vol．14，No．8，2002
[24] 战德臣、叶丹、徐晓飞。动态联盟建立过程研[J]究．计算机集成制造系统，1997．8
[25] 叶丹、战德臣、徐晓飞。敏捷虚拟企业组织形态及描述方法[J]．高技术通讯，1997．7
[26] M．Rei．β检验中的虚拟组织[J]．工业工程与管理，1997．6
[27] 张金隆．现代管理信息技术[M]．华中理工大学出版社，1999，9
[28] 解树江．虚拟企业—理论分析、运行机制与发展战略[M]．经济管理出版社，2002，1
[29] 刘剑文．WTO与中国法律改革[M]。北京：北京大学出版社，2000
[30] 希德·拉曼，马赫胥·菜辛哈尼(伟民等译)．电子商务的机遇与挑战[M]．华夏出版社，2001
[31] 周忠海．电子商务法导论[M]。北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2000
[32] 沈鸿．互联网需要法律革命—谈电子商务的法律环境[J]．网易虚拟社区北京站，2000，9
[33] 沈军营，黄进，严隽琪．虚拟企业中的工作流技术研究[J] 计算机集成制造系统(CIMs)，2000，6(2) ：7-10
[34] 徐焕良，丁秋林． 基于XML的业务过程管理的协同工作的研究[J]．中国制造业信息化，vol(3)，2003，6
[35] 高阳 普小看，苏越良．基于多阶段协商的虚拟企业联盟形成[J]．制造业自动化，vol．25，No．7，2003
[36] 钱洪国．虚拟企业工作流建模技术研究[硕士学位论文]．重庆：西南农业大学，2003
[37] 韦乐平，孟洛明．CORBA系统结构、原理与规范[M]．．电子工作出版社，2001，5
[38] WfMC TC00-1003. Workflow Reference Model. The Workflow Management Coalition Specification January 1995. http://www.wfmc.org.
[39] The Standard for Interact Commerce. Version 1.4-1999. http://www.gii.com/standard
[40] Mohan C.Recent Trendsin . Workflow Management Products, Standards and Research. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/exotica/wfnat097.ps
[41] Workflow Management Coalition. Interface 1: process definition interchange and process model[EB/OL] . WFMC-TC-1016-P, http://www.wfmc.org,1999-10/
[42] James G. Hayes, Effat Peyrovian, Sunil Sarin, et al. Workflow Interoperability Standards for the Internet [J] . 1EEE Interact Computing, 2000 (5-6)
[43] Robert Kraut..Information and Communication: Alternative Uses of the Internet in
Households. Information Systems Research, Vol.10.No.4.December 1999
[44] Workfow Management Coalition. Terminology&giossary[DB/OL], http//:www. Aiim.org wfmc Standards giossary3.pdf, 1999
[45] Havard D.Jorgensen , John Krogstie . Active models for dynamic networked organizations[DB/OL] . http:llciteseer, nj.nec.com1488302.html,2001
[46] D.K.W Chiu, Qing Li,, kamalakar Karlapalem. A mata modeling approach to workflow management system supporting exception handling[J] , Information system 1999 24 (2) ::159-184.
[47] Shazia W. Sadiq, Olivera Marjanovic, Maria E.Orlowska. Managing change and time in dynamic workfiow processs[J] . International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 2000, 9 (1-2): 93-116
[48] Edmond, Arthur H.M., ter Hofstede.. A Refective Infrastructure for Workflow Adaptability[J] . Data &Knowledge Engineering, 2000,34 (3): 271-304
[49] Peter J.Kammer, Gerory Alan Bolcer, RiChard N.Tayior, et al. Techniques for supporting dynamic and adaptive workfiow[J]. Computer supported cooperative work, 2000, 3-4. 269-292http:/
[50] Salil Deshpande. CORBA and Distributed Applications Including Java. Prentice Hall, Availability: Sep, 2000
[51] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise Application Integration with CORBA: Component and Web-Based Solutions, 2001
[52] Production Workflow: Concepts and Techniques. Frank Leymann,Dieter Roller, July, 1999
[53] http://www-900.cn.ibm.com/devel0PerWorks/cn/xml/x-dtdint/index.shtml
[54] Booch G. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications Second edition[M] . New York:: Addison-Wesley, 1984
[55] Rob van Kaathoven, Manfred A. Jeusfeld, Martin Staudt et al. Organizational Memory Supported Workfiow Management[A] . Electronic Business Engineering[M] . Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1999.543-563.
[56] W.M.P. van der Aalst.. Workflow Verification: Finding Control-Flow Errors Using Petri-Net-Based Techniques[A].. Business Process Management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1806Springer, 2000 , 161-183
[57] Jorg M.Haake, Weigang Wang. Flexible Support for Business Process: Extending Cooperative hypermedia with ProcessSupport[J] . Information and Software Technology., 1999, 41:355-366
[58] F.Casati,S.Ceri, B.Pernici, G.Pozzi. Workfiow Evolution[A]. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 1998,, 24 (3): 211-238.
[59] Manfred Reichert, Peter Dadam. ADEPT flex-Supporting Dynamic Changes of Workflows Without Loosing Control[R]. Technical Report, No.1997-07
[60] Bemardi, A.. Ntioudis. The DECOR Toolbox for Workflow-Embedded Organizational Memory Access[A]. Proceedings of 3rd int. Conference on Enterprise Information Systems[C]. Setbal, Portugal. Kiuwer, 2001, 225-232
[61] Andreas A becker, Gregoris Mentzas, Maria Legal, et al. Business-Process Oriented Delivery of Knowledge through Domain Ontologies[A] . Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Theory and Applications of Knowledge Management[C]. Munich, 2001. 3-7