X70管线钢焊接接头热裂纹与冷弯性能研究
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摘要
高压、大管径、高强度管线钢是石油、天然气输送管道发展的必然趋势。X70管线钢是控轧控冷的低碳微合金钢,具有高强高韧性。焊前组织为细小针状铁素体,经过埋弧焊热循环的作用,焊缝组织为先共析铁素体和针状铁素体,热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)组织为粗大粒状贝氏体。焊后材料性能发生恶化,焊缝中有时会出现热裂纹,冷弯试验中会出现冷弯裂纹。本课题即以X70管线钢为对象,研究焊缝裂纹和焊后冷弯裂纹形成机理,并提出改进措施。
通过对焊缝裂纹样品的金相和成分分析,表明裂纹均为结晶裂纹。具体原因是母材中硫磷等元素的偏析、焊缝成形系数小于1和线能量太大。
通过对冷弯裂纹样品的金相和断口扫描分析,得出裂纹起裂于CGHAZ,止裂于正火区。为了研究冷弯裂纹与CGHAZ组织和性能的关联性,利用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机,进行了不同t8/5下CGHAZ热模拟试验。
通过实际CGHAZ组织与螺旋焊管t8/5=40s时模拟试样组织比较,组织特征一致,表明热模拟试验能够反映实际的粗晶区组织与性能。模拟试样金相分析得出γ晶粒粗大,显微组织为粗大的粒状贝氏体。利用lepera试剂腐蚀显示M-A组元,分析其形貌、大小和分布对CGHAZ韧性的影响。随t8/5延长,γ晶界M-A组元增多变粗,铁素体条束间M-A组元由条状转变为块状,平均弦长变大,所占体积分数增加,且其平均弦长超过Griffith裂纹临界尺寸,作为脆性裂纹源,降低了CGHAZ韧性。热模拟试样硬度、拉伸和低温-20℃冲击试验结果表明,随t8/5延长,CGHAZ的硬度逐渐减小, b、s均降低,延伸率相差不大,冲击韧性降低。此外,模拟试样预应变冲击试验表明,发生应变脆化,试样冲击功降低。通过组织与性能研究结果表明,随t8/5延长,CGHAZ韧性降低,导致降低了材料冷弯性能。
High pressure, large diameter and high strength pipes are inevitable trend for the oil and natural gas transporting pipeline. X70 pipeline steels, microalloyed steel and low carbon produced by TMCP process, possess high strength and good toughness. Before welding the microstructures are fine acicular ferrite, but through the thermal cycling effect of SAW, the microstructures in WM comprise of proeutectoid ferrite and acicular ferrite, and those in CGHAZ comprise of coarsely granule bainite. After welding the materials deterioration in performance, sometimes hot cracks will appear, and cracks will take place in the cold bending test. In this thesis, the mechanics of appearing the hot cracks and cold bending cracks for X70 pipeline steel will be studied, and some improvement measurements will be proposed.
Through analyzing the metallic phase and constitute of specimens shown hot cracks, it can be concluded the cracks are all crystal cracks. It is the main reasons for them that the segregation of Sulfur and phosphorus elements in the substrate, welding profiled coefficient less than 1 and too much energy input.
Through the cold bending cracking specimens' metallic phase and fracture ESEM analysis, it can be concluded that the cracks start with CGHAZ and finish with normalized zone. In order to research the relationship between the cold bending cracks and CGHAZ, thermal simulation on X70 CGHAZ is performed making use of Gleeble-2000 thermal simulation machine, only changing t8/5.
By comparing the microstructures of CGHAZ in real weld with the simulated specimens of spiral welding when t8/5 is 40s, they are approximately anastomotic. It indicates that the thermal simulation can reflect the real CGHAZ microstructures and properties. It can be shown by analyzing the simulated specimens that austenite crystal coarsens, the CGHAZ microstructures are coarse grain bainite. Making use of lepera reagent revealing the M-A constituents, its pattern, size and distribution's effect on toughness of CGHAZ are analyzed. With the t8/5 increasing, the M-A constituents alongγ grain boundary become more and coarser, the M-A constituents in ferrite strip transform strip into block, the average size grows bigger, and the bulk possessed increases, and its average size exceeds Griffith crack critical size, it can act as the cracking resources and damage the toughness of CGHAZ, and it's the dominant factor which has effect on the toughness. The experimental results of hardness, tension and -20℃impact test show that the hardness of CGHAZ decreases gradually, the b and s also decrease, the elongation percentage have no obvious change, and the impact toughness decrease, with the t8/5 increasing. In addition, the results of prestrain test show that strain embrittlement produce, the impact energy reduce. Finally, the results of microstructures and properties show that the CGHAZ toughness decreases with the t8/5 increasing, resulting in the cold bending performance decreasing.
通过对焊缝裂纹样品的金相和成分分析,表明裂纹均为结晶裂纹。具体原因是母材中硫磷等元素的偏析、焊缝成形系数小于1和线能量太大。
通过对冷弯裂纹样品的金相和断口扫描分析,得出裂纹起裂于CGHAZ,止裂于正火区。为了研究冷弯裂纹与CGHAZ组织和性能的关联性,利用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机,进行了不同t8/5下CGHAZ热模拟试验。
通过实际CGHAZ组织与螺旋焊管t8/5=40s时模拟试样组织比较,组织特征一致,表明热模拟试验能够反映实际的粗晶区组织与性能。模拟试样金相分析得出γ晶粒粗大,显微组织为粗大的粒状贝氏体。利用lepera试剂腐蚀显示M-A组元,分析其形貌、大小和分布对CGHAZ韧性的影响。随t8/5延长,γ晶界M-A组元增多变粗,铁素体条束间M-A组元由条状转变为块状,平均弦长变大,所占体积分数增加,且其平均弦长超过Griffith裂纹临界尺寸,作为脆性裂纹源,降低了CGHAZ韧性。热模拟试样硬度、拉伸和低温-20℃冲击试验结果表明,随t8/5延长,CGHAZ的硬度逐渐减小, b、s均降低,延伸率相差不大,冲击韧性降低。此外,模拟试样预应变冲击试验表明,发生应变脆化,试样冲击功降低。通过组织与性能研究结果表明,随t8/5延长,CGHAZ韧性降低,导致降低了材料冷弯性能。
High pressure, large diameter and high strength pipes are inevitable trend for the oil and natural gas transporting pipeline. X70 pipeline steels, microalloyed steel and low carbon produced by TMCP process, possess high strength and good toughness. Before welding the microstructures are fine acicular ferrite, but through the thermal cycling effect of SAW, the microstructures in WM comprise of proeutectoid ferrite and acicular ferrite, and those in CGHAZ comprise of coarsely granule bainite. After welding the materials deterioration in performance, sometimes hot cracks will appear, and cracks will take place in the cold bending test. In this thesis, the mechanics of appearing the hot cracks and cold bending cracks for X70 pipeline steel will be studied, and some improvement measurements will be proposed.
Through analyzing the metallic phase and constitute of specimens shown hot cracks, it can be concluded the cracks are all crystal cracks. It is the main reasons for them that the segregation of Sulfur and phosphorus elements in the substrate, welding profiled coefficient less than 1 and too much energy input.
Through the cold bending cracking specimens' metallic phase and fracture ESEM analysis, it can be concluded that the cracks start with CGHAZ and finish with normalized zone. In order to research the relationship between the cold bending cracks and CGHAZ, thermal simulation on X70 CGHAZ is performed making use of Gleeble-2000 thermal simulation machine, only changing t8/5.
By comparing the microstructures of CGHAZ in real weld with the simulated specimens of spiral welding when t8/5 is 40s, they are approximately anastomotic. It indicates that the thermal simulation can reflect the real CGHAZ microstructures and properties. It can be shown by analyzing the simulated specimens that austenite crystal coarsens, the CGHAZ microstructures are coarse grain bainite. Making use of lepera reagent revealing the M-A constituents, its pattern, size and distribution's effect on toughness of CGHAZ are analyzed. With the t8/5 increasing, the M-A constituents alongγ grain boundary become more and coarser, the M-A constituents in ferrite strip transform strip into block, the average size grows bigger, and the bulk possessed increases, and its average size exceeds Griffith crack critical size, it can act as the cracking resources and damage the toughness of CGHAZ, and it's the dominant factor which has effect on the toughness. The experimental results of hardness, tension and -20℃impact test show that the hardness of CGHAZ decreases gradually, the b and s also decrease, the elongation percentage have no obvious change, and the impact toughness decrease, with the t8/5 increasing. In addition, the results of prestrain test show that strain embrittlement produce, the impact energy reduce. Finally, the results of microstructures and properties show that the CGHAZ toughness decreases with the t8/5 increasing, resulting in the cold bending performance decreasing.
引文
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[4] Zhiping Zhao,Zhenmin Wang,Hongmei Zhang et al. Effect of Deformation and Cooling Rate on the TransformationBehavior and Microstructure of X70 Steels[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology,Beijing,Vol.14,№.5,Oct 2007:410~413.
[5] Adem B. Effect of Processing Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties of an Nb Microalloyed Steel[J]. Materials Letters,2002,56:200~209.
[6]张彩军,蔡开科,袁伟霞等.管线钢的性能要求与炼钢生产特点[J].炼钢,2002,18(5):40~46.
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