两相体介质阻挡放电研究
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摘要
介质阻挡放电(DBD)作为大气压条件下获得非平衡等离子体的一种重要手段,具有良好的开发和应用前景,其在理论和实验上都得到了广泛的重视与研究。然而随着工业应用的发展,越来越多地涉及到了两相体DBD,并不局限于单一气体中的放电,包括烟气催化剂脱硫、材料处理、食品保鲜等,但目前国内外对于两相体DBD的系统研究较少。
本文的工作主要针对两相体DBD进行了理论和实验研究,取得如下成果：
针对强耦合两相体,建立了计算局部畸变电场的能量偶极子模型,该方法简单有效,优于传统的点偶极子模型。当两相体中介电差异或颗粒体积分数较大时,颗粒间相互作用较大,传统的点偶极子模型已经不再适用,可利用能量偶极子模型计算局部电场的分布。同时,在能量偶极子模型的基础上,获得了两相体中颗粒饱和荷电量的修正公式。发现当两相体中的介电差异大到一定程度时,颗粒的荷电量主要取决于颗粒的体积分数。另外,通过能量偶极子模型在HVDC输电线离子流场求解问题中的应用,验证了能量偶极子模型在复杂问题处理应用上的可行性与有效性,进一步为其在两相体放电等问题上的应用奠定了基础。
针对两相体放电,提出了两相体放电物理机制和计算击穿电压的近似解析模型,结果表明两相体的击穿特性存在粒径效应。提出影响两相体放电过程的三个因素：颗粒畸变电场、颗粒捕获电子和阻碍电子崩发展、电子发射以及吸收和发射光子。基于现有的气体放电理论模型,建立了有碰撞的颗粒荷电模型,结合计算颗粒畸变电场的能量偶极子模型,得到计算短间隙两相体击穿电压的表达式。计算表明,当颗粒粒径较大时,两相体击穿电压低于单一气体；当颗粒粒径较小时(微米级),两相体击穿电压高于单一气体。颗粒粒径对于放电形式也存在影响：当颗粒粒径较大时,电子崩会中断于颗粒表面,放电仅发生在颗粒与极板之间,如果颗粒体积分数较小则由于光辐射作用发生电子崩的跳跃；当颗粒粒径较小时,电子崩则可通过颗粒形成表面放电。
针对两相体DBD,建立了能同时考虑多电子崩扩散和静电排斥作用的粒子模拟简化模型,结果表明颗粒影响放电发展的作用存在竞争效应。等离子体粒子模拟方法的特点在于通过跟踪大量单个微观粒子的运动,再进行统计平均,来反映宏观物质的物理特性,避免了求解流体方程的复杂性,但计算量仍然很大。通过在粒子模拟方法中引入近似模型,极大地减少了两相体放电模拟的计算量。两相体DBD的计算结果表明,在单一气隙中,壁电荷与空间残留电荷均会加速电子崩向流注的转变；而在两相体中,壁电荷由于颗粒畸变电场的影响使壁电荷量增大,壁电荷的加速作用增强；空间残留电荷则由于颗粒的荷电效应导致其消耗电子的作用大于其增强电场的作用,空间残留电荷的加速作用减弱,有利于电子崩的融合。另外,两相体中颗粒强场区的电子崩发展速度会快于颗粒间气隙中的电子崩；由于颗粒强场区中电子崩的快速发展、以及颗粒的极化与荷电作用,导致颗粒间气隙的电场大幅度削弱,电子崩难以发展。无论在单一气隙或两相体中,多个电子崩的并行发展会加速电子崩向流注的转变,而多个流注的并行发展则会加快流注的发展速度。
针对两相体DBD进行了实验研究,发现两相体中颗粒的粒径与体积分数对放电形式具有影响,表面放电有抑制丝状放电的作用。在两相体中,电压-电荷的李萨茹图由单一气体中的平行四边形变为梭子形,放电形式相对单一气隙发生变化,在不同处会同时存在表面放电与丝状放电两种形式。两相体中表面放电要先于丝状放电发生,且表面放电与丝状放电不会在同一处发生,表面放电对于丝状放电具有抑制作用。这意味着颗粒强场区的放电削弱了颗粒间气隙的放电,实验结果与粒子模拟的结论相吻合,也否定了Nomura等提出的表面放电和丝状放电可能同时同地发生的推测,为Murphy、Rajanikanth等研究组得到的实验结果提供了解释。同时,随着颗粒体积分数的增大与粒径的减小,表面放电抑制丝状放电的作用增强。而且随着颗粒粒径的减小,放电功率减小,可能是表面放电的触发电压提高导致。另外,当颗粒粒径较大时,放电仅存在于极板和颗粒之间而无法贯通两个极板；当颗粒粒径减小时,放电通道则可通过颗粒形成表面放电,这也进一步证明了颗粒粒径影响放电形式的推断。
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has a large number of industrial applications since DBD is an important feasible method to produce atmospherical pressure non-equilibrium plasma, and DBD has been studied extensively in theoretical and experiments. However, due to the development of industrial applications including the activation of desulfurization catalyzer for flue gas by discharge plasma, materials handling, food preservation, and so on, there are more DBDs in two phase of mixture (TPM), which not only in the pure gas. At present, there are a few researches on DBD in TPM.
The paper mainly carried out theoretical and experimental researches on DBD in TPM, the result are as follows:
For the strong coupling TPM, the paper built an approximate dipole-energy model to calculate the local field distribution. The dipole-energy model is simple and effective, and its results are better than the ideal dipole model. If TPM has a large particle volume fraction or dielectric mismatch, the interaction between particles is large too. In this case, the ideal dipole model is invalid and the dipole-energy model is valid. Based on the dipole-energy model, a correction formula to calculate the saturation charge of particles in TPM is obtained. The formula shows that when the dielectric mismatch is large enough, the saturation charge mainly depends on particle volume fraction. Besides, according to the application of dipole-energy model on calculation of ionic flow field under high voltage transmission lines, dipole-energy model is verified to be feasible and effective in the complex problem, which provides the foundation for application of dipole-energy model on DBD in TPM in further.
For the discharge in TPM, the paper proposed the physical mechanism of discharge in TPM and the analytical formula to calculate the breakdown voltage of TPM. The results show that the particle size affects on the breakdown characteristics of TPM. There are three factors which affect the process of discharge in TPM:the field distortion; the particle captures electrons and hinders the development of avalanche; the particle absorbs photons. Based on the existing theories of gas discharge, the paper built the model of charge particles in avalanche; combined with the dipole-energy model, an analytical formula to calculate the short-gap breakdown voltage in TPM is derived. Calculations show that when particle size is large, breakdown voltage in TPM is lower than pure air; when particle size is smaller (micron), breakdown voltage in TPM is higher than pure air. Particle size also affects on the discharge form:when particle size is large, avalanche breaks on the particle surface, the discharge only occurs between particle and electrode; if the particle volume fraction is small, avalanche may jumps over the particle due to the photons; when particle size is small, avalanche can through the particle as surface discharge.
For DBD in TPM, the paper built a simple particle simulation model which takes into account multi-avalanche and electrostatic repulsion. The results show that the competition in the effects of particles on discharge. Plasma particle simulation is characterized by tracking the movement of a large number of individual microscopic particles and the statistical average to reflect the macroscopic physical properties of substances. The method can avoid the complexity of solving the fluid equations, however, the amount of calculation remains high. According to the approximation of model, the calculation of discharge in TPM is greatly reduced. The calculations show that in pure gas gap, the speed of avalanche changes to streamer can be accelerated by charge accumulated on dielectric plate and space charge; in TPM, the amount of charge on dielectric plate increases due to the field distortion by particles, so the effect of acceleration is strong; in TPM, due to the charge of particles, the effect of electrons capture is stronger than field distortion by space charge, the acceleration of space charge is weak, which is benefit for amalgamation of avalanches. Besides, the speed of avalanche on particle is higher than avalanche in gas between particles; due to the faster avalanche on particle, polarization and charge of particles, the filed in gas between particles is greatly reduced, then avalanche is difficult to develop. Whether in pure gas or in TPM, multi-avalanche accelerates the speed of avalanche changes to streamer, multi-streamer accelerates the speed of development of streamer.
For DBD in TPM, experimental results show that particles size and volume fraction affect the discharge form, and the surface discharge suppresses the filament discharge. In TPM, the Lissajous figure is a shuttle, which is different from the parallelogram shape in air. In TPM, there are two discharge forms:surface discharge and filament discharge, which can occur at the same time, but the different place. Surface discharge suppresses filament discharge, which means the discharge on particle suppresses the discharge in gap between particles. Experimental result is consistent with simulation, which also denies the conclusion of Nomura that surface discharge and filament discharge can occur at the same place and time, but provides the explanation to results of Murphy and Rajanikanth. When particle size is small or volume fraction is large, surface discharge suppresses filament discharge more. If particle size gets small, the onset voltage of surface discharge is reduced. Besides, experimental result shows that if particle size is large, discharge only occur at the place between particle and electrode; if particle is small, discharge can be through particle; this is the evidence of effect of particle size on discharge form.
本文的工作主要针对两相体DBD进行了理论和实验研究,取得如下成果：
针对强耦合两相体,建立了计算局部畸变电场的能量偶极子模型,该方法简单有效,优于传统的点偶极子模型。当两相体中介电差异或颗粒体积分数较大时,颗粒间相互作用较大,传统的点偶极子模型已经不再适用,可利用能量偶极子模型计算局部电场的分布。同时,在能量偶极子模型的基础上,获得了两相体中颗粒饱和荷电量的修正公式。发现当两相体中的介电差异大到一定程度时,颗粒的荷电量主要取决于颗粒的体积分数。另外,通过能量偶极子模型在HVDC输电线离子流场求解问题中的应用,验证了能量偶极子模型在复杂问题处理应用上的可行性与有效性,进一步为其在两相体放电等问题上的应用奠定了基础。
针对两相体放电,提出了两相体放电物理机制和计算击穿电压的近似解析模型,结果表明两相体的击穿特性存在粒径效应。提出影响两相体放电过程的三个因素：颗粒畸变电场、颗粒捕获电子和阻碍电子崩发展、电子发射以及吸收和发射光子。基于现有的气体放电理论模型,建立了有碰撞的颗粒荷电模型,结合计算颗粒畸变电场的能量偶极子模型,得到计算短间隙两相体击穿电压的表达式。计算表明,当颗粒粒径较大时,两相体击穿电压低于单一气体；当颗粒粒径较小时(微米级),两相体击穿电压高于单一气体。颗粒粒径对于放电形式也存在影响：当颗粒粒径较大时,电子崩会中断于颗粒表面,放电仅发生在颗粒与极板之间,如果颗粒体积分数较小则由于光辐射作用发生电子崩的跳跃；当颗粒粒径较小时,电子崩则可通过颗粒形成表面放电。
针对两相体DBD,建立了能同时考虑多电子崩扩散和静电排斥作用的粒子模拟简化模型,结果表明颗粒影响放电发展的作用存在竞争效应。等离子体粒子模拟方法的特点在于通过跟踪大量单个微观粒子的运动,再进行统计平均,来反映宏观物质的物理特性,避免了求解流体方程的复杂性,但计算量仍然很大。通过在粒子模拟方法中引入近似模型,极大地减少了两相体放电模拟的计算量。两相体DBD的计算结果表明,在单一气隙中,壁电荷与空间残留电荷均会加速电子崩向流注的转变；而在两相体中,壁电荷由于颗粒畸变电场的影响使壁电荷量增大,壁电荷的加速作用增强；空间残留电荷则由于颗粒的荷电效应导致其消耗电子的作用大于其增强电场的作用,空间残留电荷的加速作用减弱,有利于电子崩的融合。另外,两相体中颗粒强场区的电子崩发展速度会快于颗粒间气隙中的电子崩；由于颗粒强场区中电子崩的快速发展、以及颗粒的极化与荷电作用,导致颗粒间气隙的电场大幅度削弱,电子崩难以发展。无论在单一气隙或两相体中,多个电子崩的并行发展会加速电子崩向流注的转变,而多个流注的并行发展则会加快流注的发展速度。
针对两相体DBD进行了实验研究,发现两相体中颗粒的粒径与体积分数对放电形式具有影响,表面放电有抑制丝状放电的作用。在两相体中,电压-电荷的李萨茹图由单一气体中的平行四边形变为梭子形,放电形式相对单一气隙发生变化,在不同处会同时存在表面放电与丝状放电两种形式。两相体中表面放电要先于丝状放电发生,且表面放电与丝状放电不会在同一处发生,表面放电对于丝状放电具有抑制作用。这意味着颗粒强场区的放电削弱了颗粒间气隙的放电,实验结果与粒子模拟的结论相吻合,也否定了Nomura等提出的表面放电和丝状放电可能同时同地发生的推测,为Murphy、Rajanikanth等研究组得到的实验结果提供了解释。同时,随着颗粒体积分数的增大与粒径的减小,表面放电抑制丝状放电的作用增强。而且随着颗粒粒径的减小,放电功率减小,可能是表面放电的触发电压提高导致。另外,当颗粒粒径较大时,放电仅存在于极板和颗粒之间而无法贯通两个极板；当颗粒粒径减小时,放电通道则可通过颗粒形成表面放电,这也进一步证明了颗粒粒径影响放电形式的推断。
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has a large number of industrial applications since DBD is an important feasible method to produce atmospherical pressure non-equilibrium plasma, and DBD has been studied extensively in theoretical and experiments. However, due to the development of industrial applications including the activation of desulfurization catalyzer for flue gas by discharge plasma, materials handling, food preservation, and so on, there are more DBDs in two phase of mixture (TPM), which not only in the pure gas. At present, there are a few researches on DBD in TPM.
The paper mainly carried out theoretical and experimental researches on DBD in TPM, the result are as follows:
For the strong coupling TPM, the paper built an approximate dipole-energy model to calculate the local field distribution. The dipole-energy model is simple and effective, and its results are better than the ideal dipole model. If TPM has a large particle volume fraction or dielectric mismatch, the interaction between particles is large too. In this case, the ideal dipole model is invalid and the dipole-energy model is valid. Based on the dipole-energy model, a correction formula to calculate the saturation charge of particles in TPM is obtained. The formula shows that when the dielectric mismatch is large enough, the saturation charge mainly depends on particle volume fraction. Besides, according to the application of dipole-energy model on calculation of ionic flow field under high voltage transmission lines, dipole-energy model is verified to be feasible and effective in the complex problem, which provides the foundation for application of dipole-energy model on DBD in TPM in further.
For the discharge in TPM, the paper proposed the physical mechanism of discharge in TPM and the analytical formula to calculate the breakdown voltage of TPM. The results show that the particle size affects on the breakdown characteristics of TPM. There are three factors which affect the process of discharge in TPM:the field distortion; the particle captures electrons and hinders the development of avalanche; the particle absorbs photons. Based on the existing theories of gas discharge, the paper built the model of charge particles in avalanche; combined with the dipole-energy model, an analytical formula to calculate the short-gap breakdown voltage in TPM is derived. Calculations show that when particle size is large, breakdown voltage in TPM is lower than pure air; when particle size is smaller (micron), breakdown voltage in TPM is higher than pure air. Particle size also affects on the discharge form:when particle size is large, avalanche breaks on the particle surface, the discharge only occurs between particle and electrode; if the particle volume fraction is small, avalanche may jumps over the particle due to the photons; when particle size is small, avalanche can through the particle as surface discharge.
For DBD in TPM, the paper built a simple particle simulation model which takes into account multi-avalanche and electrostatic repulsion. The results show that the competition in the effects of particles on discharge. Plasma particle simulation is characterized by tracking the movement of a large number of individual microscopic particles and the statistical average to reflect the macroscopic physical properties of substances. The method can avoid the complexity of solving the fluid equations, however, the amount of calculation remains high. According to the approximation of model, the calculation of discharge in TPM is greatly reduced. The calculations show that in pure gas gap, the speed of avalanche changes to streamer can be accelerated by charge accumulated on dielectric plate and space charge; in TPM, the amount of charge on dielectric plate increases due to the field distortion by particles, so the effect of acceleration is strong; in TPM, due to the charge of particles, the effect of electrons capture is stronger than field distortion by space charge, the acceleration of space charge is weak, which is benefit for amalgamation of avalanches. Besides, the speed of avalanche on particle is higher than avalanche in gas between particles; due to the faster avalanche on particle, polarization and charge of particles, the filed in gas between particles is greatly reduced, then avalanche is difficult to develop. Whether in pure gas or in TPM, multi-avalanche accelerates the speed of avalanche changes to streamer, multi-streamer accelerates the speed of development of streamer.
For DBD in TPM, experimental results show that particles size and volume fraction affect the discharge form, and the surface discharge suppresses the filament discharge. In TPM, the Lissajous figure is a shuttle, which is different from the parallelogram shape in air. In TPM, there are two discharge forms:surface discharge and filament discharge, which can occur at the same time, but the different place. Surface discharge suppresses filament discharge, which means the discharge on particle suppresses the discharge in gap between particles. Experimental result is consistent with simulation, which also denies the conclusion of Nomura that surface discharge and filament discharge can occur at the same place and time, but provides the explanation to results of Murphy and Rajanikanth. When particle size is small or volume fraction is large, surface discharge suppresses filament discharge more. If particle size gets small, the onset voltage of surface discharge is reduced. Besides, experimental result shows that if particle size is large, discharge only occur at the place between particle and electrode; if particle is small, discharge can be through particle; this is the evidence of effect of particle size on discharge form.
引文
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