毛白杨4CL基因启动子及APX的结构与功能研究
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摘要
毛白杨(populus tomentosa Carr.)是我国北方地区广泛种植的本土树种,具有分布广、速生、丰产、材质优良及抗逆性强等特点,被广泛用于造纸等行业。毛白杨木质索和类黄酮的合成调节以及抗氧化系统的精确控制方面的研究比较薄弱。
4-香豆酸：辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase,4CL)位于苯丙烷类衍生物合成途径的分支点上,在植物中通常出基因家族编码。本论文以毛白杨作为植物材料,克隆分离了4个4CL基因家族成员启动子区,构建了GUS表达载体,并在转基因烟草中分析了4个启动子的组织特异性表达模式。在运用生物信息学软件对启动子中包含的顺式调控元件进行预测的基础上,采用5′缺失分析与EMSA结合的方法鉴定了Pto4CL2启动子重要调控域和关键顺式作用元件。
抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)是植物体内重要的H2O2清除系统——抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的关键酶。本文对毛白杨PtoAPX多个同工酶进行重组蛋白表达和分离纯化,并对其进行了酶活性测定和动力学分析；预测PtoAPX同工酶家族成员蛋白抗原表位,设计并合成抗原多肽制备多克隆抗体,结合胶体金免疫电镜技术研究其细胞器定位,并在转基因烟草中表达PtoAPX-GFP融合蛋白,结合激光共聚焦显微技术确认其亚细胞定位；构建PtoAPX基因正义双元表达载体转化烟草,检测转基因植株抗盐能力。
基于上述研究,得到如下主要结果：
1.首次克隆得到4个4CL家族成员基因启动子,生物信息学分析预测启动子区潜在的顺式调控元件发现,4个启动子中共包含了26种组织特异性表达元件和逆境响应顺式调控元件。
2.分别构建了4个启动子与GUS报告基因串联的植物表达载体并转化烟草。GUS活性分析表明,4个启动子驱动GUS的表达部位和表达模式有差异,其中Pto4CL4p和Pto4CL5p调控的表达模式比较接近。Pto4CL2p和Pto4CL3p驱动的组织特异性表达同时具有发育阶段特异性
3.通过比较Pto4CL2全长启动子与5′缺失动子-GUS融合载体转基因烟草的GUS活性,鉴定了调控该启动子表达的关键区域。结果发现-317～-292区域与表皮和花瓣的表达相关,而删除-266～-252区域则导致组织特异性表达的丧失和GUS活性的急剧下降。
4.凝胶阻滞实验检测发现Pto4CL2启动子中位于-264～-255区域的富含腺嘌呤和胞嘧啶的AC元件在其复杂的特异性表达模式的调控中起到关键作用。位于-252～-239区域中的脱落酸应答元件(ABRE)在该启动子的丛础表达中起正调控作用。这是首次在高等植物中研究Ⅱ类4CL的启动子调控元件
5.原核表达并纯化了PtoAPX2、PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7重组蛋白,酶动力学分析发现：三者对H2O2的Km。值较接近但PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7的Vmax值都在PtoAPX2的10倍以上,说明PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7对H2O2的清除效率明显高于PtoAPX2。 PtoAPX7对AsA的Km值和Vmax值都是三者中最高的,说明其适于迅速利用较高浓度的AsA。PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7都是在20℃和弱碱性环境中具有最高活性,但PtoAPX6能在较宽的酸碱性环境中保持高活性。
6.利用特异性抗原多肽免疫兔子,获得了分别与4个PtoAPX司工酶特异性结合的多克隆抗体,免疫电镜检测到PtoAPX6定位于杨树叶绿体,PtoAPX7定位于杨树线粒体。PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7与GFP融合蛋白在转基因烟草中的定位与免疫电镜结果一致。PtoAPX7是木本植物中发现的首个线粒体定位的APX
7. PtoAPX7正义转基因烟草与野生型烟草抗盐性比较显示,在盐胁迫条件下PtoAPX7转基因烟草体内水分的丧失量、H2O2水平、MDA含量均显著低于野生型烟草。说明PtoAPX7在转基因烟草中的过量表达能够有效提高植株的抗盐性。
本研究对Ⅱ类4CL启动子结构的分析初步揭示了其调控组织特异性表达的机理,为毛白杨次生代谢物质合成途径调控机制的研究提供了理论依据。PtoAPX酶学性质、亚细胞定位和提高植物抗盐性的研究为木本植物抗氧化系统的精确调控研究奠定了基础。
Chinese white poplar(Populus tomentosa Carr.) is a kind of native tree widely planted in northern China. With the characteristics of wide distribution, fast-growing speed, strong environmental stress resistance, high wood yield and excellent material quality, they are widely used in paper and other industries. The knowledge of the regulation of lignin and flavonoid synthesis and the precise control of antioxidant system in Populus tomentosa are limited.
4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is located on the branch point of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway.4CLs are encoded by an array of gene family members in plants. In this thesis, the promoters of four4CL gene family members were cloned from Populus tomentosa genome and the promoter-GUS fusion constructs were generated and transformed into tobacco. The tissue-specific expression patterns directed by the promoters were analyzed.5'deletion analysis were carried based on the bioinformatic prediction of cis-regulatory elements, and EMSA of synthetic probe were used to identify the key regulatory domains and cis-acting elements of Pto4CL2promoter.
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key enzyme of the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, which is an important H2O2scavenging system. Three recombinant PtoAPX isoenzymes were expressed and purified. The enzyme activity and kinetic parameters were measured. Antigen peptides representing APX enzyme epitopes were synthesized and used to raise multi-clonal rabbit antibodies. The subcellular localization of PtoAPX isoenzymes was detected by immunogold electron microscopy. The PtoAPX-GFP fusion proteins were expressed in transgenic tobacco and used for confirming the subcellular localization by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The PtoAPX gene over-expression vector was constructed and transformed into tobacco. Salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was measured.
Based on the above mentioned experiments, the following results were obtained:
1. The promoter regions of four4CL gene family members were cloned. A series of tissue-specific expression and stress response regulatory cis-elements were predicted in these promoters by bioinformatics analysis.
2. The plant expression vectors of the four promoter-GUS reporter gene were constructed and transformed into tobacco, respectively. Activity analysis showed that the GUS expression sites and expression patterns driven by four promoters are different. The expression patterns regulated by Pto4CL4p and Pto4CL5p were similar. The tissue-specific expression patterns directed by Pto4CL2p and Pto4CL3p were also developmental stage specific.
3. The expression patterns and activity of GUS directed by full-length and5'-delete Pto4CL2promoters were compared in transgenic tobacco to identify the regulatory regions of the promoter. The results showed that the-317to-292region associated with the expression in the epidermis and petals, and the deletion of the-266to-252nt region resulted in the loss of tissue specificity and a dramatic reduction in GUS activity.
4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) validated that an adenine and cytosine-rich (AC) element (-264to-255nt) and an abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE)(-242to-235nt) in the Pto4CL2promoter would have functions for the complex expression profile and efficient basal expression, respectively. These results characterized the key elements regulating the expression of class II4CL promoters in higher plants for the first time.
5. The recombinant PtoAPX2, PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7proteins were expressed and purified. Enzymatic kinetic analysis found that their Km values to H2O2are close but the Vmax values of PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7to H2O2are10times higher than that of PtoAPX2, indicating that the clearance of H2O2by PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7was more efficient than that by PtoAPX2. The Km and Vmax values of PtoAPX7to ascorbate (AsA) are higher than others, which suggests that PtoAPX7could be responsible for the removal of AsA in high concentration. PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7have the highest activity at20℃and weak alkaline environment, while PtoAPX6is able to maintain a high activity in a wide pH range.
6. Polypeptides were designed and synthesized to obtain the PtoAPX isozyme targeting polyclonal antibodies. With the help of these antibodies, PtoAPX6was located to chloroplast and PtoAPX7was located to mitochondria in poplar cells by immunogold electron microscopy. The subcellular location was consistent with that of PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7-GFP fusion protein detected in transgenic tobacco cells. PtoAPX7was the first mitochondria targeting APX found in woody plant.
7. The loss of water content, H2O2and MDA level of transgenic tobacco harboring sense PtoAPX7were significantly higher than those of the wild-type plants, which indicates that the salt tolerance of sense PtoAPX7transgenic tobacco was much higher. It suggests that PtoAPX7over-expression can effectively improve the salt resistance of plants.
Structural characterization of the promoter belonging to class II4CL would lay a foundation for revealing the machinery of the regulational spatial and temporal expression. And it will provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of the secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Populus tomentosa.The study of PtoAPX enzymatic properties, subcellular localization and salt resistence of transgenic plants laid an important foundation for the machinery of antioxidant system precise regulation in woody plants.
4-香豆酸：辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase,4CL)位于苯丙烷类衍生物合成途径的分支点上,在植物中通常出基因家族编码。本论文以毛白杨作为植物材料,克隆分离了4个4CL基因家族成员启动子区,构建了GUS表达载体,并在转基因烟草中分析了4个启动子的组织特异性表达模式。在运用生物信息学软件对启动子中包含的顺式调控元件进行预测的基础上,采用5′缺失分析与EMSA结合的方法鉴定了Pto4CL2启动子重要调控域和关键顺式作用元件。
抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)是植物体内重要的H2O2清除系统——抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的关键酶。本文对毛白杨PtoAPX多个同工酶进行重组蛋白表达和分离纯化,并对其进行了酶活性测定和动力学分析；预测PtoAPX同工酶家族成员蛋白抗原表位,设计并合成抗原多肽制备多克隆抗体,结合胶体金免疫电镜技术研究其细胞器定位,并在转基因烟草中表达PtoAPX-GFP融合蛋白,结合激光共聚焦显微技术确认其亚细胞定位；构建PtoAPX基因正义双元表达载体转化烟草,检测转基因植株抗盐能力。
基于上述研究,得到如下主要结果：
1.首次克隆得到4个4CL家族成员基因启动子,生物信息学分析预测启动子区潜在的顺式调控元件发现,4个启动子中共包含了26种组织特异性表达元件和逆境响应顺式调控元件。
2.分别构建了4个启动子与GUS报告基因串联的植物表达载体并转化烟草。GUS活性分析表明,4个启动子驱动GUS的表达部位和表达模式有差异,其中Pto4CL4p和Pto4CL5p调控的表达模式比较接近。Pto4CL2p和Pto4CL3p驱动的组织特异性表达同时具有发育阶段特异性
3.通过比较Pto4CL2全长启动子与5′缺失动子-GUS融合载体转基因烟草的GUS活性,鉴定了调控该启动子表达的关键区域。结果发现-317～-292区域与表皮和花瓣的表达相关,而删除-266～-252区域则导致组织特异性表达的丧失和GUS活性的急剧下降。
4.凝胶阻滞实验检测发现Pto4CL2启动子中位于-264～-255区域的富含腺嘌呤和胞嘧啶的AC元件在其复杂的特异性表达模式的调控中起到关键作用。位于-252～-239区域中的脱落酸应答元件(ABRE)在该启动子的丛础表达中起正调控作用。这是首次在高等植物中研究Ⅱ类4CL的启动子调控元件
5.原核表达并纯化了PtoAPX2、PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7重组蛋白,酶动力学分析发现：三者对H2O2的Km。值较接近但PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7的Vmax值都在PtoAPX2的10倍以上,说明PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7对H2O2的清除效率明显高于PtoAPX2。 PtoAPX7对AsA的Km值和Vmax值都是三者中最高的,说明其适于迅速利用较高浓度的AsA。PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7都是在20℃和弱碱性环境中具有最高活性,但PtoAPX6能在较宽的酸碱性环境中保持高活性。
6.利用特异性抗原多肽免疫兔子,获得了分别与4个PtoAPX司工酶特异性结合的多克隆抗体,免疫电镜检测到PtoAPX6定位于杨树叶绿体,PtoAPX7定位于杨树线粒体。PtoAPX6和PtoAPX7与GFP融合蛋白在转基因烟草中的定位与免疫电镜结果一致。PtoAPX7是木本植物中发现的首个线粒体定位的APX
7. PtoAPX7正义转基因烟草与野生型烟草抗盐性比较显示,在盐胁迫条件下PtoAPX7转基因烟草体内水分的丧失量、H2O2水平、MDA含量均显著低于野生型烟草。说明PtoAPX7在转基因烟草中的过量表达能够有效提高植株的抗盐性。
本研究对Ⅱ类4CL启动子结构的分析初步揭示了其调控组织特异性表达的机理,为毛白杨次生代谢物质合成途径调控机制的研究提供了理论依据。PtoAPX酶学性质、亚细胞定位和提高植物抗盐性的研究为木本植物抗氧化系统的精确调控研究奠定了基础。
Chinese white poplar(Populus tomentosa Carr.) is a kind of native tree widely planted in northern China. With the characteristics of wide distribution, fast-growing speed, strong environmental stress resistance, high wood yield and excellent material quality, they are widely used in paper and other industries. The knowledge of the regulation of lignin and flavonoid synthesis and the precise control of antioxidant system in Populus tomentosa are limited.
4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is located on the branch point of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway.4CLs are encoded by an array of gene family members in plants. In this thesis, the promoters of four4CL gene family members were cloned from Populus tomentosa genome and the promoter-GUS fusion constructs were generated and transformed into tobacco. The tissue-specific expression patterns directed by the promoters were analyzed.5'deletion analysis were carried based on the bioinformatic prediction of cis-regulatory elements, and EMSA of synthetic probe were used to identify the key regulatory domains and cis-acting elements of Pto4CL2promoter.
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key enzyme of the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, which is an important H2O2scavenging system. Three recombinant PtoAPX isoenzymes were expressed and purified. The enzyme activity and kinetic parameters were measured. Antigen peptides representing APX enzyme epitopes were synthesized and used to raise multi-clonal rabbit antibodies. The subcellular localization of PtoAPX isoenzymes was detected by immunogold electron microscopy. The PtoAPX-GFP fusion proteins were expressed in transgenic tobacco and used for confirming the subcellular localization by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The PtoAPX gene over-expression vector was constructed and transformed into tobacco. Salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was measured.
Based on the above mentioned experiments, the following results were obtained:
1. The promoter regions of four4CL gene family members were cloned. A series of tissue-specific expression and stress response regulatory cis-elements were predicted in these promoters by bioinformatics analysis.
2. The plant expression vectors of the four promoter-GUS reporter gene were constructed and transformed into tobacco, respectively. Activity analysis showed that the GUS expression sites and expression patterns driven by four promoters are different. The expression patterns regulated by Pto4CL4p and Pto4CL5p were similar. The tissue-specific expression patterns directed by Pto4CL2p and Pto4CL3p were also developmental stage specific.
3. The expression patterns and activity of GUS directed by full-length and5'-delete Pto4CL2promoters were compared in transgenic tobacco to identify the regulatory regions of the promoter. The results showed that the-317to-292region associated with the expression in the epidermis and petals, and the deletion of the-266to-252nt region resulted in the loss of tissue specificity and a dramatic reduction in GUS activity.
4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) validated that an adenine and cytosine-rich (AC) element (-264to-255nt) and an abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE)(-242to-235nt) in the Pto4CL2promoter would have functions for the complex expression profile and efficient basal expression, respectively. These results characterized the key elements regulating the expression of class II4CL promoters in higher plants for the first time.
5. The recombinant PtoAPX2, PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7proteins were expressed and purified. Enzymatic kinetic analysis found that their Km values to H2O2are close but the Vmax values of PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7to H2O2are10times higher than that of PtoAPX2, indicating that the clearance of H2O2by PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7was more efficient than that by PtoAPX2. The Km and Vmax values of PtoAPX7to ascorbate (AsA) are higher than others, which suggests that PtoAPX7could be responsible for the removal of AsA in high concentration. PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7have the highest activity at20℃and weak alkaline environment, while PtoAPX6is able to maintain a high activity in a wide pH range.
6. Polypeptides were designed and synthesized to obtain the PtoAPX isozyme targeting polyclonal antibodies. With the help of these antibodies, PtoAPX6was located to chloroplast and PtoAPX7was located to mitochondria in poplar cells by immunogold electron microscopy. The subcellular location was consistent with that of PtoAPX6and PtoAPX7-GFP fusion protein detected in transgenic tobacco cells. PtoAPX7was the first mitochondria targeting APX found in woody plant.
7. The loss of water content, H2O2and MDA level of transgenic tobacco harboring sense PtoAPX7were significantly higher than those of the wild-type plants, which indicates that the salt tolerance of sense PtoAPX7transgenic tobacco was much higher. It suggests that PtoAPX7over-expression can effectively improve the salt resistance of plants.
Structural characterization of the promoter belonging to class II4CL would lay a foundation for revealing the machinery of the regulational spatial and temporal expression. And it will provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of the secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Populus tomentosa.The study of PtoAPX enzymatic properties, subcellular localization and salt resistence of transgenic plants laid an important foundation for the machinery of antioxidant system precise regulation in woody plants.
引文
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