晋南平顺铁矿床成岩成矿作用及成矿预测
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摘要
平顺铁矿床位于山西省南部,是华北地区重要的矽卡岩型铁矿矿集区。矿石类型单一,矿化蚀变明显。铁矿体形态复杂,大小不一,主要赋存于中生代中性侵入体与中奥陶统碳酸盐岩接触带及附近。本文通过岩石学、地质年代学、地球化学、矿床学和找矿地质学综合研究,对平顺铁矿床成矿物质来源、运移和沉淀过程以及控矿因素等内容有了更进一步的认识,提出了岩体与矿床关系、矿床成因模式和找矿预测区及找矿方向。
平顺铁矿床位于太行山构造岩浆岩带南段,发育燕山期岩浆岩,首次获得橄榄角闪辉长岩和闪长岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,其成岩年龄分别为125.5±2.3Ma和123.4±1.7Ma,形成于早白垩世。杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学特征表明：(1)杂岩体岩石类型主要为橄榄角闪辉长岩、角闪闪长岩、闪长岩—二长闪长岩和正长岩以及闪长玢岩,辉长岩、角闪闪长岩中存在大量具有环带结构橄榄石、辉石、角闪石捕掳晶,闪长岩中发育有环带结构斜长石,电子探针分析显示,这些捕掳晶和具环带结构斜长石的核部显示主要来源于地幔,幔部具有壳幔岩浆混合成因的特点；(2)杂岩体具有低硅高镁,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损,和微弱Eu正异常；富集大离子亲石元素(如Sr、Ba、K),和亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti),说明岩浆起源于富集地幔,并受到下地壳物质的混染；(3)杂岩体La/Sm-La投图说明杂岩体形成与岩浆混合作用或者源区部分熔融程度有关,与结晶分离作用关系不大；(4)Sr-Nd、Pb同位素研究显示,杂岩体起源于EMI,并受到下地壳物质的混染,值得注意的是B001样品显示起源EMⅡ,可能受到古太平洋俯冲作用影响。考虑到平顺杂岩体成岩年代与太行山其它地区或者是整个华北地区岩浆岩形成年代大体一致(都集中在120-135Ma)和地球化学相似等特征,认为早白垩世整个太行山(华北)地区具有相同或相似的大地构造环境。基于此,提出了平顺杂岩体成因模式。
平顺铁矿床矿化蚀变分带明显,通过对蚀变带元素组成和蚀变矿物流体包裹体特征研究表明：(1)Fe质具有从岩体向围岩运移和Na质从围岩向岩体运移的特征；(2)成矿前(透辉石和石榴石)流体物理化学特征与成矿后(绿帘石和方解石)流体物理化学特征具有显著的变化,这可能是导致Fe质沉淀主导因素；(3)Fe质可以从岩体中心向围岩长距离运移的原因是,C1元素提供了载体,多期岩浆活动提供了动力和流体。矿(岩)石微量元素和稀土元素组成特征表明矿体与岩体具有一定的继承性,说明二者在成因关系密切。另外,矿(岩)石S-Pb同位素研究显示,S来源于地层,Pb来源比较复杂,地幔、造山带以及上地壳都有贡献。结合岩体的空间分布特征、岩浆侵位期次和时间间隔以及成矿物质来源、运移和沉淀等重要内容,建立成矿模式。
矿床(体)的空间定位主要受岩浆侵入体、褶皱和断层等因素控制。侵入体：平顺地区在空间上存在两岩浆岩带,通过地质构造组合、岩石学、地球化学、蚀变程度等内容综合研究认为：第一岩浆岩带属被动就位机制,岩体内部可形成呈捕虏体状赋存的铁矿体,岩体内部具有很好找矿潜力；第二岩浆岩带属主动就位机制,岩体内部捕虏体罕见,相应的铁矿床主要产于岩体与围岩接触带处；另外两岩浆岩带属于同一次岩浆作用事件,第二岩浆岩带可能是由第一岩浆带侧向侵位形成,二者在深部相连空间范围内很可能成矿。褶皱：决定岩浆岩总体分布,侵入体常常分布在褶皱背斜的核部,并作用于围岩形成层间破碎带和滑脱带,岩浆顺势沿着软弱层贯入、交代,形成铁矿体,并保留了原有背向斜构造特征。断层：矿区内主要存在三组断层,东西向古老断层、南北向伸展断层和北北东向次级断层。新老断层交叉形成断层交汇点,这些交汇点往往发生岩浆侵位和成矿作用,并空间上具有等距分布的特点,间距一般为4km～5km。
基于以上分析,总结了成矿规律,指出了找矿标志,并运用地质、磁法综合成矿预测方法开展成矿预测,提出了第三成矿区、芦沟北地段、北洛峡地段、隐伏矿体找、龙将沟岩体南缘、双井、落赛和东郊8处找矿预测区。
Located in the south of Shanxi province, Pingshun deposit is an important locality for skarn iron deposits in the North China. With single type and obvious mineralization and alteration zones, the ore bodies in various forms are hosted along the contact belt between the intrusives and carbonate rocks. On the basis of petrology, geochronology, geochemical, ore deposit geology and exploration and prospecting geology studies, this study makes investigation on source, migration, precipitation of materials and ore-controlling factors, proposing the relationship between rocks and deposits, the metallogenic model, prospecting targets and directions.
Located in the south Taihang mountains structural magmatic belt, Pingshun iron deposits have large of Yanshan epoch magmatic rocks. Zircon from olivine gabbro-diabase and diorite were first yield SHRIMP U-Pb ages of123.4±1.7Ma and125.5±2.3Ma respectively, formed in early cretaceous. Petrological and geochemical features of complex rocks show that:(1) complex rocks are mainly composed of olivine gabbro-diabase, hornblende diorite, diorite-monzodiorite, sinaite and dioritic porphyrite. Olive gabbro-diabas, hornblende diorite and diorite have olivine and pyroxene capture crystals and zonal structure plagioclase respectively, according to the dates by electron probe, the core of which indicates that they derived from mantle source, outside band from crust-mantle mixed source;(2) The complex rocks are of the similar geochemical features such as low slicon and high magnesium, enrichment of light REE with a weak positive anomaly of Eu, depletion of heavy REE, enrichment of LILE, especially Sr, Ba and K and depletion of HFSE, especially Nb, Ta and Ti, which indicate that the magma derived from earth mantle, mixing with the lower crustal matters.(3) The diagram of La/Sm-La shows that formations of complex rocks is closely related with magma mixing or degree of mantle partial melting, instead of fractional crystallization;(4) The research of Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic indicates that magma of complex rocks is originated from partial melting EMI, and mixed with the lower crustal matter. It is noticed that the B001sample is originated from EMII and resulted from subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Considering that the diagenetic ages of complex rock body in Pingshun agrees with the the magmatic formation of other parts of the Taihang Mountains or other regions in north China (120Ma～135Ma) sharing the similar geochemical features, it shows that they have the same tectonic environment in Early Cretaceous. Based on this, this study puts forward the genetic model of complex body.
The mineralized alteration zoning of iron ore deposit in Pingshun area are obvious. Through studying the composition of mineral elements in alteration zoning and the characteristics of fluid inclusions of alteration mineral, it proposes such features as follows: First, Fe migrates from rock mass to outward. To the contrary, Na migrates from the surrounding rock to inward. Second, the physicochemical characteristics of the fluid (diopside and garnet) before mineralization and the fluid characteristics of (epidote and calcite) after mineralization changed significantly, which may be the dominant factor that lead to Fe precipitation. Third, that Fe migrates from the center to wall rocks is due to Cl element functioning as a carrier and multiple magmatism resulting in power and fluid. The compositions of trace elements and REE indicated that orebody and rockmass have some of the inheritance, which can explain the phenomenon that they are closely related in the course of formation. In addition, the S-Pb isotope of rock (ore) indicated the following cases:S comes from the stratum, the source of Pb is more complex. Mantle, orogen and upper crust have a contribution to the source of Pb. Regarding the spatial distribution of rock, magma emplacement, and the interval of time and distribution of ore bodies as well as the material source, migration and precipitation etc. This study established the metallogenetic model.
The deposits'Spatial location is mainly controled by magmatic intrusions, folds, faults and other factors. Intrusions:There are two magmatic belts in Pingshun area. Based on the comprehensive study of tectonic association, petrology, geochemistry and wallrock alteration, this study points that the first magmatic belt is a passive mechanism. The xenolithediron body bearing in the rock that has excellent ore potential. The second magmatic belt is an active mechanism, in which Xenolith is hardly found while the iron body mainly exists in the boundary between rock and surrounding rocks. Meanwhile,both of the two magmatic belt belong to the same geological event. The second magmatic belt was resulted from lateral emplacement of the first magmatic belt, two of which are very likely to be connected in the deep and have mineralization. Folds:It decide the general distribution of magmatic rocks. Usually, magmatic intrusions distribute in the kernel part of the anticlinal folds. It also effects the surrounding rock, forming interlayered fractured zone and slippage, during which magma injection, metasomatism and mineralization took place along with weak layer penetration. On the basis of this, iron ore bodies are shaped and the original anticlinal folds tectonic are retained. Faults:there are three main faults in the study region, east-west ancient faults, south-north faults, and north north east to subprime faults. New faults penetrated with old faults, resulting in fault's intersections. Usually, in fault's intersections magma emplacement and metallogenic broke out, leading to the existence of rocks with the characteristics of isometric distribution in space and distance ranging from4km to5km.
Based on the comprehensive analyses and with geological settings mentioned above, the metallogenic regularity and the criteria for ore prospecting have been proposed. By applying the geologic and magnetic method, it points such8metallogenic prognosis as the third metallogenic belt, northern part of Lugou, Beiluoxia, concealed orebody, Long jianggou, Shuang jing, Luosai and Dongjiao
平顺铁矿床位于太行山构造岩浆岩带南段,发育燕山期岩浆岩,首次获得橄榄角闪辉长岩和闪长岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,其成岩年龄分别为125.5±2.3Ma和123.4±1.7Ma,形成于早白垩世。杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学特征表明：(1)杂岩体岩石类型主要为橄榄角闪辉长岩、角闪闪长岩、闪长岩—二长闪长岩和正长岩以及闪长玢岩,辉长岩、角闪闪长岩中存在大量具有环带结构橄榄石、辉石、角闪石捕掳晶,闪长岩中发育有环带结构斜长石,电子探针分析显示,这些捕掳晶和具环带结构斜长石的核部显示主要来源于地幔,幔部具有壳幔岩浆混合成因的特点；(2)杂岩体具有低硅高镁,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损,和微弱Eu正异常；富集大离子亲石元素(如Sr、Ba、K),和亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti),说明岩浆起源于富集地幔,并受到下地壳物质的混染；(3)杂岩体La/Sm-La投图说明杂岩体形成与岩浆混合作用或者源区部分熔融程度有关,与结晶分离作用关系不大；(4)Sr-Nd、Pb同位素研究显示,杂岩体起源于EMI,并受到下地壳物质的混染,值得注意的是B001样品显示起源EMⅡ,可能受到古太平洋俯冲作用影响。考虑到平顺杂岩体成岩年代与太行山其它地区或者是整个华北地区岩浆岩形成年代大体一致(都集中在120-135Ma)和地球化学相似等特征,认为早白垩世整个太行山(华北)地区具有相同或相似的大地构造环境。基于此,提出了平顺杂岩体成因模式。
平顺铁矿床矿化蚀变分带明显,通过对蚀变带元素组成和蚀变矿物流体包裹体特征研究表明：(1)Fe质具有从岩体向围岩运移和Na质从围岩向岩体运移的特征；(2)成矿前(透辉石和石榴石)流体物理化学特征与成矿后(绿帘石和方解石)流体物理化学特征具有显著的变化,这可能是导致Fe质沉淀主导因素；(3)Fe质可以从岩体中心向围岩长距离运移的原因是,C1元素提供了载体,多期岩浆活动提供了动力和流体。矿(岩)石微量元素和稀土元素组成特征表明矿体与岩体具有一定的继承性,说明二者在成因关系密切。另外,矿(岩)石S-Pb同位素研究显示,S来源于地层,Pb来源比较复杂,地幔、造山带以及上地壳都有贡献。结合岩体的空间分布特征、岩浆侵位期次和时间间隔以及成矿物质来源、运移和沉淀等重要内容,建立成矿模式。
矿床(体)的空间定位主要受岩浆侵入体、褶皱和断层等因素控制。侵入体：平顺地区在空间上存在两岩浆岩带,通过地质构造组合、岩石学、地球化学、蚀变程度等内容综合研究认为：第一岩浆岩带属被动就位机制,岩体内部可形成呈捕虏体状赋存的铁矿体,岩体内部具有很好找矿潜力；第二岩浆岩带属主动就位机制,岩体内部捕虏体罕见,相应的铁矿床主要产于岩体与围岩接触带处；另外两岩浆岩带属于同一次岩浆作用事件,第二岩浆岩带可能是由第一岩浆带侧向侵位形成,二者在深部相连空间范围内很可能成矿。褶皱：决定岩浆岩总体分布,侵入体常常分布在褶皱背斜的核部,并作用于围岩形成层间破碎带和滑脱带,岩浆顺势沿着软弱层贯入、交代,形成铁矿体,并保留了原有背向斜构造特征。断层：矿区内主要存在三组断层,东西向古老断层、南北向伸展断层和北北东向次级断层。新老断层交叉形成断层交汇点,这些交汇点往往发生岩浆侵位和成矿作用,并空间上具有等距分布的特点,间距一般为4km～5km。
基于以上分析,总结了成矿规律,指出了找矿标志,并运用地质、磁法综合成矿预测方法开展成矿预测,提出了第三成矿区、芦沟北地段、北洛峡地段、隐伏矿体找、龙将沟岩体南缘、双井、落赛和东郊8处找矿预测区。
Located in the south of Shanxi province, Pingshun deposit is an important locality for skarn iron deposits in the North China. With single type and obvious mineralization and alteration zones, the ore bodies in various forms are hosted along the contact belt between the intrusives and carbonate rocks. On the basis of petrology, geochronology, geochemical, ore deposit geology and exploration and prospecting geology studies, this study makes investigation on source, migration, precipitation of materials and ore-controlling factors, proposing the relationship between rocks and deposits, the metallogenic model, prospecting targets and directions.
Located in the south Taihang mountains structural magmatic belt, Pingshun iron deposits have large of Yanshan epoch magmatic rocks. Zircon from olivine gabbro-diabase and diorite were first yield SHRIMP U-Pb ages of123.4±1.7Ma and125.5±2.3Ma respectively, formed in early cretaceous. Petrological and geochemical features of complex rocks show that:(1) complex rocks are mainly composed of olivine gabbro-diabase, hornblende diorite, diorite-monzodiorite, sinaite and dioritic porphyrite. Olive gabbro-diabas, hornblende diorite and diorite have olivine and pyroxene capture crystals and zonal structure plagioclase respectively, according to the dates by electron probe, the core of which indicates that they derived from mantle source, outside band from crust-mantle mixed source;(2) The complex rocks are of the similar geochemical features such as low slicon and high magnesium, enrichment of light REE with a weak positive anomaly of Eu, depletion of heavy REE, enrichment of LILE, especially Sr, Ba and K and depletion of HFSE, especially Nb, Ta and Ti, which indicate that the magma derived from earth mantle, mixing with the lower crustal matters.(3) The diagram of La/Sm-La shows that formations of complex rocks is closely related with magma mixing or degree of mantle partial melting, instead of fractional crystallization;(4) The research of Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic indicates that magma of complex rocks is originated from partial melting EMI, and mixed with the lower crustal matter. It is noticed that the B001sample is originated from EMII and resulted from subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Considering that the diagenetic ages of complex rock body in Pingshun agrees with the the magmatic formation of other parts of the Taihang Mountains or other regions in north China (120Ma～135Ma) sharing the similar geochemical features, it shows that they have the same tectonic environment in Early Cretaceous. Based on this, this study puts forward the genetic model of complex body.
The mineralized alteration zoning of iron ore deposit in Pingshun area are obvious. Through studying the composition of mineral elements in alteration zoning and the characteristics of fluid inclusions of alteration mineral, it proposes such features as follows: First, Fe migrates from rock mass to outward. To the contrary, Na migrates from the surrounding rock to inward. Second, the physicochemical characteristics of the fluid (diopside and garnet) before mineralization and the fluid characteristics of (epidote and calcite) after mineralization changed significantly, which may be the dominant factor that lead to Fe precipitation. Third, that Fe migrates from the center to wall rocks is due to Cl element functioning as a carrier and multiple magmatism resulting in power and fluid. The compositions of trace elements and REE indicated that orebody and rockmass have some of the inheritance, which can explain the phenomenon that they are closely related in the course of formation. In addition, the S-Pb isotope of rock (ore) indicated the following cases:S comes from the stratum, the source of Pb is more complex. Mantle, orogen and upper crust have a contribution to the source of Pb. Regarding the spatial distribution of rock, magma emplacement, and the interval of time and distribution of ore bodies as well as the material source, migration and precipitation etc. This study established the metallogenetic model.
The deposits'Spatial location is mainly controled by magmatic intrusions, folds, faults and other factors. Intrusions:There are two magmatic belts in Pingshun area. Based on the comprehensive study of tectonic association, petrology, geochemistry and wallrock alteration, this study points that the first magmatic belt is a passive mechanism. The xenolithediron body bearing in the rock that has excellent ore potential. The second magmatic belt is an active mechanism, in which Xenolith is hardly found while the iron body mainly exists in the boundary between rock and surrounding rocks. Meanwhile,both of the two magmatic belt belong to the same geological event. The second magmatic belt was resulted from lateral emplacement of the first magmatic belt, two of which are very likely to be connected in the deep and have mineralization. Folds:It decide the general distribution of magmatic rocks. Usually, magmatic intrusions distribute in the kernel part of the anticlinal folds. It also effects the surrounding rock, forming interlayered fractured zone and slippage, during which magma injection, metasomatism and mineralization took place along with weak layer penetration. On the basis of this, iron ore bodies are shaped and the original anticlinal folds tectonic are retained. Faults:there are three main faults in the study region, east-west ancient faults, south-north faults, and north north east to subprime faults. New faults penetrated with old faults, resulting in fault's intersections. Usually, in fault's intersections magma emplacement and metallogenic broke out, leading to the existence of rocks with the characteristics of isometric distribution in space and distance ranging from4km to5km.
Based on the comprehensive analyses and with geological settings mentioned above, the metallogenic regularity and the criteria for ore prospecting have been proposed. By applying the geologic and magnetic method, it points such8metallogenic prognosis as the third metallogenic belt, northern part of Lugou, Beiluoxia, concealed orebody, Long jianggou, Shuang jing, Luosai and Dongjiao
引文
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