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中药临床试验对照使用的安慰剂生产工艺及质量标准的研究
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摘要
研究背景
     过去二十年来,中药临床测试中使用安慰剂对照的研究迅速增长。一个符合要求的安慰剂应具有与受试药物相同的特征,不含任何活性成分或毒性成分。由于研究者需向受试者说明试验性质、试验目的、可能的受益和风险、可供选用的其它治疗方法以及符合《赫尔辛基宣言》规定的受试者的权利和义务等,使受试者充分了解并签署知情同意书(Informed Consent Form),令受试者的依从性成为一个突出的问题。然而中医药从历史上就没有安慰剂效应的观念,现代有关的研究也鲜有描述所使用的安慰剂的制备、产品标准及其验证方法,由此可能影响到整个临床测试结果。
     目标
     研究安慰剂的制备方法,并建立认可的产品质量标准,为中药临床测试研究提供符合要求的安慰剂,确保盲法的成功实施。
     方法
     依照优良药品生产管理规范(GMP)的指引,制备四个不同剂型的安慰剂,包括有片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂和外用洗剂。利用草药粉、药用辅料或食物添加剂,制成产品具有受试中药的相同感官特征。并建立一套评估系统,检测对其形状、大小、质地、溶解性能,内外颜色、包装形式,以及观感评测规范,做好实施盲法的前期预备工作。将所制成并通过验证符合认可标准的安慰剂,分别用于四项中药临床测试中,其中三项为口服给药,一项为外用给药。
     结果
     所制备的四个安慰剂均能很好地模仿到受试中药的观感特征,但在气味与口味方面仍存在着可改善的研究空间。通过所建立的一套检测方法及评估系统,验证它们符合标准要求,分别供给四项中药临床测试中使用,成功实施盲法过程。
     结论
     本研究项目中的四个对照安慰剂的制备、产品标准及其评测方法已经被实践验证,当中解决具体问题的办法,可供其它中药临床测试使用对照安慰剂的制备和评估参考。中药安慰剂对照临床测试的设计、执行及核查制度中,应该要求必须具备安慰剂的制造及质量评估的数据。
Background The placebo-controlled clinical trials on Chinese medicine were rapidly increased in the past decade. A valid placebo should have the same specifications as the trial medicines, but contains nontoxic and inactive ingredients. The investigator needs to explain to the subject the nature, aim, potential risks and hazards of the trial, other available treatment methods and the subject' s rights and responsibilities as prescribed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent is may be obtained only after the subject fully understands the explanations. However there was no placebo concept in traditional Chinese mediciine, and the articles of clinical trials rarely described the manufacturing procedures, product requirements or the validation methods. Thus the patient compliance becomes a critical issue since it may cause a great variation.
    Objective To formulate recognized and standardized placebos for placebo controlled clinical studies on Chinese medicine to ensure the implement of blinding.
    Methods Placebos were formulated in tablet/capsule/granule/powder dosage forms in compliance with GMP guidelines. They were made from herbal powders, pharmaceutical excipients and/or food additives to match up the sensory specifications defined as the trial Chinese medicines. A systematic evaluation method has been established including the specific size and shape, texture, solubility, the color inside and outside, the routine dosage form examinations and packaging, also the sensory evaluations, to get well prepare for blind performance. The four validated placebos were respectively used in four double blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies, which of three for oral use and one for external use.
    Results The produced placebos well matched in the sensory appearances of trial proprietary Chinese medicines. But the taste and odor still need more development work for improvement of matching the trial medicines. The four placebos were validated by the systematic evaluation method established so that the blind clinical trials were conducted successfully.
    Conclusion The four placebos were validated to serve in the placebo-controlled clinical trials respectively. The manufacturing procedures, product specifications and the validation methods could be mature to serve as a reference for the invigilators in placebo-controlled clinical trials on Chinese medicine. The placebo product information should be included as part of the documental requirements in the preparation, implementation and verification of a clinical study.
引文
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    51.冯丽英、张玉敏、彭祝宪、姚希贤,中西医结合疗法对消化性溃疡愈合及复发的双盲对照研究,中华腹部疾病杂志,2003 Vol.3 No.3
    52.王冬兰、程义勇、洪燕、李树田、肖锦腾、南文考,补充复合营养素改善认知功能的研究,营养学报,2004 Vol.26 No.5
    53.贾宏晓、唐永怡、江镇康、曹欣冬、袁海宁、张继志,健脾补肾法治疗精神分裂症认知损害的临床观察,北京中医药大学学报,2004 Vol.27 No.5
    54.陆伦根、曾民德、茅益民、万谟彬、李成忠、陈成伟、傅青春、王吉耀、余为民、蔡雄、叶军、周霞秋、王晖、巫善明、唐美芳、朱金水、陈维雄,氧化苦参碱治疗慢性乙型肝炎的随机双盲对照多中心研究,中华肝脏病杂志,2004 Vol.12 No.10
    55.王玉革、靳士立、闫珉、王显金、许丽荣,银杏叶片合并氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的对照研究,山东精神医学,2004 Vol.17 No.4
    56.李洁、宓铭、仲伟鉴、董妙珠,富铬茶叶对血糖的调节作用研究,上海预防医学,2001 Vol.13 No.2
    57.王义方、李华芳、徐一峰、张玉麟、许得盛、肖丽敏、李晓明,落花生枝叶制剂治疗失眠症的临床全盲验证观察,上海中医药杂志,2001 Vol.35 No.5
    58.全亚萍,天宁饮治疗偏头痛58例临床研究,江苏中医药,2004 Vol.25 No.9
    59.王琦、杨吉相、李国信、夏仲元、王斌、李贤初、胡海翔、毕焕洲、徐福松、何映、林天东,疏肝益阳胶囊治疗勃起功能障碍多中心随机对照试验,北京中医药大学学报,2004 Vol.27 No.4
    60.尹珊珊、王宝恩、王泰龄、贾继东、钱林学,复方861治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化与早期肝硬化的临床研究,中华肝脏病杂志,2004 Vol.12 No.8
    61.王阶、荆鲁、衷敬柏、王永炎、马丽红、刘剑刚,血府逐瘀汤拆方临床研究,中国中药杂志,2004 Vol.29 No.8
    62.徐国柱、段砺瑕、刘闯、高维毅、王者风、徐本树、蔡志基,扶正康冲剂用于海洛因依赖脱毒双盲对照临床试验研究,中国药物滥用防治杂志,2002 No.4
    63.王晞星、李廷荃、肖汉玺、黄穗平、周福生、张剑宇、孙建明,胃逆康胶囊治疗反流性食管炎临床观察,山西中医,2004 Vol.20 No.1
    64.薄世宁、梁琪、张淑文、王宝恩,中药912胶囊及其不同组分对急性感染患者甲襞微循环影响作用的临床研究,临床和实验医学杂志,2002 Vol.1 No.2
    65.李素云、李建生、马利军、周庆伟、李成海,补肺益肾颗粒对COPD缓解期患者细胞外基质的影响,中国中医药信息杂志,2003 Vol.10 No.9
    66.刘金洪、王永华、楼兰花、朱祥成、李经,天鼓冲剂对药物性耳聋干预作用的临床与实验研究,中国中医药科技,2002 Vol.9 No.3
    67.肖年来、杨伟仁,腰腿灵胶囊治疗腰椎间盘突出症35例临床观察,湖南中医药导报,2002 Vol.8 No.4
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    69.马寰、谢颖桢、张伯礼、张云岭、王永炎、宫涛、陈汝兴、王荫华,健脑益智颗粒治疗血管性痴呆的随机双盲临床研究,中国中西医结合杂志,2002 Vol.22 No.8
    70.张虹、李晓、何维友、王洪星、于福恩,乌灵胶囊加尼莫地平治疗偏头痛的临床研究,中国综合临床,2002 Vol.18 No.9
    71.徐旭日、刘峙、杨一丁,多效益脑口服液治疗脑梗死临床研究,山东中医药大学学报,2002 Vol.26 No.3
    72.李静、康林、张树森、黄明生、李国海、孙学礼、陈颖梅、李昆玫,参附脱毒胶囊与可乐定控制海洛因依赖戒断症状的随机双盲对照研究,中国药物依赖性杂志,2002 Vol.11 No.2
    73.沈自尹、郭为民、陈瑜,补肾方对老年人T细胞凋亡相关基因群转录的调控模式研究,中国老年学杂志,2002 Vol.22 No.4
    74.徐国柱、蔡志基、邓艳萍、刘亚利、王伟、周羡梅、沈小珩、诸杜明、陈清棠、朱天岳、高慧珍、潘以正,蝎毒注射液镇痛效果及安全性临床评价,中国药学杂志,2002 Vol.37 No.6
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    78.吴辉、陈宇鹏、卢丽萍、丁有钦、冼绍祥、黄衍寿,保心康治疗气阳虚型充血性心力衰竭的临床研究,中药新药与临床药理,2000 Vol.11 No.05
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    80.鲁珊妹、何瑞瑾、应健、陈伟华、王文健、沈自尹、许得盛,右归饮、四君 子汤、桃红四物汤调节肾虚、脾虚、血瘀证患者免疫功能的观察,中国中西医结合杂志,1999 Vol.19 No.12
    81.薛殿彬、迟少雷、邹国起、姜正林、胡海全,口服干姜粉预防晕船的效果观察,中华航海医学杂志,1999 Vol.6 No.1
    82.詹皓、胡永华、徐李、许庆元、余杰、丁宇慧、王红、罗新民,茶多酚对飞行人员球结膜微循环的作用,中华航空航天医学杂志,1999 Vol.10 No.1
    83.王建华、潘怀耿、徐颂芬、李常青、左光明、刘凤斌、叶富强、李茹柳、陈蔚文,连香胶囊治疗胃脘痛的临床观察与药理实验研究,中药新药与临床药理,1999 Vol.10 No.5
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