日粮精粗比对断奶初期犊牛瘤胃内环境及粗饲料降解的影响
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摘要
选用3头三月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊(体重约100kg)，按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计，喂给三种日粮。日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为：Ⅰ、70：30；Ⅱ、60：40：Ⅲ、50：50，试验共设3期，每期16天，其中预试期10天，正式期6天。研究日粮精粗比对断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内环境指标包括pH值、氨氮、纤毛虫及微生物蛋白的影响及不同精粗比下苜蓿、新疆芦苇和高寒地区小黑麦的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)以及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内动态降解率及降解参数。
试验结果表明：
1．本研究各精料比例分别为70、60和50，瘤胃液pH和NH_3-N的变化幅度均处于正常范围之内，不同精粗比日粮之间断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内pH差异显著(p＜0.05)，随日粮精料水平提高，pH降低；精粗比为70：30日粮组瘤胃内PH显著低于其它处理组(p＜0.05)。根据瘤胃12h动态变化，各处理组奶公犊在进食后6h瘤胃pH达到最低水平；不同精粗比日粮组成下奶公犊瘤胃液氨氮差异极显著(p＜0.01)，精粗比为70：30日粮组氨氮浓度显著高于精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50(p＜0.01)。本试验中各处理组NH_3-N在采食后2～3h升至最高值，后逐渐下降；同时，各组试验牛的瘤胃NH_3-N较高应与pH值较低有关。
2．本研究各精料比例分别为70、60和50，瘤胃纤毛虫数量明显少于成年健康牛，表明此阶段奶公犊瘤胃发育不完善，不同精粗比日粮的纤毛虫数量表明精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50日粮显著高于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异极显著(p＜0.01)。同时，本试验研究发现：精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50日粮处理组瘤胃MCP显著高于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异极显著(p＜0.01)。
3．本研究通过尼龙袋法(in situ)表明：不同精粗比日粮组成下苜蓿、新疆芦苇和高寒地区小黑麦，当饲喂精粗比为60：40日粮时，其CP的降解率明显低于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异显著(p＜0.05)，低于50：50日粮，差异不显著(p＞0.05)；其DM和NDF的降解率显著高于精粗比为70：30和50：50的日粮，差异显著(p＜0.05)。
Three rumen fistulated Holstein calf (BW: 100±5kg) with three months were used at the different proportions in 3×3 Latin square design, and breed three diets. The composition diets with forage to concentrate ratio, I,70:30; II ,60:40;III,50:50.The experiment was composed of three stages ,every period 16 days, including 10 days trying period and 6 days formality period. To study the effect of metabolic parameters of rumen fluid with different forage to concentrate ratio in the weaning initial stage calf.included pH,NH_3-N,Protozoan and Microbial Crude Protein and the DM,CP and NDF of degradation in rumen of the initial stage of weaning calf about the Alfalfa hay, the reed in Xinjiang and the triticale within different forage to concentrate ratio.
1. The experiment results indicated that dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 70:30,60:40 and 50:50, the change of their rumen fluid were the range of normal.meanwhile, the rumen of calf pH were obvious different each group diets(p<0.05), with the higher level of concentrate, pH were lower. The dietary forage to concentrate ratio of 70:30 the rumen of pH were notability different other groups(p<0.01).In accordance with the change of rumen fluid 12h ,the pH of each group was the lowest after feeding 6h and NH_3-N were notability different other groups diets(p< 0.01). Each group of the experiment was the highest after feeding 2~3h, thereafter came to descent. As the same time, each team of rumen fluid NH3-N was higher in relation to the lower pH.
2. The experiment results indicated that the Protozoan were obvious less than health cow and showed that the period of calf's rumen development is not perfectable. The Protozoan and MCP of rumen with different composition diets the dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 60: 40 and 50:50 were notability different 70:30 group diet (p<0.01) .
3. The experiment results through in situ indicated that dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 60: 40 the CP of vanish coefficients and degradability coefficients in rumen were obvious lower than other diets(p<0.05 ), meanwhile, the DM and NDF of vanish coefficients and degradability coefficients in rumen were obvious higher than other diets(p<0.05 ).
试验结果表明：
1．本研究各精料比例分别为70、60和50，瘤胃液pH和NH_3-N的变化幅度均处于正常范围之内，不同精粗比日粮之间断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内pH差异显著(p＜0.05)，随日粮精料水平提高，pH降低；精粗比为70：30日粮组瘤胃内PH显著低于其它处理组(p＜0.05)。根据瘤胃12h动态变化，各处理组奶公犊在进食后6h瘤胃pH达到最低水平；不同精粗比日粮组成下奶公犊瘤胃液氨氮差异极显著(p＜0.01)，精粗比为70：30日粮组氨氮浓度显著高于精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50(p＜0.01)。本试验中各处理组NH_3-N在采食后2～3h升至最高值，后逐渐下降；同时，各组试验牛的瘤胃NH_3-N较高应与pH值较低有关。
2．本研究各精料比例分别为70、60和50，瘤胃纤毛虫数量明显少于成年健康牛，表明此阶段奶公犊瘤胃发育不完善，不同精粗比日粮的纤毛虫数量表明精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50日粮显著高于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异极显著(p＜0.01)。同时，本试验研究发现：精粗比为60：40日粮和50：50日粮处理组瘤胃MCP显著高于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异极显著(p＜0.01)。
3．本研究通过尼龙袋法(in situ)表明：不同精粗比日粮组成下苜蓿、新疆芦苇和高寒地区小黑麦，当饲喂精粗比为60：40日粮时，其CP的降解率明显低于精粗比为70：30日粮，差异显著(p＜0.05)，低于50：50日粮，差异不显著(p＞0.05)；其DM和NDF的降解率显著高于精粗比为70：30和50：50的日粮，差异显著(p＜0.05)。
Three rumen fistulated Holstein calf (BW: 100±5kg) with three months were used at the different proportions in 3×3 Latin square design, and breed three diets. The composition diets with forage to concentrate ratio, I,70:30; II ,60:40;III,50:50.The experiment was composed of three stages ,every period 16 days, including 10 days trying period and 6 days formality period. To study the effect of metabolic parameters of rumen fluid with different forage to concentrate ratio in the weaning initial stage calf.included pH,NH_3-N,Protozoan and Microbial Crude Protein and the DM,CP and NDF of degradation in rumen of the initial stage of weaning calf about the Alfalfa hay, the reed in Xinjiang and the triticale within different forage to concentrate ratio.
1. The experiment results indicated that dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 70:30,60:40 and 50:50, the change of their rumen fluid were the range of normal.meanwhile, the rumen of calf pH were obvious different each group diets(p<0.05), with the higher level of concentrate, pH were lower. The dietary forage to concentrate ratio of 70:30 the rumen of pH were notability different other groups(p<0.01).In accordance with the change of rumen fluid 12h ,the pH of each group was the lowest after feeding 6h and NH_3-N were notability different other groups diets(p< 0.01). Each group of the experiment was the highest after feeding 2~3h, thereafter came to descent. As the same time, each team of rumen fluid NH3-N was higher in relation to the lower pH.
2. The experiment results indicated that the Protozoan were obvious less than health cow and showed that the period of calf's rumen development is not perfectable. The Protozoan and MCP of rumen with different composition diets the dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 60: 40 and 50:50 were notability different 70:30 group diet (p<0.01) .
3. The experiment results through in situ indicated that dietary forage to concentrate ratios of 60: 40 the CP of vanish coefficients and degradability coefficients in rumen were obvious lower than other diets(p<0.05 ), meanwhile, the DM and NDF of vanish coefficients and degradability coefficients in rumen were obvious higher than other diets(p<0.05 ).
引文
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[2] Willms C L,Berger L L,Merchen N R, et al. Effects of supplemental protein source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid supply and feediot performance of lambs fed diets based on lakaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw.J Anita Sci, 1991, 69 (12) :4925-4938.
[3] 韩正康．非一般日粮调控瘤胃代谢及提高反刍动物饲料利用率的研究[M]．畜牧与兽医．1987，19(2)：52-54．
[4] 姚文，陈杰等．稻草添加羟甲基尿素对水牛瘤胃纤维素消化代谢的影响[J]．南京农业大学学报．1996，19(1)：77-79．
[5] 柴巍中．瘤胃发酵调控的理论、方法、研究现状及最新进展[J]．中国农业大学学报．2000，46(4)：37-43
[6] Mackie R I. Gilehrist F M C. changes in lactate-producing and lactate-uilizing bacteria inrelation to PH in the rumen of sheep during step wise adaptation to a high-concentrate diet Appl. Environ .Microbiol. 1979,38:422-430.
[7] 刘敏雄编著．反刍动物消化生理学[M]．北京农业大学出版社．1991，1：45-46．
[8] Large Animal Veterinarian M ay／June 1996，6～12，mark branine，张庆才译．瘤胃生态系统的特点及日粮对其影响
[9] Baldwin R L, Allison M J. 1983.J.Animal Sci.,57(suppl.2):461.
[10] Mould F L. E Rorskov and S O Mann. Association effects of mixed feeds. In: Effects of type level of supplementation and the influence of rumen fluid PH on celluloses in vivo and the dry matter digestion of various roughages Anita,Feed Sci. Tech. 1983a,10:15-30.
[11] Dijkstra J. H D StC Neal, D E Beever and J France. Simulation of nutrient digestion, absorption and outflow in the rumen:model,deseription. Journal of Nutrition. 1992, 122: 2239-2256.
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