黄土高原不同防护类型农田土壤风蚀防控效应研究
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摘要
土壤风蚀荒漠化是当前人类面临的重大全球性环境问题,困扰着人类社会的生存和发展。而风沙运动所引起的土壤风蚀是沙质荒漠化主要表现形式之一。
本文以黄土高原土壤风蚀区农田耕地、防护林地和退耕还林还草地为研究对象,采用野外定点试验、定位观测和室内分析相结合的方法,利用PC-3型多通道可移动式自动气象站和梯度沙尘集沙器对不同植被模式的农田进行观测。主要研究内容如下:
(1)研究区大风和沙尘暴发生的时空分布特征:根据该区近半个世纪的气象资料,分析土壤风蚀发生发展的趋势,确立引起风蚀发生的大风日数和沙尘暴的时空分布特征,为土壤风蚀防控措施的设计和布置提供理论依据。
(2)保护性耕作措施对土壤风蚀防控的研究:按田间作物生长季节情况分作物生长季节防控和农田休闲季节防控两部分内容。在作物生长季节,播种前后和作物生长初期是风蚀发生的高发期,采用不同耕作措施来改变下垫面状况,增加地表粗糙度和覆盖度,提高土壤表层湿度,增强土壤颗粒之间的凝聚力,提升临界摩阻速度来防治风蚀的发生,同时考察作物的生长状况和产量性状。在农田休闲季节,通过对不同覆盖措施和留茬高度的比较试验为研究对象,分析其对近地表风况和风蚀物运移的影响,开展防风阻沙作用的研究。
(3)防护林带(网)对农田防风效应的研究:以不同农田防护林(网)对降低旷野风速为研究对象,对干旱、半干旱土壤风蚀区的林带结构和防风效应进行调查研究,定量分析疏透度、透风系数、林带宽度、树高以及林带走向等因子对风速运动变化的效应。
(4)退耕地人工林草植被对土壤风蚀防控效应的研究:在相同天气、相同立地条件下对不同类型人工植被的小气候、土壤质地和水分、覆盖度、地表粗糙度和风蚀量进行测定,研究不同下垫面风场中覆盖度、粗糙度、风速、沙尘量以及风力衰减等问题。
通过对以上研究得出以下结论:
(1)大风发生的次数90年代以前呈逐年上升趋势,之后便开始回落,而沙尘暴发生的频次逐年增加,发生强度有逐渐增强的趋势。从发生的季节来看,春季是大风和沙尘暴的主要发生时段,而陕西省北部在夏季也有零星的发生。
(2)不同耕作措施均能有效地减少大风引起的沙尘颗粒运动,起垄覆膜膜侧种植模式的风蚀量与常规耕作相比降低了28.32%,产量较常规耕作提高了27.28%;覆盖措施可使旷野风速降低,玉米秸秆覆盖B试验的风速较裸耕地50cm处降低了30.69%～31.36%;留茬可以明显减少土壤风蚀量,比常规翻耕减少57.38%,比不留茬减少47.58%, 40cm留茬处理是最佳的留茬高度。
(3)稀疏结构林带防风效应最高可达34.27%,平均为32.69%,且林冠层和林干层疏透度存在差异时防风效应较好;窄林带(林带宽度≤5H)比宽林带(林带宽度>5H)防风效果好;随着林带高度的增加防风效应增强;随着风向和林带夹角正弦值的增加风速降低30%的有效防护距离增大;当气流进入林网区域后,前4条林带呈减弱趋势,减幅最大的是第1条林带,经过第4条林带后风速开始恢复。
(4)不同人工植被模式能够增加地表覆盖度,降低近地表风速,有效降低风沙流的搬运能力。混交林为最佳植被模式,其覆盖度有叶期达到了75%以上,无叶期也达到30%以上,而且混交林根系与土壤进行穿插、缠绕和固结,增强土壤抗蚀能力,并消弱风力作用,减少风蚀发生的可能。
总之,起垄、覆盖和覆膜等保护性措施、防护林、退耕地不同人工植被可以防控土壤风蚀的发生,同时作物生长状况和产量性状将直接影响当地农民的经济效益;在黄土高原土壤风蚀区特殊的气候条件、地理位置和地质状况等因素背景下研究防蚀和增产机制,具有创新性。这些对改善该区生态环境和作物生产条件以及对促进保护性耕作的推广与发展、防护林的结构配置与营造技术、退耕还林模式选择等具有重要的现实和理论意义。
Soil wind erosion and desertification are important environmental problems, which affect the survival and development of human society. And sand movement caused by soil wind erosion is one of the main manifestations of sandy desertification.
Farmlands in the Loess Plateau soil wind erosion area, shelter and resumed forests or grasslands from farmlands were used as the research object, fixed-point field tests, located observation and laboratory were adopted as analysis methods, PC-3 multi-channel portable automatic weather station and gradient sand dust collection device were used to observe different vegetation model farmland. The main research contents were as follows:
(1) The strong winds and sandstorms spatial and temporal distribution characteristics: According to the weather data, analyzed the trends of the occurrence and development of wind erosion, established the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the occurrence days of strong winds and sandstorms that caused wind erosion, provided theoretical basis for the design and layout of soil wind erosion prevention and control measures.
(2) The soil wind erosion prevention and control effect of conservation tillage: According to the crop growing season, growing season prevention and control and slack farming season prevention and control were divided. In the crop growing season, before and after planting and early growth period were the peak period of wind erosion, different tillage measures were used to change the surface condition, increased surface roughness and coverage, improved the soil surface moisture, enhanced the cohesion between soil particles, and enhanced the critical friction speed to prevent the occurrence of wind erosion, at the same time reviewed the growth status and yield of crop. In the slack farming season, the effect on the near-surface wind and soil wind erosion sediment migration were analyzed through the comparative experiment between different mulching methods and stubble height, and studies on wind prevention and sand resistance were carried out.
(3) The wind farm effect of shelter belt (net): Different shelter belts (net) were chose to reduce wind speed, investigated shelterbelt structure and the effect of windbreak in arid and semi-arid areas, the effects of transparence degree, ventilate coefficient, belt width, tree height, forest belt trend and other factors on the wind speed movement changes were quantitative analyzed.
(4) The soil wind erosion prevention and control effect of plantation grass vegetation: In the same weather and site condition, microclimate, soil texture and moisture, coverage, surface roughness and amount of wind erosion of different types of artificial vegetation were mensurated, different surface wind field coverage, roughness, wind speed, sand dust, wind attenuation and so on were studied.
The conclusions showed that:
(1) The occurrence frequency of strong winds showed an upward trend before 1990 and then declined, while the occurrence frequency of dust storms increased year after year, the occurrence intensity gradually increased also. From the occurrence season, strong winds and dust storms mainly occurred in the spring, and sporadic occurrence in the summer in the northern of Shaanxi Province.
(2) Wind-induced movement of dust particles was effectively reduced by different tillage measures, the amount of wind erosion of ridging the land and covering membrane patterns was 28.32% lower than the conventional tillage, and the production increased 27.28%; The wind speed was reduced by coverage measures in wilderness, at 50cm height the wind speed of corn straw mulch test B reduced 30.69% ~ 31.36% than bare land; The amount of swind erosion was significantly reduced by stubble, reduced 57.38% than conventional tillage, reduced 47.58 % than nor-stubble, 40cm was the best stubble height.
(3) The wind effects of sparse forest structure could up to 34.27%, the average was 32.69%, and when the transparence degree had differences between forest canopy and trunk layer the wind effect was better; The narrow belt windbreak (belt width≤5H) was better than the width belt windbreak (belt width> 5H); The wind effect enhanced with the belt height increased; The wind speed reduced by 30% effective protection distance increased with the angle value of sinusoidal between wind direction and belt increased; When the airflow entering into the forest net region, the first four forest belts before showed weakened trend, the reduction of the first belt was largest, after the first four forest belts the wind speed began to recover.
(4) Different models of artificial vegetation could increase surface coverage, reduce the near-surface wind speed, and effectively reduce the handling capacity of wind flow. Mixed forest vegetation was the best model, and its coverage was more than 75% in leaf stage, and more than 30% in non-leaf stage. The roots mixed with the soil, so the soil anti-erodibility enhanced, and the wind weakened, and the occurrence of wind erosion reduced.
In conclusion, ridging, covering and film mulching, shelter, plantation grass vegetation can prevent and control the occurrence of soil wind erosion, and crop conditions and yield directly affected the economic benefits of local farmers. And studying on the anti-corrosion and yield mechanism in the Loess Plateau, has an important practical and theoretical significance of the ecological environment and conditions of crop production improvement, the conservation tillage promotion and developement, the shelterbelt structure technology configuration and creation, as well as the model selection of returning farmland to forest.
本文以黄土高原土壤风蚀区农田耕地、防护林地和退耕还林还草地为研究对象,采用野外定点试验、定位观测和室内分析相结合的方法,利用PC-3型多通道可移动式自动气象站和梯度沙尘集沙器对不同植被模式的农田进行观测。主要研究内容如下:
(1)研究区大风和沙尘暴发生的时空分布特征:根据该区近半个世纪的气象资料,分析土壤风蚀发生发展的趋势,确立引起风蚀发生的大风日数和沙尘暴的时空分布特征,为土壤风蚀防控措施的设计和布置提供理论依据。
(2)保护性耕作措施对土壤风蚀防控的研究:按田间作物生长季节情况分作物生长季节防控和农田休闲季节防控两部分内容。在作物生长季节,播种前后和作物生长初期是风蚀发生的高发期,采用不同耕作措施来改变下垫面状况,增加地表粗糙度和覆盖度,提高土壤表层湿度,增强土壤颗粒之间的凝聚力,提升临界摩阻速度来防治风蚀的发生,同时考察作物的生长状况和产量性状。在农田休闲季节,通过对不同覆盖措施和留茬高度的比较试验为研究对象,分析其对近地表风况和风蚀物运移的影响,开展防风阻沙作用的研究。
(3)防护林带(网)对农田防风效应的研究:以不同农田防护林(网)对降低旷野风速为研究对象,对干旱、半干旱土壤风蚀区的林带结构和防风效应进行调查研究,定量分析疏透度、透风系数、林带宽度、树高以及林带走向等因子对风速运动变化的效应。
(4)退耕地人工林草植被对土壤风蚀防控效应的研究:在相同天气、相同立地条件下对不同类型人工植被的小气候、土壤质地和水分、覆盖度、地表粗糙度和风蚀量进行测定,研究不同下垫面风场中覆盖度、粗糙度、风速、沙尘量以及风力衰减等问题。
通过对以上研究得出以下结论:
(1)大风发生的次数90年代以前呈逐年上升趋势,之后便开始回落,而沙尘暴发生的频次逐年增加,发生强度有逐渐增强的趋势。从发生的季节来看,春季是大风和沙尘暴的主要发生时段,而陕西省北部在夏季也有零星的发生。
(2)不同耕作措施均能有效地减少大风引起的沙尘颗粒运动,起垄覆膜膜侧种植模式的风蚀量与常规耕作相比降低了28.32%,产量较常规耕作提高了27.28%;覆盖措施可使旷野风速降低,玉米秸秆覆盖B试验的风速较裸耕地50cm处降低了30.69%～31.36%;留茬可以明显减少土壤风蚀量,比常规翻耕减少57.38%,比不留茬减少47.58%, 40cm留茬处理是最佳的留茬高度。
(3)稀疏结构林带防风效应最高可达34.27%,平均为32.69%,且林冠层和林干层疏透度存在差异时防风效应较好;窄林带(林带宽度≤5H)比宽林带(林带宽度>5H)防风效果好;随着林带高度的增加防风效应增强;随着风向和林带夹角正弦值的增加风速降低30%的有效防护距离增大;当气流进入林网区域后,前4条林带呈减弱趋势,减幅最大的是第1条林带,经过第4条林带后风速开始恢复。
(4)不同人工植被模式能够增加地表覆盖度,降低近地表风速,有效降低风沙流的搬运能力。混交林为最佳植被模式,其覆盖度有叶期达到了75%以上,无叶期也达到30%以上,而且混交林根系与土壤进行穿插、缠绕和固结,增强土壤抗蚀能力,并消弱风力作用,减少风蚀发生的可能。
总之,起垄、覆盖和覆膜等保护性措施、防护林、退耕地不同人工植被可以防控土壤风蚀的发生,同时作物生长状况和产量性状将直接影响当地农民的经济效益;在黄土高原土壤风蚀区特殊的气候条件、地理位置和地质状况等因素背景下研究防蚀和增产机制,具有创新性。这些对改善该区生态环境和作物生产条件以及对促进保护性耕作的推广与发展、防护林的结构配置与营造技术、退耕还林模式选择等具有重要的现实和理论意义。
Soil wind erosion and desertification are important environmental problems, which affect the survival and development of human society. And sand movement caused by soil wind erosion is one of the main manifestations of sandy desertification.
Farmlands in the Loess Plateau soil wind erosion area, shelter and resumed forests or grasslands from farmlands were used as the research object, fixed-point field tests, located observation and laboratory were adopted as analysis methods, PC-3 multi-channel portable automatic weather station and gradient sand dust collection device were used to observe different vegetation model farmland. The main research contents were as follows:
(1) The strong winds and sandstorms spatial and temporal distribution characteristics: According to the weather data, analyzed the trends of the occurrence and development of wind erosion, established the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the occurrence days of strong winds and sandstorms that caused wind erosion, provided theoretical basis for the design and layout of soil wind erosion prevention and control measures.
(2) The soil wind erosion prevention and control effect of conservation tillage: According to the crop growing season, growing season prevention and control and slack farming season prevention and control were divided. In the crop growing season, before and after planting and early growth period were the peak period of wind erosion, different tillage measures were used to change the surface condition, increased surface roughness and coverage, improved the soil surface moisture, enhanced the cohesion between soil particles, and enhanced the critical friction speed to prevent the occurrence of wind erosion, at the same time reviewed the growth status and yield of crop. In the slack farming season, the effect on the near-surface wind and soil wind erosion sediment migration were analyzed through the comparative experiment between different mulching methods and stubble height, and studies on wind prevention and sand resistance were carried out.
(3) The wind farm effect of shelter belt (net): Different shelter belts (net) were chose to reduce wind speed, investigated shelterbelt structure and the effect of windbreak in arid and semi-arid areas, the effects of transparence degree, ventilate coefficient, belt width, tree height, forest belt trend and other factors on the wind speed movement changes were quantitative analyzed.
(4) The soil wind erosion prevention and control effect of plantation grass vegetation: In the same weather and site condition, microclimate, soil texture and moisture, coverage, surface roughness and amount of wind erosion of different types of artificial vegetation were mensurated, different surface wind field coverage, roughness, wind speed, sand dust, wind attenuation and so on were studied.
The conclusions showed that:
(1) The occurrence frequency of strong winds showed an upward trend before 1990 and then declined, while the occurrence frequency of dust storms increased year after year, the occurrence intensity gradually increased also. From the occurrence season, strong winds and dust storms mainly occurred in the spring, and sporadic occurrence in the summer in the northern of Shaanxi Province.
(2) Wind-induced movement of dust particles was effectively reduced by different tillage measures, the amount of wind erosion of ridging the land and covering membrane patterns was 28.32% lower than the conventional tillage, and the production increased 27.28%; The wind speed was reduced by coverage measures in wilderness, at 50cm height the wind speed of corn straw mulch test B reduced 30.69% ~ 31.36% than bare land; The amount of swind erosion was significantly reduced by stubble, reduced 57.38% than conventional tillage, reduced 47.58 % than nor-stubble, 40cm was the best stubble height.
(3) The wind effects of sparse forest structure could up to 34.27%, the average was 32.69%, and when the transparence degree had differences between forest canopy and trunk layer the wind effect was better; The narrow belt windbreak (belt width≤5H) was better than the width belt windbreak (belt width> 5H); The wind effect enhanced with the belt height increased; The wind speed reduced by 30% effective protection distance increased with the angle value of sinusoidal between wind direction and belt increased; When the airflow entering into the forest net region, the first four forest belts before showed weakened trend, the reduction of the first belt was largest, after the first four forest belts the wind speed began to recover.
(4) Different models of artificial vegetation could increase surface coverage, reduce the near-surface wind speed, and effectively reduce the handling capacity of wind flow. Mixed forest vegetation was the best model, and its coverage was more than 75% in leaf stage, and more than 30% in non-leaf stage. The roots mixed with the soil, so the soil anti-erodibility enhanced, and the wind weakened, and the occurrence of wind erosion reduced.
In conclusion, ridging, covering and film mulching, shelter, plantation grass vegetation can prevent and control the occurrence of soil wind erosion, and crop conditions and yield directly affected the economic benefits of local farmers. And studying on the anti-corrosion and yield mechanism in the Loess Plateau, has an important practical and theoretical significance of the ecological environment and conditions of crop production improvement, the conservation tillage promotion and developement, the shelterbelt structure technology configuration and creation, as well as the model selection of returning farmland to forest.
引文
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