强变形诱导铝合金析出相低温回溶现象及应用基础研究
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摘要
在强变形过程中合金中第二相质点(或析出相)的低温回溶是一个新的、重要的微观现象,对时效强化型合金制定新的热处理技术原型具有潜在的重要意义。为了对这一现象有更深入细致的了解,本文通过硬度测试,透射电镜(TEM)观察分析,X射线衍射分析(XRD)及小角度X射线散射(SAXS)分析等方法,以Al-Zn-Mg-Cu、Al-Mg-Si、Al-Cu合金为试验材料,对强变形诱导铝合金析出相低温回溶现象及应用基础进行了研究。试验得出:
铝合金在不同方式下的强烈塑性变形过程中都可发生析出相低温回溶,此现象与温度无关,是一个独立于温度之外的显微组织新变化,但其效果与升温回溶时的析出相回归相同。析出相在低温等径角挤压(ECAP)和多向压缩(MAC)中的演变分四个阶段:析出相与位错的相互作用;析出相形态的改变;析出相破碎;析出相回溶。
在等径角挤压(ECAP)引起析出相回溶的研究资料中,出现合金硬度变化规律很不一致的现象。本文研究了Al-4.1%Cu合金在室温ECAP,MAC变形时硬度变化规律。得出:在等值应变ε=0.4-8.6范围内,硬度的变化规律有三种。一是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大而上升,上升至一定程度后出现下降,下降至硬度谷值后重新上升;二是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大不产生硬度下降,但当变形量增至一定程度后硬度将出现饱和值;三是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大而一直呈上升趋势,在较大的等值应变范围内,硬度不出现饱和值。试验证实,含析出相的Al-Cu在强变形过程中,其硬度变化是加工硬化与析出相回溶软化的综合结果。由于界面结构各异的析出相在强塑性变形过程中的回溶速度不同,导致硬度变化规律各不相同。
Al-Cu合金强塑性变形诱导析出相回溶后形成的过饱和固溶体,如果继续进行变形,当变形量增大到一定程度后,将分解出析出相。此时,析出相的析出顺序与常规态过饱和固溶体分解的析出顺序不同,过渡相析出被抑制,直接形成稳定相。Al-Cu合金强塑性变形诱导析出相回溶形成的过饱和固溶体,在变形停止后再时效时,显著加速再时效析出过程,但析出相的析出顺序与加热温度、变形量及变形后的晶粒尺寸相关。当加热温度足够消除变形量产生的高应力,则析出顺序为过渡相→稳定相;当加热温度不能消除大变形产生的高应力,而且晶粒超细化时,则再析出时过渡相被抑制,直接生成稳定相。
析出相低温回溶速度对铝合金的强塑性变形方法和工艺的选择具有直接的影响,试验得出:无论是在何种强塑性变形方式下,析出相的回溶都需要在一定的变形量下才能发生,相同类型或不同类型的析出相其回溶速度均随变形量的增大而增加;不同类型相界面结构的析出相在相同的变形方式下,回溶所需要的变形量不同。Al-Cu合金三种析出相中,与基体呈共格关系的θ″析出相回溶所需要的应变量最小,呈半共格关系的θ′析出相次之,呈非共格关系的θ相回溶所需要的应变量最大;相同相界面析出相在不同的变形方式下,回溶所需要的变形量不同。采用小角度X射线散射定量分析研究了θ′相在ECAP和MAC变形过程中的有效尺寸及体积分数变化。在两种强变形过程中都发现随着应变量的增加析出相尺寸和体积分数均下降。但θ′相在MAC变形中比在ECAP变形中尺寸及体积分数下降的快。试验表明,变形速率对析出相的回溶速度有影响。高变形速率的多向压缩变形,Al-Cu合金三种析出相回溶需要的变形量比低变形速率所需的变形量小。
本文在综合大量试验观察与试验数据结果后认为:强变形过程中的应变使析出相的应变能和界面能升高是强变形诱导析出相低温回溶的热力学驱动力。Al-Cu合金在强塑性形变过程中出现的低温回溶现象是强变形下引起析出相的自由能增大值显著大于母相自由能的增大值后,将出现的溶解自发过程。提出“畸变自由能假说”、“临界晶核尺寸说”解释低温强变形过程中硬度变化规律与析出相低温回溶之间的关系。本文研究了Al-Cu合金在多向压缩变形中析出相低温回溶现象对晶粒细化和热稳定性的影响。得出:Al-Cu合金固溶态试样在MAC变形过程中的晶粒细化速度明显高于含析出相的试样,含θ′析出相试样的晶粒细化程度又稍高于含θ析出相的试样。
强变形后形成的细晶粒Al-Cu合金,当退火温度低于约200℃时,固溶态、含θ′相与含θ相三种相态的试样其晶粒尺寸与高角晶界的百分数基本上没有变化。只有在250℃退火1小时,才引起晶粒尺寸与高角晶界比例的增大。当退火温度低于200℃时,因强变形造成的基体晶格畸变仍然存在,使未分解的过饱和回溶体在晶界上析出颗粒状的θ稳定相;只有当退火温度超过250℃时,消除了基体的晶格畸变,才能在晶内生成细小的介稳定相(θ″、θ′)。
强变形诱导析出相低温回溶现象在铝合金上的应用基础研究是利用高角晶界超细等轴晶粒与强变形诱导析出相低温回溶后的过饱和固溶体再时效分解来实现应力处理与热处理的配合,使强变形组织与时效组织达到最佳匹配状态的基础研究,以及铝合金获得最佳性能组合的新形变和时效工艺的基础研究,并在此基础上开发出具有我国独立知识产权的热处理新技术。
The re-dissolution of second phase particles during SPD is a new significant micro-phenomenon,which is of significance for developing a new heat-treatment technique of age hardening alloy.In order to investigate the re-dissolution phenomenon of precipitates and Its Application in Al alloy at low temperature during various SPD processes, the experimental materials such as Al-Cu,Al-Mg-Si and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy and corresponding different tempered condition such as supersaturated solid solution,GP-zone,metastable phase(e.g.θ″、θ′)and equilibrium phase(e.g.θ)were employed in this paper.SPD was performed by means of Equal-channel Angular Pressing(ECAP), multi-axial compression(MAC)and Gleeble-1500 simulated tester.The evolution of properties and microstructures was characterized by hardness measurement,optical microscope,transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and small-angle x-ray scattering(SAXS).
The results suggested that the re-dissolution phenomenon of precipitates may occur during all different SPD of Al alloys.This phenomenon is a new microstrutures evolution during SPD,independent of deformation temperature.This indicates SPD has the same effect as heating as for re-dissolution of particles.Re-dissolution evolution of precipitates during ECAP and MAC may be devided into four stages: interaction of precipitates with dislocations,the change of morphology of precipitates,breaking of precipitates and re-dissolution of precipitated phases.
Quite a lot of previous work presented a contradictory behavior of hardness variation due to re-dissolution of second phase during ECAP. Two kinds of severe plastic deformation such as ECAP and MAC of Al-Cu alloy were performed to understand this contradictory behavior in this work.The results suggested that in the equivilent strain range of 0.4 to 8.6 the behaviors of hardness variation coud be divided into three kinds. One is hardness of samples first increases to a peak value with increasing strain,and subsequently reduces to a minimum value with increasing strain,at last followed by a reincrease at the end of SPD.The second is the hardness of samples gradually increases to a saturated value with increasing strain,no reduction of hardness appears during SPD.The third one is the hardness of samples continuously increases with increasing strain,no saturated value of hardness appears in a quite large range of equivalent strain.It is suggested that the hardness variation is due to combined effect of strain hardening and starin softening caused by re-dissolution of precipitates during SPD of aged Al-Cu alloy.Different re-dissolution rate of precipitates in SPD is attributed to different interface structure between pricipitates and matrix(αphase),resulting in different behaviors of hardness evolution.
In SPD deformation processing of Al-Cu alloys,the supersaturated solid solution formed after re-dissolution of precipitated phase induce by SPD will decompose once again to form new precipitates when the increment of strains achieves a certain degree in following deformation process.Under this condition,the precipitates sequence is not identical with the decomposition of conventional supersaturated solid solution formed by heating,metastable phase are restrained,forming immediately equilibrium phase.During re-aging,the supersaturated solid solution formed by SPD induced re-dissolution of precipitated phase will accelerate remarkably the process of re-aging,but its precipitation sequence is related to heating temperature,strain degree and grain size after deformation.When heating temperature can completely eliminable the micro-distortions of matrix lattices produced by deformation,the precipitation sequence is metastable phases→equilibrium phases.When heating temperature cannot enough remove the high lattice distortion and grain ultra-refinemen,metastable phases will be inhibited,the equilibriμm phases will be directly formed.During the re-aging of Al-Cu alloys in which the re-dissolution of precipitates has generated and supersaturated solid solution has produced after SPD,GP-zone and metastable phases which possess the coherent and semi-coherent relation to parent phase have no the possibility of formation in interior of matrix,because they will lead distortion energy to increase and result in necessarily the volume free energy to arise.A equilibrium phase which is free of coherent relation to parent phase may diminish the strain within matrix and lower the volume free energy.
The re-dissolution rate of precipitated phases at low temperature effects immediately on the selection of procedure and technology of SPD of Al alloy.The research on this question has obtained that only when the strain attain to a definite quantity,the re-dissolution of precipitated phases can occur on matter what methods of SPD.All re-dissolution rate of each precipitated phase increases with increasing the strain.Under same deformation processing,the strain required by the re-dissolution of unlike precipitated phase is dissimilar because various precipitated phases have different interface between precipitate and matrix.For Al-Cu alloy, the strain needed by the re-dissolution ofθ″-phase with coherent relation to matrix is minimal,that ofθ′-phase with semi-coherent relation to matrix is second,and that ofθ-phase without coherent rotation to matrix is maximal.The strain required by re-dissolution is also unlike for the phases with similar interface under various SPD methods.The evolution of efficacious size and volume fraction ofθ′-phase in ECAP and MAC processes were quantitatively investigated using a small angle X-ray diffraction.The size and volume fraction all fall with an increase in the strains of two SPD processing,but the lowering of size and volume fraction of precipitated phases forθ′-phase is rapider in MAC deformation than in ECAP deformation.Here the experimental results indicated that the strain rates have a effect on the re-dissolution rate of precipitated.The strain needed by the re-dissolution rate of three precipitated phase in Al-Cu alloy is smaller at high strain rate than at low strain rate in double-axial compression.
On the basis of a great deal of observation and examination data,the authors considered that the thermal driving force of SPD induced re-dissolution at low temperature was the enhancement of strain and interface energies of precipitates.The re-dissolution phenomenon of Al-Cu alloy at low temperature caused by SPD is a spontaneous process when the increment of volume free energy of precipitated phases is larger than that of matrix.“deformation free energy hypothesis”and“A critical nuclei size hypothesis”are provided to interpret the relationship between the evolution of hardness and the re-dissolution of precipitates during SPD at room temperature,the difference between The re-dissolving of precipitated phases by SPD and Heating retrogression was analyzed according to the experiment results.
SPD induced re-dissolution of precipitated phases at low temperature is new important micro-phenomenon,and is a solution process under preserving simultaneously the SPD micro-structures.Therefore the parameters of size,shape and distribution of precipitated phases during following aging after SPD are different with that during conventional aging.If this phenomenon is utilized to strain processing and heat-treatment,strain strengthening and dispersion strengthening will attain to give fully play,and a new SPD and heat-treatment techniques with high properties of alloys or simple working technologies will been developed.We have do the research on that the phenomenon of re-dissolution of precipitated phases at low temperature effects on the refinement and thermo-stability of grains in MAC deformation of Al-Cu alloy.It was obtained in the investigation that the rate of grain refinement of solid solutioned specimen is higher than that of specimen containing precipitated phases,and that of specimen containingθ′-phases is slightly faster than that of specimen containingθ-phases.
The plasticity and toughness of ultra-finegrained structures may been improved inasmuch as the decrease of piled-up dislocations density and the abundant deformation of cellular structure resulted from the re-dissolution of precipitates in supersaturate solid solution and two phases alloy.Consequently,the re-dissolution of precipitates in SPD deformation is conducive to acquire a homogeneous ultra-fine equiaxed grains with high-angle boundaries,and leads the comprehensive mechanical properties of materials to reach a new level.When ultra-finegrained Al-Cu alloy produced by SPD are annealed at a temperature below 200℃,the grain size and high-angle boundary percentage are basically unchanging,it is only when annealing temperature surpasses 250℃that grain size and high-angle boundary percentage are all increased.When annealing temperature is below 200℃, supersaturated solid solution which has not occurred to decompose will precipitate into the granular particles of equilibriumθphase at grain boundary because the lattice distortion of matrix led by SPD still exists.It is only when the annealing temperature is high 250℃that the fine directional distribution of metastable phases(θ″、θ′)will form in the interior of grains inasmuch as the micro-distortion of matrix lattices has be completely eliminated.
Along with SPD techniques move towards industrial application from experimental room,acquiring the aluminum alloys with excellent comprehensive mechanical property will promote the utilization of ultra-fine grained Al alloys.The tendency of applied basic research of SPD induced re-dissolving phenomenon of precipitates at low temperature is to utilize the combination of stress-treatment and heat-treatment which produces ultrafine equiaxed grains separated by high-angle boundaries and the re-dissolution of precipitated phases and re-decomposition of supersaturated solid solution at re-aging after SPD, achieving the optimum matching of microstructure under severe plastic deformation with aging microstructure,and yielding a new technologies of strain and aging attained to optimum combination of mechanical properties.On this basis,stress-heat treatment which possesses a independent intellectual property right in our country will been developed.
铝合金在不同方式下的强烈塑性变形过程中都可发生析出相低温回溶,此现象与温度无关,是一个独立于温度之外的显微组织新变化,但其效果与升温回溶时的析出相回归相同。析出相在低温等径角挤压(ECAP)和多向压缩(MAC)中的演变分四个阶段:析出相与位错的相互作用;析出相形态的改变;析出相破碎;析出相回溶。
在等径角挤压(ECAP)引起析出相回溶的研究资料中,出现合金硬度变化规律很不一致的现象。本文研究了Al-4.1%Cu合金在室温ECAP,MAC变形时硬度变化规律。得出:在等值应变ε=0.4-8.6范围内,硬度的变化规律有三种。一是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大而上升,上升至一定程度后出现下降,下降至硬度谷值后重新上升;二是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大不产生硬度下降,但当变形量增至一定程度后硬度将出现饱和值;三是在强变形过程中,试样硬度随变形量增大而一直呈上升趋势,在较大的等值应变范围内,硬度不出现饱和值。试验证实,含析出相的Al-Cu在强变形过程中,其硬度变化是加工硬化与析出相回溶软化的综合结果。由于界面结构各异的析出相在强塑性变形过程中的回溶速度不同,导致硬度变化规律各不相同。
Al-Cu合金强塑性变形诱导析出相回溶后形成的过饱和固溶体,如果继续进行变形,当变形量增大到一定程度后,将分解出析出相。此时,析出相的析出顺序与常规态过饱和固溶体分解的析出顺序不同,过渡相析出被抑制,直接形成稳定相。Al-Cu合金强塑性变形诱导析出相回溶形成的过饱和固溶体,在变形停止后再时效时,显著加速再时效析出过程,但析出相的析出顺序与加热温度、变形量及变形后的晶粒尺寸相关。当加热温度足够消除变形量产生的高应力,则析出顺序为过渡相→稳定相;当加热温度不能消除大变形产生的高应力,而且晶粒超细化时,则再析出时过渡相被抑制,直接生成稳定相。
析出相低温回溶速度对铝合金的强塑性变形方法和工艺的选择具有直接的影响,试验得出:无论是在何种强塑性变形方式下,析出相的回溶都需要在一定的变形量下才能发生,相同类型或不同类型的析出相其回溶速度均随变形量的增大而增加;不同类型相界面结构的析出相在相同的变形方式下,回溶所需要的变形量不同。Al-Cu合金三种析出相中,与基体呈共格关系的θ″析出相回溶所需要的应变量最小,呈半共格关系的θ′析出相次之,呈非共格关系的θ相回溶所需要的应变量最大;相同相界面析出相在不同的变形方式下,回溶所需要的变形量不同。采用小角度X射线散射定量分析研究了θ′相在ECAP和MAC变形过程中的有效尺寸及体积分数变化。在两种强变形过程中都发现随着应变量的增加析出相尺寸和体积分数均下降。但θ′相在MAC变形中比在ECAP变形中尺寸及体积分数下降的快。试验表明,变形速率对析出相的回溶速度有影响。高变形速率的多向压缩变形,Al-Cu合金三种析出相回溶需要的变形量比低变形速率所需的变形量小。
本文在综合大量试验观察与试验数据结果后认为:强变形过程中的应变使析出相的应变能和界面能升高是强变形诱导析出相低温回溶的热力学驱动力。Al-Cu合金在强塑性形变过程中出现的低温回溶现象是强变形下引起析出相的自由能增大值显著大于母相自由能的增大值后,将出现的溶解自发过程。提出“畸变自由能假说”、“临界晶核尺寸说”解释低温强变形过程中硬度变化规律与析出相低温回溶之间的关系。本文研究了Al-Cu合金在多向压缩变形中析出相低温回溶现象对晶粒细化和热稳定性的影响。得出:Al-Cu合金固溶态试样在MAC变形过程中的晶粒细化速度明显高于含析出相的试样,含θ′析出相试样的晶粒细化程度又稍高于含θ析出相的试样。
强变形后形成的细晶粒Al-Cu合金,当退火温度低于约200℃时,固溶态、含θ′相与含θ相三种相态的试样其晶粒尺寸与高角晶界的百分数基本上没有变化。只有在250℃退火1小时,才引起晶粒尺寸与高角晶界比例的增大。当退火温度低于200℃时,因强变形造成的基体晶格畸变仍然存在,使未分解的过饱和回溶体在晶界上析出颗粒状的θ稳定相;只有当退火温度超过250℃时,消除了基体的晶格畸变,才能在晶内生成细小的介稳定相(θ″、θ′)。
强变形诱导析出相低温回溶现象在铝合金上的应用基础研究是利用高角晶界超细等轴晶粒与强变形诱导析出相低温回溶后的过饱和固溶体再时效分解来实现应力处理与热处理的配合,使强变形组织与时效组织达到最佳匹配状态的基础研究,以及铝合金获得最佳性能组合的新形变和时效工艺的基础研究,并在此基础上开发出具有我国独立知识产权的热处理新技术。
The re-dissolution of second phase particles during SPD is a new significant micro-phenomenon,which is of significance for developing a new heat-treatment technique of age hardening alloy.In order to investigate the re-dissolution phenomenon of precipitates and Its Application in Al alloy at low temperature during various SPD processes, the experimental materials such as Al-Cu,Al-Mg-Si and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy and corresponding different tempered condition such as supersaturated solid solution,GP-zone,metastable phase(e.g.θ″、θ′)and equilibrium phase(e.g.θ)were employed in this paper.SPD was performed by means of Equal-channel Angular Pressing(ECAP), multi-axial compression(MAC)and Gleeble-1500 simulated tester.The evolution of properties and microstructures was characterized by hardness measurement,optical microscope,transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and small-angle x-ray scattering(SAXS).
The results suggested that the re-dissolution phenomenon of precipitates may occur during all different SPD of Al alloys.This phenomenon is a new microstrutures evolution during SPD,independent of deformation temperature.This indicates SPD has the same effect as heating as for re-dissolution of particles.Re-dissolution evolution of precipitates during ECAP and MAC may be devided into four stages: interaction of precipitates with dislocations,the change of morphology of precipitates,breaking of precipitates and re-dissolution of precipitated phases.
Quite a lot of previous work presented a contradictory behavior of hardness variation due to re-dissolution of second phase during ECAP. Two kinds of severe plastic deformation such as ECAP and MAC of Al-Cu alloy were performed to understand this contradictory behavior in this work.The results suggested that in the equivilent strain range of 0.4 to 8.6 the behaviors of hardness variation coud be divided into three kinds. One is hardness of samples first increases to a peak value with increasing strain,and subsequently reduces to a minimum value with increasing strain,at last followed by a reincrease at the end of SPD.The second is the hardness of samples gradually increases to a saturated value with increasing strain,no reduction of hardness appears during SPD.The third one is the hardness of samples continuously increases with increasing strain,no saturated value of hardness appears in a quite large range of equivalent strain.It is suggested that the hardness variation is due to combined effect of strain hardening and starin softening caused by re-dissolution of precipitates during SPD of aged Al-Cu alloy.Different re-dissolution rate of precipitates in SPD is attributed to different interface structure between pricipitates and matrix(αphase),resulting in different behaviors of hardness evolution.
In SPD deformation processing of Al-Cu alloys,the supersaturated solid solution formed after re-dissolution of precipitated phase induce by SPD will decompose once again to form new precipitates when the increment of strains achieves a certain degree in following deformation process.Under this condition,the precipitates sequence is not identical with the decomposition of conventional supersaturated solid solution formed by heating,metastable phase are restrained,forming immediately equilibrium phase.During re-aging,the supersaturated solid solution formed by SPD induced re-dissolution of precipitated phase will accelerate remarkably the process of re-aging,but its precipitation sequence is related to heating temperature,strain degree and grain size after deformation.When heating temperature can completely eliminable the micro-distortions of matrix lattices produced by deformation,the precipitation sequence is metastable phases→equilibrium phases.When heating temperature cannot enough remove the high lattice distortion and grain ultra-refinemen,metastable phases will be inhibited,the equilibriμm phases will be directly formed.During the re-aging of Al-Cu alloys in which the re-dissolution of precipitates has generated and supersaturated solid solution has produced after SPD,GP-zone and metastable phases which possess the coherent and semi-coherent relation to parent phase have no the possibility of formation in interior of matrix,because they will lead distortion energy to increase and result in necessarily the volume free energy to arise.A equilibrium phase which is free of coherent relation to parent phase may diminish the strain within matrix and lower the volume free energy.
The re-dissolution rate of precipitated phases at low temperature effects immediately on the selection of procedure and technology of SPD of Al alloy.The research on this question has obtained that only when the strain attain to a definite quantity,the re-dissolution of precipitated phases can occur on matter what methods of SPD.All re-dissolution rate of each precipitated phase increases with increasing the strain.Under same deformation processing,the strain required by the re-dissolution of unlike precipitated phase is dissimilar because various precipitated phases have different interface between precipitate and matrix.For Al-Cu alloy, the strain needed by the re-dissolution ofθ″-phase with coherent relation to matrix is minimal,that ofθ′-phase with semi-coherent relation to matrix is second,and that ofθ-phase without coherent rotation to matrix is maximal.The strain required by re-dissolution is also unlike for the phases with similar interface under various SPD methods.The evolution of efficacious size and volume fraction ofθ′-phase in ECAP and MAC processes were quantitatively investigated using a small angle X-ray diffraction.The size and volume fraction all fall with an increase in the strains of two SPD processing,but the lowering of size and volume fraction of precipitated phases forθ′-phase is rapider in MAC deformation than in ECAP deformation.Here the experimental results indicated that the strain rates have a effect on the re-dissolution rate of precipitated.The strain needed by the re-dissolution rate of three precipitated phase in Al-Cu alloy is smaller at high strain rate than at low strain rate in double-axial compression.
On the basis of a great deal of observation and examination data,the authors considered that the thermal driving force of SPD induced re-dissolution at low temperature was the enhancement of strain and interface energies of precipitates.The re-dissolution phenomenon of Al-Cu alloy at low temperature caused by SPD is a spontaneous process when the increment of volume free energy of precipitated phases is larger than that of matrix.“deformation free energy hypothesis”and“A critical nuclei size hypothesis”are provided to interpret the relationship between the evolution of hardness and the re-dissolution of precipitates during SPD at room temperature,the difference between The re-dissolving of precipitated phases by SPD and Heating retrogression was analyzed according to the experiment results.
SPD induced re-dissolution of precipitated phases at low temperature is new important micro-phenomenon,and is a solution process under preserving simultaneously the SPD micro-structures.Therefore the parameters of size,shape and distribution of precipitated phases during following aging after SPD are different with that during conventional aging.If this phenomenon is utilized to strain processing and heat-treatment,strain strengthening and dispersion strengthening will attain to give fully play,and a new SPD and heat-treatment techniques with high properties of alloys or simple working technologies will been developed.We have do the research on that the phenomenon of re-dissolution of precipitated phases at low temperature effects on the refinement and thermo-stability of grains in MAC deformation of Al-Cu alloy.It was obtained in the investigation that the rate of grain refinement of solid solutioned specimen is higher than that of specimen containing precipitated phases,and that of specimen containingθ′-phases is slightly faster than that of specimen containingθ-phases.
The plasticity and toughness of ultra-finegrained structures may been improved inasmuch as the decrease of piled-up dislocations density and the abundant deformation of cellular structure resulted from the re-dissolution of precipitates in supersaturate solid solution and two phases alloy.Consequently,the re-dissolution of precipitates in SPD deformation is conducive to acquire a homogeneous ultra-fine equiaxed grains with high-angle boundaries,and leads the comprehensive mechanical properties of materials to reach a new level.When ultra-finegrained Al-Cu alloy produced by SPD are annealed at a temperature below 200℃,the grain size and high-angle boundary percentage are basically unchanging,it is only when annealing temperature surpasses 250℃that grain size and high-angle boundary percentage are all increased.When annealing temperature is below 200℃, supersaturated solid solution which has not occurred to decompose will precipitate into the granular particles of equilibriumθphase at grain boundary because the lattice distortion of matrix led by SPD still exists.It is only when the annealing temperature is high 250℃that the fine directional distribution of metastable phases(θ″、θ′)will form in the interior of grains inasmuch as the micro-distortion of matrix lattices has be completely eliminated.
Along with SPD techniques move towards industrial application from experimental room,acquiring the aluminum alloys with excellent comprehensive mechanical property will promote the utilization of ultra-fine grained Al alloys.The tendency of applied basic research of SPD induced re-dissolving phenomenon of precipitates at low temperature is to utilize the combination of stress-treatment and heat-treatment which produces ultrafine equiaxed grains separated by high-angle boundaries and the re-dissolution of precipitated phases and re-decomposition of supersaturated solid solution at re-aging after SPD, achieving the optimum matching of microstructure under severe plastic deformation with aging microstructure,and yielding a new technologies of strain and aging attained to optimum combination of mechanical properties.On this basis,stress-heat treatment which possesses a independent intellectual property right in our country will been developed.
引文
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