利用断裂带电阻率各向异性结构揭示区域构造演化过程的研究
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摘要
本文首先综述了目前世界范围内利用大地电磁测深(MT)数据探测地球上主要的大型断裂带/韧性剪切带的岩石圈电性结构的研究。从中可以看出,电磁各向异性已经成为该方面研究的一个突破口和热点。针对利用各向异性的方法研究断裂带的电性结构及演化过程这个中心点,主要完成以下几方面的工作：研究出一套较为完整的MT数据各向异性分析系统以及根据分析结果进行反演建模和解释的流程；较为完整的展示了加拿大大奴湖韧性剪切带(GSLsz)沿构造走向方向不同段的电阻率各向异性差异；最终据此揭示了研究区域的构造演化过程。
本文使用的MT数据采集于穿过大奴湖韧性剪切带(GSLsz)中段和西段的三条MT剖面。GSLsz是一条由古元古代北美大陆的Slave克拉通和Rae克拉通之间陆陆碰撞而形成的转换断裂带,目前早已失去活动性并且其上地壳的部分以及在漫长的历史演化过程中剥蚀掉,并且其西段被掩埋在西加拿大砂岩盖层之下。这些MT数据的分析揭示了地壳电性结构沿着构造走向方向的变化。我们开展了各向同性和各向异性的2-D和各向同性的3-D反演,这些反演模型揭示了西北地区和西北阿尔伯塔地区的不同的段位的不同的电性结构。在这三条剖面上,GSLsz都表现为高阻的区域(>5000Ωm)。在SNORCLE剖面上,这个高阻区域是10-20km宽,50km深。ABT和NAB剖面模型的高阻区域被限定到地壳深度内,并且切插到一个地壳内的、东倾的、位于20-25km的导体。结合前面我们做过的维性分析结果,这个高导体表现出一定的各向异性,这很有可能是由导电物质填充到定向排列的岩石裂隙中造成的,这些岩石孔隙可能是在1.97-1.90Ga以前的俯冲带边缘存在的。这些高导带被一个GSLsz中1.9-1.75Ga由于韧性剪切作用形成的高压变质(麻粒岩相)条件下形成的高阻带所切插。这就可以用来解释高阻带切插到东倾的各向异性层中的电阻率模型。高阻被解释为脱水的糜棱岩,并且很可能石墨是存在的,但由于在形变过程中出现的高温而不再互相连接。在发生了地壳汇聚增生的北阿尔伯塔地区更北端的GSLsz的中段由于缺乏俯冲、推覆以及汇聚增生就不存在这种各向异性／高导层,这个假设可以用这个区域的地震剖面所证实。
In this thesis, the studies of using magnetotelluric souding data imaging the lithothpheric structure of the major fault/shear zones are reviewed. From these studies, electrical anisotropy can be supposed to be one of the key breakthroughs and hotspots in this field. Thus, several problems as follow have been studied for the purpose of using electrical anisotropy to study the structure of fault zones. Firstly, a Matlab codes package named MT-DimAnisTools was developed to analyze the anisotropic feature of MT data with various dimentionality indicators. Then, based on the analysis results, isotropic and anisotrpic inversion and interpretation can be done. Finaly, according to the above procedure, MT data collected from GSLsz was analyzed and modeled. Regional tectonic processes had been revealed from the along-strike variations of the electrical anisotropic structure the GSLsz.
Three magnetotelluric (MT) profiles in northwestern Canada cross the central and western segments of Great Slave Lake shear zone (GSLsz), a continental scale structure active during the Slave-Rae collision in the Proterozoic. Dimensionality analysis indicates that the conductivity structure is approximately2-D with a geoelectric strike direction consistent with the dominant geological strike of N60°E and that electrical anisotropic structure can be inferred beneath the two southernmost profiles. Isotropic and anisotropic2-D inversion and isotropic3-D inversions show different resistivity structures on different segments of the shear zone. The GSLsz is imaged as a high resistivity zone (>5000Ω·m) on all three profiles that is10-20km wide and extends to a depth of at least50km on the northern profile. On the southern two profiles, the resistive zone is confined to the upper crust and pierces a crustal, east-dipping, conductor. Inversions show that this dipping conductor is anisotropic, likely caused by conductive materials filling in a network of fractures with a preferred spatial orientation. These conductive regions would have been disrupted by strike-slip, ductile deformation on the GSLsz accommodated by granulite to greenschist facies mylonite belts. The predominantly granulite facies mylonites are resistive and explain why the GSLsz appears as a resistive structure piercing the east-dipping anisotropic layer. The absence of a dipping anisotropic/conductive layer on the northern MT profile, located on the central segment of the GSLsz, is consistent with the lack of subduction or accretion at this location as predicted by geological and tectonic models.
本文使用的MT数据采集于穿过大奴湖韧性剪切带(GSLsz)中段和西段的三条MT剖面。GSLsz是一条由古元古代北美大陆的Slave克拉通和Rae克拉通之间陆陆碰撞而形成的转换断裂带,目前早已失去活动性并且其上地壳的部分以及在漫长的历史演化过程中剥蚀掉,并且其西段被掩埋在西加拿大砂岩盖层之下。这些MT数据的分析揭示了地壳电性结构沿着构造走向方向的变化。我们开展了各向同性和各向异性的2-D和各向同性的3-D反演,这些反演模型揭示了西北地区和西北阿尔伯塔地区的不同的段位的不同的电性结构。在这三条剖面上,GSLsz都表现为高阻的区域(>5000Ωm)。在SNORCLE剖面上,这个高阻区域是10-20km宽,50km深。ABT和NAB剖面模型的高阻区域被限定到地壳深度内,并且切插到一个地壳内的、东倾的、位于20-25km的导体。结合前面我们做过的维性分析结果,这个高导体表现出一定的各向异性,这很有可能是由导电物质填充到定向排列的岩石裂隙中造成的,这些岩石孔隙可能是在1.97-1.90Ga以前的俯冲带边缘存在的。这些高导带被一个GSLsz中1.9-1.75Ga由于韧性剪切作用形成的高压变质(麻粒岩相)条件下形成的高阻带所切插。这就可以用来解释高阻带切插到东倾的各向异性层中的电阻率模型。高阻被解释为脱水的糜棱岩,并且很可能石墨是存在的,但由于在形变过程中出现的高温而不再互相连接。在发生了地壳汇聚增生的北阿尔伯塔地区更北端的GSLsz的中段由于缺乏俯冲、推覆以及汇聚增生就不存在这种各向异性／高导层,这个假设可以用这个区域的地震剖面所证实。
In this thesis, the studies of using magnetotelluric souding data imaging the lithothpheric structure of the major fault/shear zones are reviewed. From these studies, electrical anisotropy can be supposed to be one of the key breakthroughs and hotspots in this field. Thus, several problems as follow have been studied for the purpose of using electrical anisotropy to study the structure of fault zones. Firstly, a Matlab codes package named MT-DimAnisTools was developed to analyze the anisotropic feature of MT data with various dimentionality indicators. Then, based on the analysis results, isotropic and anisotrpic inversion and interpretation can be done. Finaly, according to the above procedure, MT data collected from GSLsz was analyzed and modeled. Regional tectonic processes had been revealed from the along-strike variations of the electrical anisotropic structure the GSLsz.
Three magnetotelluric (MT) profiles in northwestern Canada cross the central and western segments of Great Slave Lake shear zone (GSLsz), a continental scale structure active during the Slave-Rae collision in the Proterozoic. Dimensionality analysis indicates that the conductivity structure is approximately2-D with a geoelectric strike direction consistent with the dominant geological strike of N60°E and that electrical anisotropic structure can be inferred beneath the two southernmost profiles. Isotropic and anisotropic2-D inversion and isotropic3-D inversions show different resistivity structures on different segments of the shear zone. The GSLsz is imaged as a high resistivity zone (>5000Ω·m) on all three profiles that is10-20km wide and extends to a depth of at least50km on the northern profile. On the southern two profiles, the resistive zone is confined to the upper crust and pierces a crustal, east-dipping, conductor. Inversions show that this dipping conductor is anisotropic, likely caused by conductive materials filling in a network of fractures with a preferred spatial orientation. These conductive regions would have been disrupted by strike-slip, ductile deformation on the GSLsz accommodated by granulite to greenschist facies mylonite belts. The predominantly granulite facies mylonites are resistive and explain why the GSLsz appears as a resistive structure piercing the east-dipping anisotropic layer. The absence of a dipping anisotropic/conductive layer on the northern MT profile, located on the central segment of the GSLsz, is consistent with the lack of subduction or accretion at this location as predicted by geological and tectonic models.
引文
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