电子垃圾拆解区新生儿体内重金属负荷及其对生物发育的影响
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摘要
研究背景现代科技飞速发展促使电子产品频繁地更新换代,一系列范围广泛且不断增加的电子淘汰品正以惊人的速度增长,已成为世界上增长最快的垃圾。全世界数量惊人的电子废弃物大多数出口至亚洲,这其中大部分进入中国,广东汕头贵屿镇就是世界电子废弃物终点站之一。电子废弃物又叫电子垃圾,其中含有种类繁多的有毒有害物,以重金属的危害尤为突出,如铅、镉、汞和六价铬等。如果回收处理不当,将给社会、环境、健康带来一系列严重问题,对当地环境和居民健康构成一定的威胁。贵屿镇有着近20年的电子垃圾回收拆解历史,以手工拆解为主的简单落后的处理方式已使当地环境中多种重金属的含量严重超标。而胎儿期是生长发育的关键时期,对有毒有害物质极为敏感,上述物质会对胎儿的生长发育造成极大的伤害。但迄今为止,针对电子垃圾回收拆解地区胎儿或新生儿体内重金属负荷水平的相关研究还未见报道。为此,我们以广东省汕头市贵屿镇作为研究现场,在对贵屿地区03年到07年新生儿出生情况进行调查之后,以当地新生儿为研究对象,结合母亲的问卷调查,先后2年对该镇新生儿体内的铅、镉和铬负荷状况进行监测;同时对δ氨基-γ-酮戊酸脱水酶(δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, ALAD)基因多态性、胎盘金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein, MT)表达、新生儿神经行为发育和脐带血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况进行研究,探讨环境重金属污染对新生儿生长发育的影响,综合评估不科学的电子垃圾回收拆解方式对这个人群健康的危害。
目的调查贵屿电子垃圾回收拆解区新生儿出生情况;监测当地新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷,分析其变化趋势;探讨影响新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷的因素;初步评估当地新生儿生长发育情况,评估不科学的电子垃圾回收处理方式对新生儿生长发育的影响。
方法首先采用回顾性调查的方式,以厦门妇幼保健院数据为对照组调查2003～2007年贵屿地区产妇及新生儿的生育和出生情况。其次以贵屿镇当地医院妇产科出生新生儿为暴露组研究对象,以潮南民生医院妇产科出生新生儿为对照组,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,分别对贵屿镇2006年及2007年当地出生新生儿脐带血铅、胎粪铅、脐带血镉、胎盘镉和脐带血铬水平进行监测,并以问卷形式对新生儿父母的家庭和工作环境状况进行调查。以限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)方法对新生儿ALAD基因型进行分析,采用链霉菌素-生物素(S-P)免疫组化技术检测新生儿胎盘MT的表达,采用国际认可的鲍秀兰20项新生儿神经行为检查法对新生儿神经行为能力评分,用彗星实验检测新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤情况。
结果1.调查数据显示从03年到07年及5年总和死胎率贵屿组明显高于厦门对照组。早产率除05年数据厦门组略高于贵屿组外,其它03年、04年、06年、07年、5年总和均为贵屿组高于厦门组。低体重儿发生率03年到07年及5年总和均为贵屿组高于厦门组。双胎率03年、04年、05年、07年、5年总和为贵屿组高于厦门组,而06年为厦门组高于贵屿组。05年死胎率、06年低体重儿发生率、除04年外的双胎率差异无统计学意义(χ2检验,P >0.05),其余所有差异均有统计学意义(χ2检验,P<0.05)。03到07年每年总异常出生情况均为贵屿组高于厦门组,05年差异无统计学意义(χ2检验,P >0.05),其余每年差异均有统计学意义(χ2检验,P<0.05)。
2.1)2006年贵屿地区新生儿脐带血铅值(均数为113.28μg/L)明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇(平均值为60.43μg/L),差别具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。超过目前认为的安全临界线(100μg/L)者48例,占该组的48%。2007年贵屿地区新生儿脐带血铅值(均数为110.86μg/L)也明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇(平均值为53.38μg/L),差别具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。超过目前认为的安全临界线(100μg/L)者59例,占该组的59%。2007年贵屿组脐带血铅均值低于2006年,但两组铅水平分布无显著性差异(P >0.05)。2006年贵屿地区新生儿胎粪铅值均数为2.50μg/g,明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇新生儿胎粪铅值(均数为1.20μg/g),差别具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2007年因取材原因无对照组数据,贵屿实验组新生儿胎粪铅均数为4.54μg/g。贵屿地区2007年胎粪铅值高于2006年,分布有显著性差异(P<0.01)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高铅负荷的相关因素。
2)2006年贵屿组新生儿脐带血镉均值为5.30μg/L,超标率为29%;2007年均值3.47μg/L,超标率为10 %,两年均值和超标率均高于同年对照组(P<0.01)。并且贵屿组2007年均值与超标率均低于2006年,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。2006年实验组新生儿胎盘镉均值为0.17μg/g,明显高于对照组(0.10μg/g),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高镉负荷的相关因素。
3)贵屿实验组2006年脐带血铬水平(均值为303.38μg/L,中位数93.89μg/L),超过目前认为相对安全界限(0.20μg/L)为29例,超标率29%;对照组脐带血铬水平(均数20.30μg/L,中位数18.10μg/L)均未超过目前认为的相对安全界限;无论是铬的超标率还是均值及中位数,贵屿实验组和对照组比较,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2007实验组年脐带血铬水平(均值为99.90μg/L,中位数70.60μg/L ),超过目前认为相对安全界限为9例,超标率9%;对照组脐带血铬水平(均数32.48μg/L,中位数24.00μg/L)均未超过目前认为的相对安全界限。2007年铬的超标率和均值及中位数,贵屿实验组和对照组比较,差别同样有统计学意义。贵屿实验组06年与07年脐带血铬均值和超标率差别均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高铅负荷的相关因素。
新生儿脐带血铅、镉和铬水平具有正相关性。
3.铅易感基因ALAD在电子垃圾拆解区新生儿中存在多态性。在全国范围内,当地新生儿的铅易感等位基因ALAD2的分布频率处于较低水平。本研究未发现ALAD基因型与新生儿脐带血铅水平有相关性。
4.贵屿实验组100例胎盘中有67例MT呈阳性表达,阳性率为67%;对照组52例胎盘中MT呈阳性表达的为17例,阳性率为32.69 %,实验组阳性表达率明显高于对照组(P< 0.01)。胎盘MT的表达量与新生儿脐带血镉水平及胎盘镉水平具有显著相关性。
5.贵屿实验组与对照组新生儿各项评分t检验比较,新生儿神经行为总评分、直立反射、行为能力、非生物视定向反应评分具有显著性差异(P <0.05),主动肌张力、牵拉反射、非生物听定向反应、生物视听定向反应评分无显著性差异(P >0.05)。胎粪铅值与新生儿行为神经评估得分、主动肌张力、行为能力、牵拉反射、直立反射、非生物听定向反应、非生物视定向反应、生物视听定向反应有显著负相关性,脐带血铅值与它们没有相关性。新生儿神经行为总评分与脐带血镉和铬水平都有负相关性,行为能力与镉水平有负相关性,非生物视定向反应与铬水平有负相关性。
6.贵屿地区新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况(拖尾率和彗星细胞尾长)明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。新生儿脐带血铬水平与拖尾率即彗星细胞数和彗星细胞尾长成正相关。脐带血镉与拖尾率成正相关,与彗星细胞尾长无相关性。脐带血铅与拖尾率和彗星细胞尾长均无相关性。
结论电子垃圾拆解区新生儿异常出生率处于较高水平。部分新生儿处于高铅、高镉和高铬负荷状态,整体看07年新生儿镉和铬负荷值较06年有所下降,但从全国平均水平来看仍处于高水平状态;父母从事电子垃圾回收工作、父母在贵屿居住时间等是影响新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷的因素。从遗传特质上来讲,该地新生儿对铅的遗传易感性低于国内外水平,且ALAD基因型未见与贵屿镇新生儿的脐带血铅水平有相关性,在此遗传特性下,该地区的新生儿血铅水平依然处于较高水平,间接地说明了该镇电子垃圾的不规范处理方式造成的环境污染已对新生儿健康构成威胁。镉暴露后机体被诱导产生更多的MT是机体重要的防护机制之一,同时MT水平随镉暴露量而变化。本实验通过对胎盘MT表达量的检测进一步提示在贵屿地区镉的污染现实,以及胎盘对镉暴露反应的灵敏性,排除内在因素对新生儿镉水平的影响,环境是新生儿镉水平超标的主要因素。通过对新生儿神经行为评估提示贵屿地区的铅、镉和铬暴露可能会影响新生儿神经行为发育,对新生儿今后中枢神经系统尤其是智能发育可能会有不良影响。新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况提示贵屿地区铬、镉污染状况有可能已经危及到新生儿的生长发育状况,有可能导致当地新生人口质量的下降,如果不加以重视,未来可能会有严重的后果。
Background The rapid development of modern science and technology accelerates the generation of new electronic products. In the meantime, the obsoleted electronic products are increasing at an astonishing rate, and have become the world's largest source of electronic wastes. Most of these electronic wastes enter Asia, most of which are sent to China. Guiyu, a town in Guangong Province, is one of the destinations of the electronic wastes. These electronic wastes contain variety of poisonous hazard. The most harmful substances are heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium and the etc. These substances cause serious problems to the society, environment, and public health if recycled not properly. Guiyu has more than 10 year history of electronic wastes recycling. The primary process method is manually handling and disassembling. This primitive and uncontrolled method spreads harmful substance to the surroundings. As a result, the heavy metal levels in local environment had far exceeded regulation. As we all known, embryo stage is the most critical time in human life development. The embryo is vulnerable to hazardous substances especially, to those mentioned above. However, there is no report on studies about heavy metal levels inside newborns in the electronic waste recycle regions. Therefore, we took Guiyu town of Guangdong Province as investigation site and, Guiyu local newborns as study object, collected surveys from mothers of these infants, and spent two yeas of investigations to local newborns regarding the levels of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in their bodies. In the meantime, we studied nerve behavior development; the ALAD gene polymorphism, the placenta metallothionein expression, and the umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA damage situation; discussed the effect of heavy metal pollution to the newborns' growth and development; and assessed the harmfulness of unscientific electronic waste recycling to the public health of this region.
Objective To investigate the abnormal birth rate of newborns in Guiyu. To explore the load condition of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium, the trend of its changes, and its relation to newborns' growth and development in electronic wastes recycling area. To assess the harmful effect to public health due to unscientific electronic waste recycle.
Methods First investigates Guiyu area lying-in women and newborns' birth situation from 2003 to 2007 by reviewing available records. Next take the newborns from Guiyu local hospital as the research objects, categorized as Exposure Group; take those born from Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, categorized as Control Group. Utilize the atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods to monitor in 2006 and in 2007, umbilical cord blood Lead levels, meconium Lead levels, umbilical cord blood Cadmium levels, placenta Cadmium levels, umbilical cord blood Chromium levels of newborns; and survey in the form of question and answer to the family and working conditions of the newborns' parents. Apply the international approval BaoXiulan 20 items of newborns neonatal behavioral neurological assessment to grade the newborns' nerve behavioral capability. Apply Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to analyze ALAD gene. Use S-P immunity histochemistry technology to examine placenta metallothionein expression. Use the The Comet Experiment to examine newborns' umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA damage situation.
Results 1. Comparison of Guiyu Group to Xiamen Group Data indicated that Guiyu Group had significant higher still death rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals of 2003 to 2007. Guiyu Group had higher premature delivery rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals of 2003 to 2007 except in 2005. Guiyu Group had higher low body weight rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals from 2003 to 2007. Guiyu Group had higher twin rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 but lower in 2006. The total twin rate from 2003 to 2007 was higher in Guiyu Group.
2. 1) In 2006 the Guiyu area newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels (mean: 113.28μg/L) was significantly higher than its neighboring towns (mean value: 60.43μg/L). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). 48 occurrence exceeded current known safety guideline (100μg/L), counting 48% of this group. In 2007 the Guiyu area newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels (mean: 110.86μg/L) was significantly higher than its neighboring towns (mean: 53.38μg/L). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). 59 occurrences exceeded present safety guideline (100μg/L), counting 59% of this group. In 2007 the Guiyu group umbilical cord blood Lead mean was lower than what in 2006, but the two lead levels distribution did not have significant difference (P > 0.05).
In 2006 the Guiyu area newborns meconium lead levels mean was 2.501μg/g, significantly higher than its neighboring towns meconium Lead levels (mean: 1.200μg/g). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). In 2007 the Guiyu newborns meconium Lead levels mean was 4.54μg/g. However, in 2007 meconium the lead levels were higher than in 2006. The distribution had significant difference (P < 0.01). Parents' Engaging with the electronic wastes recycle, living in this area and the length of living in this area were factors of high lead load newborns.
2) In 2006 the Guiyu group had umbilical cord blood Cadmium mean of 5.30μg/L, exceed rate was 20%. In 2007 the mean was 3.47μg/L, exceeding rate was 10%. Both Guiyu two years mean and exceeding rates were higher than those in the same year in Control Group (P < 0.01). In addition, both mean and exceeding rate of Guiyu Group in 2007 were lower than what in 2006, the difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). In 2006 Guiyu Group newborns placenta Cadmium mean was 0.17μg/g, much higher than Control Group (0.10μg/g). The difference had statistics significance (P< 0.01). Parents' Engaging with the electronic wastes recycle, living in this area and the length of living in this area were factors of high Cadmium load newborns.
3) Umbilical cord blood Chromium levels in 2006, Guiyu Group's levels (mean: 303.38μg/L, median: 93.89μg/L) had 29 occurrences exceeding current acceptable safe limit (0.20μg/L), exceeding rate 29%. Control Groups' levels (mean: 20.30μg/L, median: 18.10μg/L) was within current acceptable safe limit. Comparing Guiyu Group and Control Group, the difference had statistics significance either in the exceeding rate or in the mean. Umbilical cord blood Chromium levels in 2007, Guiyu Group's levels (mean: 99.90μg/L, median: 70.60μg/L) was higher than current acceptable safe limit: 9 occurrences, exceeding rate 9%. Control Group's levels (mean: 32.48μg/L, median: 24.00μg/L) was within current acceptable safe limit. Comparing Guiyu Group and Control Group, the Chromium exceeding rate and the mean, the differences had statistics significance. The differences of Guiyu Group umbilical cord blood Chromium mean and exceeding rate between 2006 and 2007 had no statistic significance (P > 0.05). There were positive correlations were found between umbilical cord blood Lead levels and Cadmium levels and Chromium levels.
3. Lead sensitivity gene ALAD of newborns in electronic waste recycle area had various statuses. Nationwidely, the frequency of local newborns Lead sensitivity gene ALAD2 was at relatively low levels. This research so far had not discovered ALAD gene type correlation with newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels.
4. There were 67 placenta samples metallothionein of 100 totals in Guiyu Group, showing positive expression, positive rate 67%. There were 17 placenta samples metallothionein of 57 totals in Control Group, showing positive, positive rate 32.69%. Guiyu Group had much higher positive rate (P < 0.01).
The placenta metallothionein expression quantity had positive correlation with umbilical cord blood Cadmium level and placenta Cadmium level of newborns.
5. Comparison all subjects (t test) between Guiyu Group and Control Group. Guiyu Group neonatal behavioral neurological total scores, stands still reflection, behavioral capability, and non-biology vision directional responses had significant difference (P < 0.05). The initiative myo-tensity, pulls the reflection, non- biology directional hearing response, biological directional vision and hearing responded did not have significant difference (P > 0.05). Meconium Lead value had remarkable negative correlation with newborn behavior nerve assessment, initiative myo- tensity, behave capability, lead-pull reflection, stand still reflection, non- biology directional hearing response, non- biology directional vision response, and biological directional hearing and vision response had remarkable. However, the umbilical cord blood Lead value did not have correlation with them. Cord blood Cadmium and Chrome levels had negative correlation with newborn behavior nerve assessment. Core blood Cadmium levels had negative correlation with behave capability. Cord blood Chrome levels had negative correlation wirh non-biology directional vision response.
6. There were remarkable differences (P < 0.05) of tailing rate and tail long between Guiyu Group and Control Group. In addition, there was correlation between DNA damage and umbilical cord blood Chromium and Cadmium levels of newborns.
Conclusion The abnormal birth rate of neonates in Guiyu was at a relatively high level. A portion of newborns in electronic waste recycle area were in high Lead, high Cadmium, and high Chromium load condition. Although newborns in 2007 had lower Cadmium, and Chromium load levels than in 2006, but still at high level compared with national average. Parents' Engaging with the electronic waste recycle, living in Guiyu area and the length of living in this area were influencing factors of Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium load on newborns. From genetic characteristics view, local newborns were less susceptible to Lead in heredity, and there was no seen relevance of ALAD gene with Guiyu newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels. But Guiyu newborns blood Lead levels were still at high level. This fact indirectly explained that the environmental pollution due to unregulated electronic waste recycle in Guiyu is threatening local newborns' health. Human body will produce more MT when induced by Cadmium exposed in the environment, which is one of the important human body self protection mechanisms. The MT level varies with the quantity of Cadmium in the environment. Through examining the quantity of placenta MT, this research further reveals the fact of pollution in Guiyu area, and the sensitivity of placenta to the Cadmium exposed in environment. Excluding internal factor influence to newborn Cadmium levels, environment is the primary factor that causes newborn Cadmium levels higher than acceptable level. Through neonatal behavioral neurological assessment, this research alerts that the Lead/Cadmium/Chrome exposure in Guiyu area will possibly affect the growth of newborn nerve behavior. It will potentially hinder the development of newborns central nerve system particularly, the development of their intelligence. Umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA of newborns damage situation alerts that Guiyu area Chromium and Cadmium pollution perhaps already endangered newborns' health, which can lower the quality of local new population. It will possibly lead to serious consequence if we do not pay enough attention to the pollution in the environment now.
目的调查贵屿电子垃圾回收拆解区新生儿出生情况;监测当地新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷,分析其变化趋势;探讨影响新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷的因素;初步评估当地新生儿生长发育情况,评估不科学的电子垃圾回收处理方式对新生儿生长发育的影响。
方法首先采用回顾性调查的方式,以厦门妇幼保健院数据为对照组调查2003～2007年贵屿地区产妇及新生儿的生育和出生情况。其次以贵屿镇当地医院妇产科出生新生儿为暴露组研究对象,以潮南民生医院妇产科出生新生儿为对照组,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,分别对贵屿镇2006年及2007年当地出生新生儿脐带血铅、胎粪铅、脐带血镉、胎盘镉和脐带血铬水平进行监测,并以问卷形式对新生儿父母的家庭和工作环境状况进行调查。以限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)方法对新生儿ALAD基因型进行分析,采用链霉菌素-生物素(S-P)免疫组化技术检测新生儿胎盘MT的表达,采用国际认可的鲍秀兰20项新生儿神经行为检查法对新生儿神经行为能力评分,用彗星实验检测新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤情况。
结果1.调查数据显示从03年到07年及5年总和死胎率贵屿组明显高于厦门对照组。早产率除05年数据厦门组略高于贵屿组外,其它03年、04年、06年、07年、5年总和均为贵屿组高于厦门组。低体重儿发生率03年到07年及5年总和均为贵屿组高于厦门组。双胎率03年、04年、05年、07年、5年总和为贵屿组高于厦门组,而06年为厦门组高于贵屿组。05年死胎率、06年低体重儿发生率、除04年外的双胎率差异无统计学意义(χ2检验,P >0.05),其余所有差异均有统计学意义(χ2检验,P<0.05)。03到07年每年总异常出生情况均为贵屿组高于厦门组,05年差异无统计学意义(χ2检验,P >0.05),其余每年差异均有统计学意义(χ2检验,P<0.05)。
2.1)2006年贵屿地区新生儿脐带血铅值(均数为113.28μg/L)明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇(平均值为60.43μg/L),差别具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。超过目前认为的安全临界线(100μg/L)者48例,占该组的48%。2007年贵屿地区新生儿脐带血铅值(均数为110.86μg/L)也明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇(平均值为53.38μg/L),差别具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。超过目前认为的安全临界线(100μg/L)者59例,占该组的59%。2007年贵屿组脐带血铅均值低于2006年,但两组铅水平分布无显著性差异(P >0.05)。2006年贵屿地区新生儿胎粪铅值均数为2.50μg/g,明显高于贵屿周边其它乡镇新生儿胎粪铅值(均数为1.20μg/g),差别具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2007年因取材原因无对照组数据,贵屿实验组新生儿胎粪铅均数为4.54μg/g。贵屿地区2007年胎粪铅值高于2006年,分布有显著性差异(P<0.01)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高铅负荷的相关因素。
2)2006年贵屿组新生儿脐带血镉均值为5.30μg/L,超标率为29%;2007年均值3.47μg/L,超标率为10 %,两年均值和超标率均高于同年对照组(P<0.01)。并且贵屿组2007年均值与超标率均低于2006年,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。2006年实验组新生儿胎盘镉均值为0.17μg/g,明显高于对照组(0.10μg/g),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高镉负荷的相关因素。
3)贵屿实验组2006年脐带血铬水平(均值为303.38μg/L,中位数93.89μg/L),超过目前认为相对安全界限(0.20μg/L)为29例,超标率29%;对照组脐带血铬水平(均数20.30μg/L,中位数18.10μg/L)均未超过目前认为的相对安全界限;无论是铬的超标率还是均值及中位数,贵屿实验组和对照组比较,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2007实验组年脐带血铬水平(均值为99.90μg/L,中位数70.60μg/L ),超过目前认为相对安全界限为9例,超标率9%;对照组脐带血铬水平(均数32.48μg/L,中位数24.00μg/L)均未超过目前认为的相对安全界限。2007年铬的超标率和均值及中位数,贵屿实验组和对照组比较,差别同样有统计学意义。贵屿实验组06年与07年脐带血铬均值和超标率差别均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。父母从事电子垃圾相关工作、在贵屿居住时间等是导致贵屿地区新生儿高铅负荷的相关因素。
新生儿脐带血铅、镉和铬水平具有正相关性。
3.铅易感基因ALAD在电子垃圾拆解区新生儿中存在多态性。在全国范围内,当地新生儿的铅易感等位基因ALAD2的分布频率处于较低水平。本研究未发现ALAD基因型与新生儿脐带血铅水平有相关性。
4.贵屿实验组100例胎盘中有67例MT呈阳性表达,阳性率为67%;对照组52例胎盘中MT呈阳性表达的为17例,阳性率为32.69 %,实验组阳性表达率明显高于对照组(P< 0.01)。胎盘MT的表达量与新生儿脐带血镉水平及胎盘镉水平具有显著相关性。
5.贵屿实验组与对照组新生儿各项评分t检验比较,新生儿神经行为总评分、直立反射、行为能力、非生物视定向反应评分具有显著性差异(P <0.05),主动肌张力、牵拉反射、非生物听定向反应、生物视听定向反应评分无显著性差异(P >0.05)。胎粪铅值与新生儿行为神经评估得分、主动肌张力、行为能力、牵拉反射、直立反射、非生物听定向反应、非生物视定向反应、生物视听定向反应有显著负相关性,脐带血铅值与它们没有相关性。新生儿神经行为总评分与脐带血镉和铬水平都有负相关性,行为能力与镉水平有负相关性,非生物视定向反应与铬水平有负相关性。
6.贵屿地区新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况(拖尾率和彗星细胞尾长)明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。新生儿脐带血铬水平与拖尾率即彗星细胞数和彗星细胞尾长成正相关。脐带血镉与拖尾率成正相关,与彗星细胞尾长无相关性。脐带血铅与拖尾率和彗星细胞尾长均无相关性。
结论电子垃圾拆解区新生儿异常出生率处于较高水平。部分新生儿处于高铅、高镉和高铬负荷状态,整体看07年新生儿镉和铬负荷值较06年有所下降,但从全国平均水平来看仍处于高水平状态;父母从事电子垃圾回收工作、父母在贵屿居住时间等是影响新生儿铅、镉和铬负荷的因素。从遗传特质上来讲,该地新生儿对铅的遗传易感性低于国内外水平,且ALAD基因型未见与贵屿镇新生儿的脐带血铅水平有相关性,在此遗传特性下,该地区的新生儿血铅水平依然处于较高水平,间接地说明了该镇电子垃圾的不规范处理方式造成的环境污染已对新生儿健康构成威胁。镉暴露后机体被诱导产生更多的MT是机体重要的防护机制之一,同时MT水平随镉暴露量而变化。本实验通过对胎盘MT表达量的检测进一步提示在贵屿地区镉的污染现实,以及胎盘对镉暴露反应的灵敏性,排除内在因素对新生儿镉水平的影响,环境是新生儿镉水平超标的主要因素。通过对新生儿神经行为评估提示贵屿地区的铅、镉和铬暴露可能会影响新生儿神经行为发育,对新生儿今后中枢神经系统尤其是智能发育可能会有不良影响。新生儿脐带血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况提示贵屿地区铬、镉污染状况有可能已经危及到新生儿的生长发育状况,有可能导致当地新生人口质量的下降,如果不加以重视,未来可能会有严重的后果。
Background The rapid development of modern science and technology accelerates the generation of new electronic products. In the meantime, the obsoleted electronic products are increasing at an astonishing rate, and have become the world's largest source of electronic wastes. Most of these electronic wastes enter Asia, most of which are sent to China. Guiyu, a town in Guangong Province, is one of the destinations of the electronic wastes. These electronic wastes contain variety of poisonous hazard. The most harmful substances are heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium and the etc. These substances cause serious problems to the society, environment, and public health if recycled not properly. Guiyu has more than 10 year history of electronic wastes recycling. The primary process method is manually handling and disassembling. This primitive and uncontrolled method spreads harmful substance to the surroundings. As a result, the heavy metal levels in local environment had far exceeded regulation. As we all known, embryo stage is the most critical time in human life development. The embryo is vulnerable to hazardous substances especially, to those mentioned above. However, there is no report on studies about heavy metal levels inside newborns in the electronic waste recycle regions. Therefore, we took Guiyu town of Guangdong Province as investigation site and, Guiyu local newborns as study object, collected surveys from mothers of these infants, and spent two yeas of investigations to local newborns regarding the levels of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in their bodies. In the meantime, we studied nerve behavior development; the ALAD gene polymorphism, the placenta metallothionein expression, and the umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA damage situation; discussed the effect of heavy metal pollution to the newborns' growth and development; and assessed the harmfulness of unscientific electronic waste recycling to the public health of this region.
Objective To investigate the abnormal birth rate of newborns in Guiyu. To explore the load condition of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium, the trend of its changes, and its relation to newborns' growth and development in electronic wastes recycling area. To assess the harmful effect to public health due to unscientific electronic waste recycle.
Methods First investigates Guiyu area lying-in women and newborns' birth situation from 2003 to 2007 by reviewing available records. Next take the newborns from Guiyu local hospital as the research objects, categorized as Exposure Group; take those born from Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, categorized as Control Group. Utilize the atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods to monitor in 2006 and in 2007, umbilical cord blood Lead levels, meconium Lead levels, umbilical cord blood Cadmium levels, placenta Cadmium levels, umbilical cord blood Chromium levels of newborns; and survey in the form of question and answer to the family and working conditions of the newborns' parents. Apply the international approval BaoXiulan 20 items of newborns neonatal behavioral neurological assessment to grade the newborns' nerve behavioral capability. Apply Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to analyze ALAD gene. Use S-P immunity histochemistry technology to examine placenta metallothionein expression. Use the The Comet Experiment to examine newborns' umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA damage situation.
Results 1. Comparison of Guiyu Group to Xiamen Group Data indicated that Guiyu Group had significant higher still death rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals of 2003 to 2007. Guiyu Group had higher premature delivery rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals of 2003 to 2007 except in 2005. Guiyu Group had higher low body weight rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 as well as the totals from 2003 to 2007. Guiyu Group had higher twin rate than Xiamen Group did each year from 2003 to 2007 but lower in 2006. The total twin rate from 2003 to 2007 was higher in Guiyu Group.
2. 1) In 2006 the Guiyu area newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels (mean: 113.28μg/L) was significantly higher than its neighboring towns (mean value: 60.43μg/L). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). 48 occurrence exceeded current known safety guideline (100μg/L), counting 48% of this group. In 2007 the Guiyu area newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels (mean: 110.86μg/L) was significantly higher than its neighboring towns (mean: 53.38μg/L). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). 59 occurrences exceeded present safety guideline (100μg/L), counting 59% of this group. In 2007 the Guiyu group umbilical cord blood Lead mean was lower than what in 2006, but the two lead levels distribution did not have significant difference (P > 0.05).
In 2006 the Guiyu area newborns meconium lead levels mean was 2.501μg/g, significantly higher than its neighboring towns meconium Lead levels (mean: 1.200μg/g). The difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). In 2007 the Guiyu newborns meconium Lead levels mean was 4.54μg/g. However, in 2007 meconium the lead levels were higher than in 2006. The distribution had significant difference (P < 0.01). Parents' Engaging with the electronic wastes recycle, living in this area and the length of living in this area were factors of high lead load newborns.
2) In 2006 the Guiyu group had umbilical cord blood Cadmium mean of 5.30μg/L, exceed rate was 20%. In 2007 the mean was 3.47μg/L, exceeding rate was 10%. Both Guiyu two years mean and exceeding rates were higher than those in the same year in Control Group (P < 0.01). In addition, both mean and exceeding rate of Guiyu Group in 2007 were lower than what in 2006, the difference had statistics significance (P < 0.01). In 2006 Guiyu Group newborns placenta Cadmium mean was 0.17μg/g, much higher than Control Group (0.10μg/g). The difference had statistics significance (P< 0.01). Parents' Engaging with the electronic wastes recycle, living in this area and the length of living in this area were factors of high Cadmium load newborns.
3) Umbilical cord blood Chromium levels in 2006, Guiyu Group's levels (mean: 303.38μg/L, median: 93.89μg/L) had 29 occurrences exceeding current acceptable safe limit (0.20μg/L), exceeding rate 29%. Control Groups' levels (mean: 20.30μg/L, median: 18.10μg/L) was within current acceptable safe limit. Comparing Guiyu Group and Control Group, the difference had statistics significance either in the exceeding rate or in the mean. Umbilical cord blood Chromium levels in 2007, Guiyu Group's levels (mean: 99.90μg/L, median: 70.60μg/L) was higher than current acceptable safe limit: 9 occurrences, exceeding rate 9%. Control Group's levels (mean: 32.48μg/L, median: 24.00μg/L) was within current acceptable safe limit. Comparing Guiyu Group and Control Group, the Chromium exceeding rate and the mean, the differences had statistics significance. The differences of Guiyu Group umbilical cord blood Chromium mean and exceeding rate between 2006 and 2007 had no statistic significance (P > 0.05). There were positive correlations were found between umbilical cord blood Lead levels and Cadmium levels and Chromium levels.
3. Lead sensitivity gene ALAD of newborns in electronic waste recycle area had various statuses. Nationwidely, the frequency of local newborns Lead sensitivity gene ALAD2 was at relatively low levels. This research so far had not discovered ALAD gene type correlation with newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels.
4. There were 67 placenta samples metallothionein of 100 totals in Guiyu Group, showing positive expression, positive rate 67%. There were 17 placenta samples metallothionein of 57 totals in Control Group, showing positive, positive rate 32.69%. Guiyu Group had much higher positive rate (P < 0.01).
The placenta metallothionein expression quantity had positive correlation with umbilical cord blood Cadmium level and placenta Cadmium level of newborns.
5. Comparison all subjects (t test) between Guiyu Group and Control Group. Guiyu Group neonatal behavioral neurological total scores, stands still reflection, behavioral capability, and non-biology vision directional responses had significant difference (P < 0.05). The initiative myo-tensity, pulls the reflection, non- biology directional hearing response, biological directional vision and hearing responded did not have significant difference (P > 0.05). Meconium Lead value had remarkable negative correlation with newborn behavior nerve assessment, initiative myo- tensity, behave capability, lead-pull reflection, stand still reflection, non- biology directional hearing response, non- biology directional vision response, and biological directional hearing and vision response had remarkable. However, the umbilical cord blood Lead value did not have correlation with them. Cord blood Cadmium and Chrome levels had negative correlation with newborn behavior nerve assessment. Core blood Cadmium levels had negative correlation with behave capability. Cord blood Chrome levels had negative correlation wirh non-biology directional vision response.
6. There were remarkable differences (P < 0.05) of tailing rate and tail long between Guiyu Group and Control Group. In addition, there was correlation between DNA damage and umbilical cord blood Chromium and Cadmium levels of newborns.
Conclusion The abnormal birth rate of neonates in Guiyu was at a relatively high level. A portion of newborns in electronic waste recycle area were in high Lead, high Cadmium, and high Chromium load condition. Although newborns in 2007 had lower Cadmium, and Chromium load levels than in 2006, but still at high level compared with national average. Parents' Engaging with the electronic waste recycle, living in Guiyu area and the length of living in this area were influencing factors of Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium load on newborns. From genetic characteristics view, local newborns were less susceptible to Lead in heredity, and there was no seen relevance of ALAD gene with Guiyu newborns umbilical cord blood Lead levels. But Guiyu newborns blood Lead levels were still at high level. This fact indirectly explained that the environmental pollution due to unregulated electronic waste recycle in Guiyu is threatening local newborns' health. Human body will produce more MT when induced by Cadmium exposed in the environment, which is one of the important human body self protection mechanisms. The MT level varies with the quantity of Cadmium in the environment. Through examining the quantity of placenta MT, this research further reveals the fact of pollution in Guiyu area, and the sensitivity of placenta to the Cadmium exposed in environment. Excluding internal factor influence to newborn Cadmium levels, environment is the primary factor that causes newborn Cadmium levels higher than acceptable level. Through neonatal behavioral neurological assessment, this research alerts that the Lead/Cadmium/Chrome exposure in Guiyu area will possibly affect the growth of newborn nerve behavior. It will potentially hinder the development of newborns central nerve system particularly, the development of their intelligence. Umbilical cord blood lymphocyte DNA of newborns damage situation alerts that Guiyu area Chromium and Cadmium pollution perhaps already endangered newborns' health, which can lower the quality of local new population. It will possibly lead to serious consequence if we do not pay enough attention to the pollution in the environment now.
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