重频模块化感应电压叠加器及其相关技术研究
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摘要
国防和工业应用的需求促进脉冲功率技术向高平均功率、高重频、固态化和紧凑化方向发展。基于感应电压叠加器(Induction Voltage Adder, IVA)技术的固态化脉冲电子束加速器是符合这一发展方向的重要方案之一。本文在对固态化脉冲电子束加速器方案中采用的IVA技术进行了深入细致的理论分析、电路模拟和实验验证的基础上,设计了一台500kV的10级IVA装置。同时,根据固态化技术方案,研制了一台输出阻抗约3?,脉冲宽度约230ns的卷绕型带状脉冲形成线,利用该形成线对前4级感应单元进行了初步的单次脉冲和重频实验研究。本文的研究结果为固态化脉冲电子束加速器的研制奠定了基础。
论文的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面:
1.提出了一种改进型固态化脉冲电子束加速器的设计方案,该方案具有高平均功率、长脉冲、固态化以及长寿命等优点。加速器由初级能源、脉冲变压器、磁压缩系统、带状脉冲形成线、IVA等组成。本文重点介绍了IVA的研制,并对加速器的其它子系统进行了设计和模拟研究。
2.对IVA技术进行了深入细致的理论研究。针对不同的应用条件,分别建立了集中参数等效电路模型和分布参数等效电路模型。在集中参数等效电路中,对于馈入脉冲的不同阶段,包括上升前沿、平顶和下降沿,分别利用Laplace变换求解了纯阻性负载上的电压表达式,尤其是我们比较关心的脉冲前沿部分,分别针对零前沿和有限长的上升前沿进行了求解。通过分析,总结出IVA在设计中应遵循的一些原则。在分布参数等效电路中,介绍了源匹配型和负载匹配型两种类型的IVA电路模型,根据传输线理论和波的反射、透射理论对其中的波的过程进行了分析。最后进行了缩比验证实验。
3.根据理论分析,结合拟研制的IVA脉冲功率系统的特点,设计了一台500kV的10级IVA,其直径约0.58m,长度2.2m。该IVA的10级感应单元均采用单路馈电的方式,感应腔内采用角向传输线实现电流的均匀分布;磁芯采用了开放式封装的铁基非晶磁环,每个单元中的磁芯伏秒值大于10mV·s。利用时域有限差分的方法对感应腔内的瞬态场分布进行了分析,并建立了单个感应单元和10级IVA的等效电路模型进行了模拟研究。设计制作了与装置相配套的测量系统,包括电阻分压器、电容分压器和Rokowski线圈等。
4.对卷绕型带状脉冲形成线进行了理论分析、电场模拟和实验研究。采用不同绕制方法设计制作了两台输出阻抗为1.5?、脉宽200ns的卷绕型带状脉冲形成线,分析了其内部的电场分布,并通过实验对两台带状线的输出电压波形进行了对比。研究结果表明,在铜带等宽度的情况下,采用两种不同方法绕制的带状线都可以产生前沿在20ns左右的脉冲,区别在于脉冲平顶部分。采用三层铜带加三层绝缘层的方法绕制的带状线,其输出脉冲更为理想,平顶振荡较小。另外,为了研究10级IVA单个感应单元的响应特性,研制了一台输出阻抗约3?,脉宽约230ns的Blumlein型卷绕型带状脉冲形成线。
5.利用3?、230ns卷绕型带状脉冲形成线作为馈源对IVA进行了初步的实验研究。分别对单个感应单元,两级IVA和4级IVA进行了单次脉冲实验研究。实验结果表明,单个感应单元对馈入的脉冲信号响应较好,波形基本没有畸变。4级IVA在输入电压约30kV的情况下,在50?的水负载上得到了电压幅值约120kV、脉冲宽度约230ns的电脉冲输出,实现了4倍升压,电流效率约80%。最后对4级IVA进行了初步的重频实验研究。在重复频率为3Hz,充电电压约25kV的情况下装置运行稳定,脉冲序列间具有较好的重复性。
Military and industrial applications have stimulated intense interests in the area of pulsed power technology towards the systems with high average power, high repetition rate, solid-state characteristics, and compact structure. The solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator based on the technology of induction voltage adder (IVA) investigated in this dissertation is an important candidate in this area. In this dissertation, a 10-stage, repetitive, modularized IVA with an output voltage of 500kV is investigated based on the detailed theoretical analysis, circuit simulations, and experiments. A rolled strip pulse forming line with an impedance of 3? and pulse duration of 230ns is fabricated as the voltage drive source to study the response characteristics of the induction cell. Preliminary experimental investigations are carried out on both the single pulse mode and the repetitive pulse mode. These efforts are instructive for the further developments on the solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator. The detailed contents and innovative work are as follows.
1. A novel solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator based on the technology of IVA with the advantages of high average power, high repetition rate, solid-state, and long lifetime is proposed. It comprises primary energy system, pulse transformer, pulse magnetic compression, rolled strip pulse forming line, and IVA. The design of the IVA is introduced in detail. The parameters design and circuit simulations on the other sub-systems are also carried out.
2. The technology of the IVA is investigated theoretically in detail. The lumped element model and distribution element model are given respectively according to the electrical transit time of the IVA. When the electrical transit time of the IVA is comparable to, or even longer than the pulse duration, the distribution element model can be useful. Otherwise, the specific model will be simplified to a lumped element model. In the lumped element model, the analysis is split into three parts, namely the responses to the leading edge, the flat top, and the trailing edge of the pulse. In order to analyse the response of the induction cell to a rectangular pulse, the method of Laplace Transform is employed. Some principles in the design of the induction cell are given referred to the analysis. In the distribution element model, the transmission line theory is used to the analysis on both the driver-matched and load-matched IVA. At last, a two-stage IVA is fabricated and experiemental investigations are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis.
3. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis and the characteristics of the pulsed power source of the IVA, a 10-stage IVA with the output voltage of 500kV is designed. The dimension of the IVA isΦ0.58 m×2.2 m. The induction cell is drived by a single feed port and contains an azimuthal transmission line in order to equally magnetize the metglas cores. In the outer region and central transmission line of the cell, the insulation medium is transform oil. In the cores, the insulation medium is a combination of oil and solid films. The volt-second product of the cores in each cell is about 10mV·s. The distributions of the transient electric fields are calculated with the method of finite-difference time domain. The equivalent circuit models of the single induction cell and 10-stage IVA are developed via the PSpice software and detailed simulations are performed based on the model. The measurement system is also fabricated, including the resistor divider, the capatitive divider, and the Rogowski coils.
4. The theoretical analysis, electric field simulation, and experimental investigation are carried out on the rolled strip line. Two rolled strip lines with an ouput impedance of 1.5? and pulse duration of 200ns are fabricated with different methods. The distributions of the electric fields and the output voltage waveforms of the two strip lines are compared. The results show that the output voltage waveform of the strip line rolled with 3 copper strips and 3 insulation layers is relatively better with fast leading edge and smooth flat top. In addition, to study the response characteristics of the induction cell, a rolled strip pulse forming line with an impedance of 3? and pulse duration of 230ns is fabricated as the voltage drive source.
5. Preliminary experimental research is carried out on the induction voltage adder drived by the rolled strip pulse forming line. Experimental investigations on the single induction cell, 2-stage IVA, and 4-stage IVA have been carried out. The experimental results show that the induction cell can transfer the input pulse with few distortions, and the 4-stage IVA realize the voltage addition with a current efficiency of about 80%. When the charged voltage of the 4-stage IVA is about 30kV, the pulse with duration of 230ns is abtained on the 50? load. Repetitive experiments are also carried out on the 4-stage IVA with the charging voltage of about 25kV. The sequence of 20 pulses at the frequency of about 3Hz are obtained, which is well repeatable
论文的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面:
1.提出了一种改进型固态化脉冲电子束加速器的设计方案,该方案具有高平均功率、长脉冲、固态化以及长寿命等优点。加速器由初级能源、脉冲变压器、磁压缩系统、带状脉冲形成线、IVA等组成。本文重点介绍了IVA的研制,并对加速器的其它子系统进行了设计和模拟研究。
2.对IVA技术进行了深入细致的理论研究。针对不同的应用条件,分别建立了集中参数等效电路模型和分布参数等效电路模型。在集中参数等效电路中,对于馈入脉冲的不同阶段,包括上升前沿、平顶和下降沿,分别利用Laplace变换求解了纯阻性负载上的电压表达式,尤其是我们比较关心的脉冲前沿部分,分别针对零前沿和有限长的上升前沿进行了求解。通过分析,总结出IVA在设计中应遵循的一些原则。在分布参数等效电路中,介绍了源匹配型和负载匹配型两种类型的IVA电路模型,根据传输线理论和波的反射、透射理论对其中的波的过程进行了分析。最后进行了缩比验证实验。
3.根据理论分析,结合拟研制的IVA脉冲功率系统的特点,设计了一台500kV的10级IVA,其直径约0.58m,长度2.2m。该IVA的10级感应单元均采用单路馈电的方式,感应腔内采用角向传输线实现电流的均匀分布;磁芯采用了开放式封装的铁基非晶磁环,每个单元中的磁芯伏秒值大于10mV·s。利用时域有限差分的方法对感应腔内的瞬态场分布进行了分析,并建立了单个感应单元和10级IVA的等效电路模型进行了模拟研究。设计制作了与装置相配套的测量系统,包括电阻分压器、电容分压器和Rokowski线圈等。
4.对卷绕型带状脉冲形成线进行了理论分析、电场模拟和实验研究。采用不同绕制方法设计制作了两台输出阻抗为1.5?、脉宽200ns的卷绕型带状脉冲形成线,分析了其内部的电场分布,并通过实验对两台带状线的输出电压波形进行了对比。研究结果表明,在铜带等宽度的情况下,采用两种不同方法绕制的带状线都可以产生前沿在20ns左右的脉冲,区别在于脉冲平顶部分。采用三层铜带加三层绝缘层的方法绕制的带状线,其输出脉冲更为理想,平顶振荡较小。另外,为了研究10级IVA单个感应单元的响应特性,研制了一台输出阻抗约3?,脉宽约230ns的Blumlein型卷绕型带状脉冲形成线。
5.利用3?、230ns卷绕型带状脉冲形成线作为馈源对IVA进行了初步的实验研究。分别对单个感应单元,两级IVA和4级IVA进行了单次脉冲实验研究。实验结果表明,单个感应单元对馈入的脉冲信号响应较好,波形基本没有畸变。4级IVA在输入电压约30kV的情况下,在50?的水负载上得到了电压幅值约120kV、脉冲宽度约230ns的电脉冲输出,实现了4倍升压,电流效率约80%。最后对4级IVA进行了初步的重频实验研究。在重复频率为3Hz,充电电压约25kV的情况下装置运行稳定,脉冲序列间具有较好的重复性。
Military and industrial applications have stimulated intense interests in the area of pulsed power technology towards the systems with high average power, high repetition rate, solid-state characteristics, and compact structure. The solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator based on the technology of induction voltage adder (IVA) investigated in this dissertation is an important candidate in this area. In this dissertation, a 10-stage, repetitive, modularized IVA with an output voltage of 500kV is investigated based on the detailed theoretical analysis, circuit simulations, and experiments. A rolled strip pulse forming line with an impedance of 3? and pulse duration of 230ns is fabricated as the voltage drive source to study the response characteristics of the induction cell. Preliminary experimental investigations are carried out on both the single pulse mode and the repetitive pulse mode. These efforts are instructive for the further developments on the solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator. The detailed contents and innovative work are as follows.
1. A novel solid-state pulsed electron beam accelerator based on the technology of IVA with the advantages of high average power, high repetition rate, solid-state, and long lifetime is proposed. It comprises primary energy system, pulse transformer, pulse magnetic compression, rolled strip pulse forming line, and IVA. The design of the IVA is introduced in detail. The parameters design and circuit simulations on the other sub-systems are also carried out.
2. The technology of the IVA is investigated theoretically in detail. The lumped element model and distribution element model are given respectively according to the electrical transit time of the IVA. When the electrical transit time of the IVA is comparable to, or even longer than the pulse duration, the distribution element model can be useful. Otherwise, the specific model will be simplified to a lumped element model. In the lumped element model, the analysis is split into three parts, namely the responses to the leading edge, the flat top, and the trailing edge of the pulse. In order to analyse the response of the induction cell to a rectangular pulse, the method of Laplace Transform is employed. Some principles in the design of the induction cell are given referred to the analysis. In the distribution element model, the transmission line theory is used to the analysis on both the driver-matched and load-matched IVA. At last, a two-stage IVA is fabricated and experiemental investigations are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis.
3. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis and the characteristics of the pulsed power source of the IVA, a 10-stage IVA with the output voltage of 500kV is designed. The dimension of the IVA isΦ0.58 m×2.2 m. The induction cell is drived by a single feed port and contains an azimuthal transmission line in order to equally magnetize the metglas cores. In the outer region and central transmission line of the cell, the insulation medium is transform oil. In the cores, the insulation medium is a combination of oil and solid films. The volt-second product of the cores in each cell is about 10mV·s. The distributions of the transient electric fields are calculated with the method of finite-difference time domain. The equivalent circuit models of the single induction cell and 10-stage IVA are developed via the PSpice software and detailed simulations are performed based on the model. The measurement system is also fabricated, including the resistor divider, the capatitive divider, and the Rogowski coils.
4. The theoretical analysis, electric field simulation, and experimental investigation are carried out on the rolled strip line. Two rolled strip lines with an ouput impedance of 1.5? and pulse duration of 200ns are fabricated with different methods. The distributions of the electric fields and the output voltage waveforms of the two strip lines are compared. The results show that the output voltage waveform of the strip line rolled with 3 copper strips and 3 insulation layers is relatively better with fast leading edge and smooth flat top. In addition, to study the response characteristics of the induction cell, a rolled strip pulse forming line with an impedance of 3? and pulse duration of 230ns is fabricated as the voltage drive source.
5. Preliminary experimental research is carried out on the induction voltage adder drived by the rolled strip pulse forming line. Experimental investigations on the single induction cell, 2-stage IVA, and 4-stage IVA have been carried out. The experimental results show that the induction cell can transfer the input pulse with few distortions, and the 4-stage IVA realize the voltage addition with a current efficiency of about 80%. When the charged voltage of the 4-stage IVA is about 30kV, the pulse with duration of 230ns is abtained on the 50? load. Repetitive experiments are also carried out on the 4-stage IVA with the charging voltage of about 25kV. The sequence of 20 pulses at the frequency of about 3Hz are obtained, which is well repeatable
引文
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