PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器的实验和数值模拟理论研究
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摘要
研究中国大气污染的现状得知,工业燃煤锅炉排放的颗粒物和SO2是影响我国城市空气质量的主要污染物。随着空气污染控制标准的日益严格,对空气净化设备也提出了更高的要求,研究和开发适合中国国情的、拥有自主知识产权的除尘脱硫技术与装置成为当前一种迫切的需求。本文在查阅大量文献的基础上研究开发出一种新型的除尘脱硫装置—PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器,并结合实验研究、数值理论和CFD模拟的方法对该新型装置进行了研究。主要研究内容及结果如下：
PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器性能的实验研究和分析。首先,对实验用粉煤灰和石灰石粉的物理化学性质进行了测试和分析；然后,在此基础上研究了装置的阻力性能、除尘性能、脱硫性能和脱水性能；同时,根据实验研究结果给出了PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器的运行工况和结构参数。
基于湿法除尘机理,建立了PCF型洗涤器湿法除尘的理论模型。模型建立过程中,将PCF型洗涤器划分成不同的区域,重点考虑喷淋区(初处理室)、自激通道、自激室和内筒四部分对颗粒的捕集作用。根据湿式除尘机理,分别建立各区域的除尘子模型,然后将各部分的除尘效率进行综合。利用理论模型预测了不同操作条件下的除尘效率,并借助实验结果进行了验证。
根据双膜传质理论,建立了PCF型洗涤器内石灰石浆液滴吸收SO2的理论模型。模型以烟气为研究对象,假定传质速率在一个控制单元或时间步长内是不变的。用十种离子(Cl-、Ca2+、H+、OH-、SO2(aq)、CO2(aq)、HSO3-、HCO3-、SO32-和C032-)来定义液相的组成,烟气流动过程中考虑了SO2的吸收和CO2的解吸。同时,模型的建立也考虑自激室对烟气的二次净化作用。利用理论模型预测了装置不同工况下的脱硫效率,并将预测值和实验值进行了对比以验证模型的准确性。通过分析PCF型洗涤器内的脱硫过程表明,在实验研究的范围内,在初处理室(喷淋区)内,SO2的吸收是由气膜和液膜扩散共同控制的。
利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件包中的Fluent软件对PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器内的流动特性及性能进行了数值模拟。模拟中应用结构化网格技术划分网格,运用雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM)描述烟气湍流运动,选用颗粒轨道模型(DPM模型)跟踪液滴轨迹,采用随机漫步模型(DRW模型)考察湍流对液滴运动的影响,用压力—速度耦合的SIMPLE算法求解耦合的连续方程和动量方程。
以上的研究表明：①随着风速增大,装置压降随之增大,除尘效率增加不明显,脱硫效率降低,脱水性能略有提高(一定风速范围内)。②液气比对装置的除尘效率和脱硫效率都有很显著的影响,液气比在一定范围内增加时,除尘效率和脱硫效率都会随之增加；但液气比对装置压降和出口烟气含湿量影响不大。③装有导流板的PCF型洗涤器较无导流板的PCF型洗涤器虽然压降略有增加,但综合性能有明显的提高。④与其他洗涤器相比,PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器具有压降低、烟气处理量大、吸收速率高、脱水性能好等诸多优点。⑤建立的除尘理论模型和钙基脱硫理论模型都可以有效地预测新型PCF洗涤器的除尘、脱硫性能。理论预测值和实验测定值显示了良好的吻合性。⑥CFD方法通过将不同工况下的流场、速度场、压力场、浓度场、液滴轨迹等进行了可视化,可以更直观的观察现象,揭示洗涤器内的流动特性,从而加深对流场规律的理解,具有很强的工程实践意义。
论文在最后,结合相关的工程项目,对PCF型装置在现场中的应用情况进行了研究分析。研究表明,该装置净化后的烟气粉尘浓度、SO2浓度和烟气林格曼黑度均低于国家标准和当地标准；并且具有显著的社会、环境和经济效益,应用前景广阔。
As seen from the present status of air pollution in China, particles and SO2, emitted from the coal-fired industrial boilers, are still the main air pollutants influencing the urban air quality. As the requirements for air pollution control are becoming increasingly strict, there is a constant demand for more effective pollution control technologies. And, present work should put emphasis on the research and development of the devices suitable for Chinese situations and possessing own intellectual property rights. In our dissertation, a novel type device-PCF dedust and desulphurization scrubber was developed based on amount of home and abroad literatures. Meanwhile, some related investigations were conducted on the device combining the experiment, numerical theory and CFD simulation. The main work and conclusions are listed as follows:
Experimental analysis of PCF scrubber performance. Firstly, we studied the physical-and chemical-properties of the fly-ash and limestone. And consequently, the work is to investigate the device performance including resistance, dust collection, desulphurization and dewatering performance. Some reasonable parameters were obtained according to the experimental results.
A dust collection theory model of the PCF scrubber was established on the basis of wetting dust collection mechanisms. Due to the fact that the dominant particle collection mechanisms are different in different zones of the PCF device, the device was divided into different zones and put emphasis on the effects of preliminary treating chamber, self-excitation channel, self-excitation chamber and inner cylinder. Based on the mechanisms, the sub-model for each zone is firstly established. After this, the sub-model synthesizes and evaluates the individual components of a process as a whole. The dedust efficiency at different operating conditions were predicted employing the theory model and compared the predicted data with that of experiment.
Based on the two-film theory, a theoretical model of SO2absorption into the droplets of limestone slurry has been developed within the novel wet-type PCF device. This model treated flue gas as the studied object and assumed that the composition of droplets and absorption rate of SO2remain unchanged in a time step size. Chloride ion (Cl-), calcium ion (Ca2+) and eight dissolved species (H+, OH-, SO2(aq), CO2(aq), HSO3-, HCO3-, SO32-and CO32-) were considered to define the liquid phase composition. During the flue gas flow, we considered that the absorption of SO2and desorption of CO2into the gas phase. Meanwhile, the second purification of self-excitation chamber on the SO2was supplemented to improve the model accuracy. Using the established model predicted SO2removal efficiency at different work conditions and some auxiliary experiments were conducted to validate the predicted results. The results show that the SO2absorption rate in spay zone (preliminary treating chamber) is controlled by a combination of gas-and liquid-film diffusions in the range of tested operating conditions.
Flow characteristics and performance of the PCF scrubber were simulated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package (Fluent). In the simulation, structural grid method was used to grid, Reynolds stress model (RSM) was employed to describe the gas phase, discrete phase model (DPM) was used in the droplet trajectory, discrete random walking (DRW) model was used to reflect the influence of turbulence on droplet trajectory, and pressure-velocity couple SIMPLE method was used to resolves the coupled continuity equation and momentum equations.
The results show that:①With the gas velocity increasing, pressure drop increases, dedust efficiency and dewatering performance enhance slightly, and desulphurization efficiency decreases.②The liquid-gas ratio (L/G) has great effect on the dedust efficiency and desulphurization efficiency. In a restricted range of liquid-gas ratio, they both increase with the increase of L/G. However, the water content in outlet flue gas is not changed greatly with the L/G change.③Although the introduction of guiding plates increases the pressure drop, the comprehensive performance of the PCF device is improved greatly.④Compared with other scrubbers, the PCF device possesses many virtues such as lower pressure drop, larger flue gas treatment capacity, higher absorption rate, good dewatering performance, and so on.⑤The models of dust collection and desulphurization proposed in present study are effective models to evaluate and predict the dust collection and desulphurization performance of the novel type PCF device. The data of prediction and experiment show good agreement.⑥The CFD method visualizes the flow field such as velocity field, pressure field, concentration field, droplet trajectory, and so on, which can help us observe the phenomena directly, illustrate the flow characteristics in the scrubber and further knowledge the flow field rule. So, this method has powerful engineering application virtues.
In the end of this dissertation, we investigated the practical application of the PCF device combining with engineering projects. The results illustrate that the dust and SO2concentrations and Ringelmann number in the flue gas purified by the PCF device are much lower than the national and local standards. Moreover, the PCF wet dedust and desulphurization technology possesses an excellent social benefit, environmental benefit and economic benefit, and thereby leads to a promising future of application.
PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器性能的实验研究和分析。首先,对实验用粉煤灰和石灰石粉的物理化学性质进行了测试和分析；然后,在此基础上研究了装置的阻力性能、除尘性能、脱硫性能和脱水性能；同时,根据实验研究结果给出了PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器的运行工况和结构参数。
基于湿法除尘机理,建立了PCF型洗涤器湿法除尘的理论模型。模型建立过程中,将PCF型洗涤器划分成不同的区域,重点考虑喷淋区(初处理室)、自激通道、自激室和内筒四部分对颗粒的捕集作用。根据湿式除尘机理,分别建立各区域的除尘子模型,然后将各部分的除尘效率进行综合。利用理论模型预测了不同操作条件下的除尘效率,并借助实验结果进行了验证。
根据双膜传质理论,建立了PCF型洗涤器内石灰石浆液滴吸收SO2的理论模型。模型以烟气为研究对象,假定传质速率在一个控制单元或时间步长内是不变的。用十种离子(Cl-、Ca2+、H+、OH-、SO2(aq)、CO2(aq)、HSO3-、HCO3-、SO32-和C032-)来定义液相的组成,烟气流动过程中考虑了SO2的吸收和CO2的解吸。同时,模型的建立也考虑自激室对烟气的二次净化作用。利用理论模型预测了装置不同工况下的脱硫效率,并将预测值和实验值进行了对比以验证模型的准确性。通过分析PCF型洗涤器内的脱硫过程表明,在实验研究的范围内,在初处理室(喷淋区)内,SO2的吸收是由气膜和液膜扩散共同控制的。
利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件包中的Fluent软件对PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器内的流动特性及性能进行了数值模拟。模拟中应用结构化网格技术划分网格,运用雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM)描述烟气湍流运动,选用颗粒轨道模型(DPM模型)跟踪液滴轨迹,采用随机漫步模型(DRW模型)考察湍流对液滴运动的影响,用压力—速度耦合的SIMPLE算法求解耦合的连续方程和动量方程。
以上的研究表明：①随着风速增大,装置压降随之增大,除尘效率增加不明显,脱硫效率降低,脱水性能略有提高(一定风速范围内)。②液气比对装置的除尘效率和脱硫效率都有很显著的影响,液气比在一定范围内增加时,除尘效率和脱硫效率都会随之增加；但液气比对装置压降和出口烟气含湿量影响不大。③装有导流板的PCF型洗涤器较无导流板的PCF型洗涤器虽然压降略有增加,但综合性能有明显的提高。④与其他洗涤器相比,PCF型除尘脱硫洗涤器具有压降低、烟气处理量大、吸收速率高、脱水性能好等诸多优点。⑤建立的除尘理论模型和钙基脱硫理论模型都可以有效地预测新型PCF洗涤器的除尘、脱硫性能。理论预测值和实验测定值显示了良好的吻合性。⑥CFD方法通过将不同工况下的流场、速度场、压力场、浓度场、液滴轨迹等进行了可视化,可以更直观的观察现象,揭示洗涤器内的流动特性,从而加深对流场规律的理解,具有很强的工程实践意义。
论文在最后,结合相关的工程项目,对PCF型装置在现场中的应用情况进行了研究分析。研究表明,该装置净化后的烟气粉尘浓度、SO2浓度和烟气林格曼黑度均低于国家标准和当地标准；并且具有显著的社会、环境和经济效益,应用前景广阔。
As seen from the present status of air pollution in China, particles and SO2, emitted from the coal-fired industrial boilers, are still the main air pollutants influencing the urban air quality. As the requirements for air pollution control are becoming increasingly strict, there is a constant demand for more effective pollution control technologies. And, present work should put emphasis on the research and development of the devices suitable for Chinese situations and possessing own intellectual property rights. In our dissertation, a novel type device-PCF dedust and desulphurization scrubber was developed based on amount of home and abroad literatures. Meanwhile, some related investigations were conducted on the device combining the experiment, numerical theory and CFD simulation. The main work and conclusions are listed as follows:
Experimental analysis of PCF scrubber performance. Firstly, we studied the physical-and chemical-properties of the fly-ash and limestone. And consequently, the work is to investigate the device performance including resistance, dust collection, desulphurization and dewatering performance. Some reasonable parameters were obtained according to the experimental results.
A dust collection theory model of the PCF scrubber was established on the basis of wetting dust collection mechanisms. Due to the fact that the dominant particle collection mechanisms are different in different zones of the PCF device, the device was divided into different zones and put emphasis on the effects of preliminary treating chamber, self-excitation channel, self-excitation chamber and inner cylinder. Based on the mechanisms, the sub-model for each zone is firstly established. After this, the sub-model synthesizes and evaluates the individual components of a process as a whole. The dedust efficiency at different operating conditions were predicted employing the theory model and compared the predicted data with that of experiment.
Based on the two-film theory, a theoretical model of SO2absorption into the droplets of limestone slurry has been developed within the novel wet-type PCF device. This model treated flue gas as the studied object and assumed that the composition of droplets and absorption rate of SO2remain unchanged in a time step size. Chloride ion (Cl-), calcium ion (Ca2+) and eight dissolved species (H+, OH-, SO2(aq), CO2(aq), HSO3-, HCO3-, SO32-and CO32-) were considered to define the liquid phase composition. During the flue gas flow, we considered that the absorption of SO2and desorption of CO2into the gas phase. Meanwhile, the second purification of self-excitation chamber on the SO2was supplemented to improve the model accuracy. Using the established model predicted SO2removal efficiency at different work conditions and some auxiliary experiments were conducted to validate the predicted results. The results show that the SO2absorption rate in spay zone (preliminary treating chamber) is controlled by a combination of gas-and liquid-film diffusions in the range of tested operating conditions.
Flow characteristics and performance of the PCF scrubber were simulated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package (Fluent). In the simulation, structural grid method was used to grid, Reynolds stress model (RSM) was employed to describe the gas phase, discrete phase model (DPM) was used in the droplet trajectory, discrete random walking (DRW) model was used to reflect the influence of turbulence on droplet trajectory, and pressure-velocity couple SIMPLE method was used to resolves the coupled continuity equation and momentum equations.
The results show that:①With the gas velocity increasing, pressure drop increases, dedust efficiency and dewatering performance enhance slightly, and desulphurization efficiency decreases.②The liquid-gas ratio (L/G) has great effect on the dedust efficiency and desulphurization efficiency. In a restricted range of liquid-gas ratio, they both increase with the increase of L/G. However, the water content in outlet flue gas is not changed greatly with the L/G change.③Although the introduction of guiding plates increases the pressure drop, the comprehensive performance of the PCF device is improved greatly.④Compared with other scrubbers, the PCF device possesses many virtues such as lower pressure drop, larger flue gas treatment capacity, higher absorption rate, good dewatering performance, and so on.⑤The models of dust collection and desulphurization proposed in present study are effective models to evaluate and predict the dust collection and desulphurization performance of the novel type PCF device. The data of prediction and experiment show good agreement.⑥The CFD method visualizes the flow field such as velocity field, pressure field, concentration field, droplet trajectory, and so on, which can help us observe the phenomena directly, illustrate the flow characteristics in the scrubber and further knowledge the flow field rule. So, this method has powerful engineering application virtues.
In the end of this dissertation, we investigated the practical application of the PCF device combining with engineering projects. The results illustrate that the dust and SO2concentrations and Ringelmann number in the flue gas purified by the PCF device are much lower than the national and local standards. Moreover, the PCF wet dedust and desulphurization technology possesses an excellent social benefit, environmental benefit and economic benefit, and thereby leads to a promising future of application.
引文
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