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上市公司融资行为的资本成本敏感性研究
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摘要
公司理财的最终目标是股东财富的最大化,公司财务政策是践行公司财务目标的具体化了的行动方针。融资作为公司财务的组成内容之一,常常通过融资规模与融资方式的变化影响公司的投资决策和公司未来承担的资本成本,最终影响股东财富的实现程度。作为资本运动的起点,足够的资本规模,可以保证企业投资顺利进行;合理的资本结构,可以降低和规避融资风险。在当前市场经济条件下,生产的规模化已成为企业在激烈竞争中立于不败之地的重要条件之一,适度的规模经济可以提高公司的经营效率,提升行业竞争力。融资方式的选择不仅决定了公司控制权的归属,也是公司收益分配赖以遵循的基础。现代资本结构理论认为,最佳的资本结构是加权平均资本成本最低的融资方式的组合。企业采取何种融资方式,首要考虑的问题就是融资成本,即个别资本成本的高低。随着融资规模的增大,融资的资本成本呈边际递增趋势。只有以资本成本为基础确定公司的融资规模与融资方式,才能降低公司融资的总成本,实现融资行为的合理化。
     本文从公司融资行为的资本成本敏感性出发,通过判断融资行为对资本成本是否敏感来衡量公司的融资行为是否有利于公司股东财富的实现。理论上认为,融资行为对资本成本敏感的公司,其股东财富要高于非敏感的公司;在这样的公司内,股东财富随着公司融资行为的变化更显著。在上述理论分析的基础上,文章选择我国上市公司2002‐2011年度的数据,从行业的角度分析了不同行业融资行为与资本成本的差异,并对行业间和行业内的融资行为与资本成本进行了Kruskal-Wallis检验,发现行业间的融资规模变化不具有显著差异,融资方式选择却存在明显的差异;行业间的资本成本则存在显著差异;行业内的融资规模变化、融资方式选择存在一定差异而资本成本却比较相似。然后,本文对不同行业的融资行为与其资本成本进行了相关性验证,实证分析的结果发现:不同行业融资规模的变化基本以资本成本的变化为依据,大部分行业债务融资方式的选择受到债务资本成本变化的影响,而股权融资方式的选择则基本与股权资本成本的变化无关。再进一步的实证分析发现,敏感类行业的净资产收益率普遍高于非敏感行业;随着融资规模的增加,敏感类行业股东财富的下降幅度要快于非敏感行业;随着负债的增加,敏感类行业股东财富的增长速度也要快于非敏感行业。最后,本文提出了提高公司融资行为资本成本敏感性的一些建议,并对今后的研究方向做了进一步展望。
The ultimate goal of corporate finance is the maximization of shareholder wealth. Thecompany's financial policy is a specific course of action for practicing the company'sfinancial goals. As an integral of the company's finance, financing behavior often affectsthe company's investment decision-making by the scale and ways of financing and thefuture cost of capital, and has effect on the realization degree of shareholder wealth. Largeamounts of capital can guarantee business investment proceed smoothly at the beginning ofoperating activities; it is obvious reasonable capital structure can reduce and evadefinancing risk. Under the current conditions of market, the capital scale has become one ofessential conditions that enterprises keeps competition power. A right capital scale canimprove company’s operating efficiency, and enhance the competitiveness among theindustries. The financing behavior determines not only the attribution of company controlpower also the distribution order and quantity of earnings. According to the modern capitalstructure theory, the optimal capital structure is obtained from the lowest weighted averagecost of capital. The cost of capital is the first factor to consider to the corporate financing.With the increase of the amount of the capital the marginal cost of capital is increasing; thecompany can reduce the total cost of corporate financing and make reasonable financingbehavior if it made financing decisions based on the cost of capital.
     Judging whether financing behavior is sensitive to the cost of capital, this articlemeasures whether the financing behavior is conducive to increase the companyshareholders wealth or not. The financing theory proposed that the shareholders' wealth inthe company where the financing behavior is sensitive to the company's cost of capital ishigher than the non-sensitive company; in this company, the shareholders' wealth morechanges faster with the changes of the corporate finance behavior. In view of these, thearticle analyzed from the perspective of industry the difference about financing behavior ofdifferent industries and the cost of capital and in inter-industry with the Kruskal-Wallis testusing2002-2011annual data of the listed companies in China, and found that thefluctuation ratios of the financing size among the industries does not have significantdifferences, but the choice of financing ways and the cost of capital were different amongthe industries; the financing scale and financing ways changed in inter-industry, but thecost of capital was relatively similar. Then, the article has a correlation test between thefinancing behavior of different industries and their cost of capital and found financing scalechanged with cost of capital changed among different industries, the choice of most of theindustry on debt financing way related to the changed with the cost of debt capital and that the listed companies choiced equity financing was irrelevant to the equity cost of capital.Furthermore, the empirical analysis between the industry financing behavior andshareholder wealth suggested the sensitive classes industries ROE was generally higherthan the non-sensitive sectors; the shareholder wealth declined faster in sensitive classindustry than in non-sensitive sectors when the scale of financing increased; with theincreasing in liabilities, the growth rate of the sensitive class industry shareholder wealthwas faster than that of the non-sensitive industry. At last, we proposed a number ofrecommendations to improve the sensitivity between the capital cost and corporatefinancing behavior and some further outlook on future research directions.
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