聊城地区小麦—玉米一年两熟高产制约因素研究
摘要
小麦-玉米一年两熟种植是山东省聊城市主要的粮食生产种植方式。本文以聊城市东昌府区、阳谷、东阿、茌平、高唐、临清、冠县、莘县共八个县（市、区）农户的正规问卷调查和专家问卷调查为依据，对聊城市小麦-玉米一年两熟生产进行了系统分析，希望能对制约本地区粮食生产潜力的相关因素形成系统、客观的认识，为农业技术推广部门、科研院所、政策制定部门提供更新工作思路、提高研究成果应用率和政策制定的依据。研究结果表明：
1.高产创建高产攻关田的产量可以作为各县（市、区）在目前技术条件下小麦-玉米一年两熟种植制度生产潜力的参考指标，被调查农户的小麦-玉米一年两熟平均产量在16204.5kg/hm2，仅为高产创建攻关田产量的64%-66.7%。
2.制约聊城市小麦-玉米一年两熟生产的技术因素是：品种使用混乱，有接近三成农户的麦种来源于自留种或邻里换种，部分玉米种整齐度不高，造成单粒精播地块缺苗断垄。整地质量差，多数农户常年采用旋耕方式进行整地，造成耕作层变浅，作物根系难以下扎，易受旱、倒伏造成减产，应结合农机补贴推进深耕深松机械的大面积推广应用；种植密度不合理，小麦种植上存在播量、群体过大，耐寒、耐旱性差，后期田间郁闭，抗病性差，易倒伏等现象。玉米种植密度普遍偏低，未到完熟期即收获，收获过早，机械化收获程度低。基施有机肥较少，化肥的投入存在严重的比例失衡和数量不合理现象，多数农民氮肥用量偏高而钾肥投入较少。两季作物上肥料分配不合理，营养元素比例不符合作物需肥比例，造成肥料浪费及环境污染；灌溉时期不合理，节水方法较少；对病虫草害缺乏全面和正确的认识，不能识别一些常见病虫害，很多人不能对症用药，病虫草害防治不及时或不能选择合适时机。
对以上问题，可以采取有针对性的措施进行改善，如推进深耕、深松补贴项目实施，大力推广宽幅精播技术，加大宣传力度，引导农户适期播种，两季作物统筹规划全年施肥目标，推广测土配方施肥技术、节水灌溉技术、病虫草害综合防控技术等，使小麦、玉米全年生产达到协调高产的稳定循环。
3.制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的经济因素
从经济角度分析，制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的经济因素为：粮食种植与其他作物种植比较，经济效益低下。农户种粮收益占家庭总收入比重偏低。以粮食作物种植为主要收入来源的农户比较少，仅占3%，主要种植小麦、玉米的农户，平均粮食收入仅占家庭总收入的32.2%，其他收入来源主要是外出务工或经商。
4.制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的社会因素
制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的社会因素包括：农村主要劳动力老龄化严重；土地经营规模小，经营规模较大的农户普遍较为重视农田的产量和收益，在自身文化程度、优良新品种选用率、新技术的应用率上普遍较高；农户获得技术信息的正规渠道不畅，技术推广服务体系未能充分发挥服务功能，农技推广服务方式有待提高。
Wheat-corn one year two ripe planting is the main planting mode of grain production inShandong Province, Liaocheng city. This article take the Liaocheng Dongchangfu District, Yanggu,Dong'e, Chiping, Gaotang, Lingqing,Guanxian, Shenxian, a total of eight counties (city, district)‘farmer formal questionnaire and expert questionnaire survey as the basis, and this article has carried onthe system analysis of Liaocheng city wheat-corn one year two ripe production system, the author hashoped to form system, objective understanding to the restrict factors of food production potential of thisarea, and hope this work can provide agricultural technology promotion department, research institutes,policy-making departments to provide updated working train of thought, enhance research utilizationrate and the policy making basis. The results show that:
1.The high yield trials and high yield cropland yield can be created as the reference index in thecurrent technical conditions of wheat-corn one year two ripe planting system production potential ofeach county (city, district), the surveyed households' wheat-corn one year two ripe average output is16204.5kg/hm2, only to create high-yielding research output of field64%-66.7%.
2. The technology factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat-corn one year two ripe productioninclode: varieties of confusion, there are nearly30%farmer of wheat seeds from the retention orneighbourhood change, part of corn seed purity is not high, resulting in single seed precision sowingplot sprout deficiency. The poor quality of the land, most farmers with perennial technology of rotarytillage, resulting in tillage layer becomes shallow, the roots of crops is hard to grow down, plant easydrought, plant lodging cause reduction of output, should be combined with agricultural subsidies toadvance deep subsoiling machinery popularization and application in large area; Planting density is notreasonable, Wheat planting appears sowing rate, population too large, low Hardy drought-tolerant,late field canopy, low disease resistance, lodging susceptible phenomenon. Maize planting density islow, not to ripe stage harvest, harvest premature, low degree of mechanization harvest. Organicfertilizer as basal fertilizer is less, application of chemical fertilizer exists serious imbalance and numberof unreasonable phenomenon, Most farmers has used more nitrogen fertilizer and less potash fertilizer.Farmers has lack of comprehensive and proper understanding to plant diseases and insect pests, can’trecognize some common diseases and insect pests, a lot of people can not symptomatic medication.
To the above question, can take targeted measures for improvement, such as promoting the deep,deep loosening subsidies for the project implementation, to vigorously promote the wide precisionseeding technology, increase propagandist strength, guide farmer sowing, two season crop planningannual fertilization, promotion of formula fertilization by soil testing, water-saving irrigationtechnology, plant diseases and insect pests comprehensive prevention and control technology of wheat,corn, make annual production to achieve the coordination of high yield stability loop.
3. The economic factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production.
From an economic perspective, the economic factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn oneyear two ripe production is commissariat to cultivate economic benefits is low. Farmer is planted foodearnings total household income proportion. In the cultivation of food crops as the main source ofincome of farmers is relatively small, accounting for only3%, mainly grow wheat, corn farmer, averagegrain income accounted for only32.2%of the total income of the family, the other main source ofincome is migrant workers or business.
4. The social factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production.
The social factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production include:rural main labour force of serious aging problem, land management scale is small, operation of thelarger farmers generally pay more attention to farmland yield and income, in their cultural level, the finenew varieties selection rates, the application of new technology on rate generally higher farmer obtaintechnical information formal channel not free, technology extension service system failed to give fullplay to the service function, agricultural technology extension service mode should be improved.
1.高产创建高产攻关田的产量可以作为各县（市、区）在目前技术条件下小麦-玉米一年两熟种植制度生产潜力的参考指标，被调查农户的小麦-玉米一年两熟平均产量在16204.5kg/hm2，仅为高产创建攻关田产量的64%-66.7%。
2.制约聊城市小麦-玉米一年两熟生产的技术因素是：品种使用混乱，有接近三成农户的麦种来源于自留种或邻里换种，部分玉米种整齐度不高，造成单粒精播地块缺苗断垄。整地质量差，多数农户常年采用旋耕方式进行整地，造成耕作层变浅，作物根系难以下扎，易受旱、倒伏造成减产，应结合农机补贴推进深耕深松机械的大面积推广应用；种植密度不合理，小麦种植上存在播量、群体过大，耐寒、耐旱性差，后期田间郁闭，抗病性差，易倒伏等现象。玉米种植密度普遍偏低，未到完熟期即收获，收获过早，机械化收获程度低。基施有机肥较少，化肥的投入存在严重的比例失衡和数量不合理现象，多数农民氮肥用量偏高而钾肥投入较少。两季作物上肥料分配不合理，营养元素比例不符合作物需肥比例，造成肥料浪费及环境污染；灌溉时期不合理，节水方法较少；对病虫草害缺乏全面和正确的认识，不能识别一些常见病虫害，很多人不能对症用药，病虫草害防治不及时或不能选择合适时机。
对以上问题，可以采取有针对性的措施进行改善，如推进深耕、深松补贴项目实施，大力推广宽幅精播技术，加大宣传力度，引导农户适期播种，两季作物统筹规划全年施肥目标，推广测土配方施肥技术、节水灌溉技术、病虫草害综合防控技术等，使小麦、玉米全年生产达到协调高产的稳定循环。
3.制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的经济因素
从经济角度分析，制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的经济因素为：粮食种植与其他作物种植比较，经济效益低下。农户种粮收益占家庭总收入比重偏低。以粮食作物种植为主要收入来源的农户比较少，仅占3%，主要种植小麦、玉米的农户，平均粮食收入仅占家庭总收入的32.2%，其他收入来源主要是外出务工或经商。
4.制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的社会因素
制约聊城市小麦、玉米一年两熟生产的社会因素包括：农村主要劳动力老龄化严重；土地经营规模小，经营规模较大的农户普遍较为重视农田的产量和收益，在自身文化程度、优良新品种选用率、新技术的应用率上普遍较高；农户获得技术信息的正规渠道不畅，技术推广服务体系未能充分发挥服务功能，农技推广服务方式有待提高。
Wheat-corn one year two ripe planting is the main planting mode of grain production inShandong Province, Liaocheng city. This article take the Liaocheng Dongchangfu District, Yanggu,Dong'e, Chiping, Gaotang, Lingqing,Guanxian, Shenxian, a total of eight counties (city, district)‘farmer formal questionnaire and expert questionnaire survey as the basis, and this article has carried onthe system analysis of Liaocheng city wheat-corn one year two ripe production system, the author hashoped to form system, objective understanding to the restrict factors of food production potential of thisarea, and hope this work can provide agricultural technology promotion department, research institutes,policy-making departments to provide updated working train of thought, enhance research utilizationrate and the policy making basis. The results show that:
1.The high yield trials and high yield cropland yield can be created as the reference index in thecurrent technical conditions of wheat-corn one year two ripe planting system production potential ofeach county (city, district), the surveyed households' wheat-corn one year two ripe average output is16204.5kg/hm2, only to create high-yielding research output of field64%-66.7%.
2. The technology factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat-corn one year two ripe productioninclode: varieties of confusion, there are nearly30%farmer of wheat seeds from the retention orneighbourhood change, part of corn seed purity is not high, resulting in single seed precision sowingplot sprout deficiency. The poor quality of the land, most farmers with perennial technology of rotarytillage, resulting in tillage layer becomes shallow, the roots of crops is hard to grow down, plant easydrought, plant lodging cause reduction of output, should be combined with agricultural subsidies toadvance deep subsoiling machinery popularization and application in large area; Planting density is notreasonable, Wheat planting appears sowing rate, population too large, low Hardy drought-tolerant,late field canopy, low disease resistance, lodging susceptible phenomenon. Maize planting density islow, not to ripe stage harvest, harvest premature, low degree of mechanization harvest. Organicfertilizer as basal fertilizer is less, application of chemical fertilizer exists serious imbalance and numberof unreasonable phenomenon, Most farmers has used more nitrogen fertilizer and less potash fertilizer.Farmers has lack of comprehensive and proper understanding to plant diseases and insect pests, can’trecognize some common diseases and insect pests, a lot of people can not symptomatic medication.
To the above question, can take targeted measures for improvement, such as promoting the deep,deep loosening subsidies for the project implementation, to vigorously promote the wide precisionseeding technology, increase propagandist strength, guide farmer sowing, two season crop planningannual fertilization, promotion of formula fertilization by soil testing, water-saving irrigationtechnology, plant diseases and insect pests comprehensive prevention and control technology of wheat,corn, make annual production to achieve the coordination of high yield stability loop.
3. The economic factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production.
From an economic perspective, the economic factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn oneyear two ripe production is commissariat to cultivate economic benefits is low. Farmer is planted foodearnings total household income proportion. In the cultivation of food crops as the main source ofincome of farmers is relatively small, accounting for only3%, mainly grow wheat, corn farmer, averagegrain income accounted for only32.2%of the total income of the family, the other main source ofincome is migrant workers or business.
4. The social factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production.
The social factors that restrict Liaocheng city wheat, corn one year two ripe production include:rural main labour force of serious aging problem, land management scale is small, operation of thelarger farmers generally pay more attention to farmland yield and income, in their cultural level, the finenew varieties selection rates, the application of new technology on rate generally higher farmer obtaintechnical information formal channel not free, technology extension service system failed to give fullplay to the service function, agricultural technology extension service mode should be improved.
引文
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