石材复杂型面加工控制及废水处理若干关键技术的研究
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摘要
我国石材产业发展迅猛，从2000年起，其生产、消费及出口均排列世界第一，但在开采、加工及处理过程中显露出许多急待解决的关键问题，其中两方面尤为突出：一是石材加工工艺的相对落后及自动化程度低，导致加工精度差、劳动强度大、生产效率与石料利用率低等问题；二是石材开采与加工过程中产生大量废水、粉尘、噪音及废渣，常出现的是这些废水未经严格处理就直接排放，不仅极大浪费宝贵的水资源，还污染环境而致使土壤退化，对生态环境造成巨大的不可修复的负面影响。因此，本文针对这些问题首次进行了系统研究，最后给出适合我国石材产业发展的优选方案与结果。
异型石材制品能突显石材的艺术性和高价值，但因异形制品花样繁多、型面复杂，为克服采用传统手工雕刻加工时的劳动强度大、批量生产能力弱及加工精度差等缺点，本文基于国产QSJ型石材加工设备，引入多轴联动数控装置，通过对其进行机械、电气及软件结构的改造设计，构建出具有五轴联动控制功能的QSJ改进型桥式石材磨削切机。在此基础上，采用大规格的圆形磨削切片，通过控制其回转角度，形成有效的椭圆形切削形廓，设计该椭圆形廓与石材工件复杂型面之间的空间运动轨迹，建立了一个五轴联动的数学模型，使磨削切片成功地包络出规格各异的工件及复杂石雕型面。接着，采用QSJ改进型桥式石材磨削切机和本文所建立的五轴联动数学模型，进一步开展了石雕制品磨切加工的五轴联动控制算法设计，并通过实际加工测试验证，成功地实现了复杂石雕型面的国产石材加工机械设备的自动化磨削加工及数控技术。
针对花岗石加工废水高悬浮微粒与高浊度的特点，综合对比现有主流絮凝剂与腐植酸絮凝效果的差异，本文首先制备一种由黄腐植酸和聚合氯化铝复配而成的新型复合絮凝剂（FA－PAC），接着详细考察与分析了该复合絮凝剂的理化特性、絮凝体形态构成及絮凝机制，更成功地用在花岗石废水的处理，进而通过设计正交试验，得出影响絮凝效果的主次因素顺序与最佳絮凝工艺条件，在优选组合条件下，废水经处理后上清液的SS为65mg/L，既能直接回用，又达国家《污水综合排放》一级标准（SS≤70mg/L）。常用复合絮凝剂（PAC－PAM）处理废水的运行费用约为1.950元/吨水，与其相比，新型FA－PAC复合絮凝剂的运行费用仅为1.136元/吨水，节省运行成本42%左右。显然，采用本文研发的新型FA－PAC复合絮凝剂进行花岗石废水处理具有良好的性价比，这对保护环境、节约水资源、降低石材企业生产成本与可持续发展具有重要意义。
在成功解决石材复杂型面加工国产QSJ改进型设备自动化数控技术及采用新型复合絮凝剂（FA－PAC）实现花岗石废水高效回用处理的两大关键问题后，如何使我国由石材大国建成石材强国并保持可持续性的发展，应从经济学发展角度出发，对影响石材产业发展趋势的敏感要素关联性进行分析研究，建立一个基于数据统计性质的向量自回归（VAR）模型，并找出这些敏感要素（石材产量、专利申请量、石材出口额、固定资产投资额）之间的关系，确定其作为核心竞争力的体现，实证表明中国的技术创新水平在石材产业目前发展过程中并未产生积极的推动作用，而仍以劳动密集型和低技术型为主，缺乏创新能力在今后一段时间仍然会制约中国的石材产业发展。在这基础上，构建出半参数的空间计量模型，以描述不同区域之间技术创新发展的空间相关性，挖掘技术扩散性和空间集聚效应，同时指出环境治理对技术创新的显著影响，从而验证环境治理将对石材产业的可持续性发展产生极为重要的影响。通过以福建省为实例，获得石材发展水平较高地区之间的集聚效应图，指出福建省三明市、泉州市、厦门市与莆田市这四个地区已形成石材发展的产业集群，这种集群效应能在很大程度上带动周边欠发展地区的产业发展与技术创新水平的提高。
最后指出，石材产业的开发是个系统工程，需要政府与企业的通力合作，首先在观念上要认识到技术创新和环境保护的重要性，而且在政策上对两者予以倾斜与扶持，特别指出应极为重视石材矿区生态修复与重建工作的紧迫性，以实现“自然－社会－经济”三者综合效益最大化，建立石材产业的循环经济模式。
Stone industry in China has been developing very rapidly. Since2000, China isranked the number one place in the world in terms of its stone mining andmanufacturing capacity, stone product consumption and export volume. But acuteproblems exist in the current stone mining and manufacturing industry, among whichthe two prominent ones are:①due to inefficient stone manufacturing techniques withits low level of automation, stone industry is characterized by its low processingaccuracy, labor intensity, low production efficiency, and low utilization rate ofresources.②wastewater, waste residue, dust and noise pollution from stone miningand manufacturing industry, particularly the discharge of untreated wastewater,produce a hazardous and irrepairable impact on the environment, resulting in waterpollution and soil degradation. To address these issues, the dissertation aims toconduct a systematic research in these areas, which is the first of its kind, and worksout optimized practical solutions to these problems.
Cutting stones into artistically designed products adds to the value of stoneproducts. But because of the diversity of stone products with complicated shape, thetraditional hand operated grinding method is labor intensive and of low accuracy, thusunable to carry out mass production. Based on the stone cutting equipment of modelQSJ made in China, this dissertation introduces the multi-axis computer numericalcontrol devices. By improving its mechanical, electrical control, and softwarestructure, this dissertation works out an improved QSJ bridge type stone cutter. Basedon this, this dissertation proposes the use of the large-size round cutting disc and bycontrolling its rotating angle to make the grinding surfaces in elliptic traces, and it setsup the5-axis control mathematical modeling to grind the varied complicated shape ofstone products in different specifications. Then, by applying the improved QSJ bridgetype stone cutter and the5-axis control mathematical modeling is presented in thisdissertation, and it further designs the5-axis control algorithm to achieve automationand computer numerical control in cutting the complicated shape stones. By practicalprocessing test, the automatical grinding manufacturing and numerical controltechnique in the improved stone manufacturing machines for complicated shape stonehave been achieved.
To solve the problem of granite quarrying and processing wastewatercharacterized by high turbidity and high suspended substance contention, bycomparing the differences in the effects of currently used PAC flocculant and those ofthe humic acid flocculant, this dissertation works out a new type of flocculant:FA-PAC by mixing fulvic acids and polyaluminum chloride, and then analyzes thephysicochemical properties, structural features and mechanism of the FA-PAC flocculant which is to be applied in wastewater treatment. By conducting orthogonalexperiments, the ranking factors for flocculation effectiveness and the optimizedflocculation technical conditions are found. Under optimized conditions, thesupernatant liquid SS in treated wastewater is65mg/L, which meets the first-ordercriteria of the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (SS≤70mg/L) andcan be directly reused. The cost of the commonly applied PAC-PAM flocculant isabout1.950RMB Yuan per cubic meter of water, in contrast, the cost of the new typeof FA-PAC flocculant is only about1.136RMB Yuan per cubic meter of water, saving42%of the costs. It clearly indicates that the new type of composite flocculantFA-PAC is cost-effective in the treatment of wastewater resulted from granitequarrying and processing, which is essential in saving water resources for betterenvironmental protection, reducing production costs and maintaining sustainableeconomic development.
When these two technical problems are solved, it is important to work out waysto maintain sustainable development from the economical perspective by analyzingthe potential relations between relevant factors influencing stone industrydevelopment and setting up a data-based vector auto-regression model (VAR).Clarifying relations between relevant factors of stone product output, the number ofpatent application claims, stone products export quota and amount of investment infixed-assets contributes to enhance the core competitiveness in stone industry. Butcurrent facts indicate that technological innovation in stone industry has beeninadequate and fails to boost stone industry as it is still characterized by its laborintensity and low level of technology, which greatly hampers the future developmentof stone industry in China. Based on this, this dissertation sets up a semi-parameterspace econometric model to describe the relativity of technological innovation indifferent regions in China so as to tap the potentials of technological creation, andexplore the impact of environmental governance on the sustainable development ofstone industry. Case analysis based on Fujian Province helps to map out theaggregation effect of areas with high level of stone industry development, areas ofSanming, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Putian form major stone enterprise clusters inFujian. These stone industrial clusters boost the industrial development andtechnological innovation of their neighboring underdeveloped areas.
Finally, it is pointed out in this dissertation that stone industry development is asystematic project which requires joint efforts from both the government and theenterprises. An awareness of the importance of technological innovation andenvironmental protection is essential, and preferential policies should be given inthese two aspects. Restoring the ecosystem in stone mining regions is the mostpressing issue that demands immediate attention, efforts are needed to maximize theoverall effectiveness of the “nature-society-economy” trio and set up a circulareconomic development mode in stone industry.
异型石材制品能突显石材的艺术性和高价值，但因异形制品花样繁多、型面复杂，为克服采用传统手工雕刻加工时的劳动强度大、批量生产能力弱及加工精度差等缺点，本文基于国产QSJ型石材加工设备，引入多轴联动数控装置，通过对其进行机械、电气及软件结构的改造设计，构建出具有五轴联动控制功能的QSJ改进型桥式石材磨削切机。在此基础上，采用大规格的圆形磨削切片，通过控制其回转角度，形成有效的椭圆形切削形廓，设计该椭圆形廓与石材工件复杂型面之间的空间运动轨迹，建立了一个五轴联动的数学模型，使磨削切片成功地包络出规格各异的工件及复杂石雕型面。接着，采用QSJ改进型桥式石材磨削切机和本文所建立的五轴联动数学模型，进一步开展了石雕制品磨切加工的五轴联动控制算法设计，并通过实际加工测试验证，成功地实现了复杂石雕型面的国产石材加工机械设备的自动化磨削加工及数控技术。
针对花岗石加工废水高悬浮微粒与高浊度的特点，综合对比现有主流絮凝剂与腐植酸絮凝效果的差异，本文首先制备一种由黄腐植酸和聚合氯化铝复配而成的新型复合絮凝剂（FA－PAC），接着详细考察与分析了该复合絮凝剂的理化特性、絮凝体形态构成及絮凝机制，更成功地用在花岗石废水的处理，进而通过设计正交试验，得出影响絮凝效果的主次因素顺序与最佳絮凝工艺条件，在优选组合条件下，废水经处理后上清液的SS为65mg/L，既能直接回用，又达国家《污水综合排放》一级标准（SS≤70mg/L）。常用复合絮凝剂（PAC－PAM）处理废水的运行费用约为1.950元/吨水，与其相比，新型FA－PAC复合絮凝剂的运行费用仅为1.136元/吨水，节省运行成本42%左右。显然，采用本文研发的新型FA－PAC复合絮凝剂进行花岗石废水处理具有良好的性价比，这对保护环境、节约水资源、降低石材企业生产成本与可持续发展具有重要意义。
在成功解决石材复杂型面加工国产QSJ改进型设备自动化数控技术及采用新型复合絮凝剂（FA－PAC）实现花岗石废水高效回用处理的两大关键问题后，如何使我国由石材大国建成石材强国并保持可持续性的发展，应从经济学发展角度出发，对影响石材产业发展趋势的敏感要素关联性进行分析研究，建立一个基于数据统计性质的向量自回归（VAR）模型，并找出这些敏感要素（石材产量、专利申请量、石材出口额、固定资产投资额）之间的关系，确定其作为核心竞争力的体现，实证表明中国的技术创新水平在石材产业目前发展过程中并未产生积极的推动作用，而仍以劳动密集型和低技术型为主，缺乏创新能力在今后一段时间仍然会制约中国的石材产业发展。在这基础上，构建出半参数的空间计量模型，以描述不同区域之间技术创新发展的空间相关性，挖掘技术扩散性和空间集聚效应，同时指出环境治理对技术创新的显著影响，从而验证环境治理将对石材产业的可持续性发展产生极为重要的影响。通过以福建省为实例，获得石材发展水平较高地区之间的集聚效应图，指出福建省三明市、泉州市、厦门市与莆田市这四个地区已形成石材发展的产业集群，这种集群效应能在很大程度上带动周边欠发展地区的产业发展与技术创新水平的提高。
最后指出，石材产业的开发是个系统工程，需要政府与企业的通力合作，首先在观念上要认识到技术创新和环境保护的重要性，而且在政策上对两者予以倾斜与扶持，特别指出应极为重视石材矿区生态修复与重建工作的紧迫性，以实现“自然－社会－经济”三者综合效益最大化，建立石材产业的循环经济模式。
Stone industry in China has been developing very rapidly. Since2000, China isranked the number one place in the world in terms of its stone mining andmanufacturing capacity, stone product consumption and export volume. But acuteproblems exist in the current stone mining and manufacturing industry, among whichthe two prominent ones are:①due to inefficient stone manufacturing techniques withits low level of automation, stone industry is characterized by its low processingaccuracy, labor intensity, low production efficiency, and low utilization rate ofresources.②wastewater, waste residue, dust and noise pollution from stone miningand manufacturing industry, particularly the discharge of untreated wastewater,produce a hazardous and irrepairable impact on the environment, resulting in waterpollution and soil degradation. To address these issues, the dissertation aims toconduct a systematic research in these areas, which is the first of its kind, and worksout optimized practical solutions to these problems.
Cutting stones into artistically designed products adds to the value of stoneproducts. But because of the diversity of stone products with complicated shape, thetraditional hand operated grinding method is labor intensive and of low accuracy, thusunable to carry out mass production. Based on the stone cutting equipment of modelQSJ made in China, this dissertation introduces the multi-axis computer numericalcontrol devices. By improving its mechanical, electrical control, and softwarestructure, this dissertation works out an improved QSJ bridge type stone cutter. Basedon this, this dissertation proposes the use of the large-size round cutting disc and bycontrolling its rotating angle to make the grinding surfaces in elliptic traces, and it setsup the5-axis control mathematical modeling to grind the varied complicated shape ofstone products in different specifications. Then, by applying the improved QSJ bridgetype stone cutter and the5-axis control mathematical modeling is presented in thisdissertation, and it further designs the5-axis control algorithm to achieve automationand computer numerical control in cutting the complicated shape stones. By practicalprocessing test, the automatical grinding manufacturing and numerical controltechnique in the improved stone manufacturing machines for complicated shape stonehave been achieved.
To solve the problem of granite quarrying and processing wastewatercharacterized by high turbidity and high suspended substance contention, bycomparing the differences in the effects of currently used PAC flocculant and those ofthe humic acid flocculant, this dissertation works out a new type of flocculant:FA-PAC by mixing fulvic acids and polyaluminum chloride, and then analyzes thephysicochemical properties, structural features and mechanism of the FA-PAC flocculant which is to be applied in wastewater treatment. By conducting orthogonalexperiments, the ranking factors for flocculation effectiveness and the optimizedflocculation technical conditions are found. Under optimized conditions, thesupernatant liquid SS in treated wastewater is65mg/L, which meets the first-ordercriteria of the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (SS≤70mg/L) andcan be directly reused. The cost of the commonly applied PAC-PAM flocculant isabout1.950RMB Yuan per cubic meter of water, in contrast, the cost of the new typeof FA-PAC flocculant is only about1.136RMB Yuan per cubic meter of water, saving42%of the costs. It clearly indicates that the new type of composite flocculantFA-PAC is cost-effective in the treatment of wastewater resulted from granitequarrying and processing, which is essential in saving water resources for betterenvironmental protection, reducing production costs and maintaining sustainableeconomic development.
When these two technical problems are solved, it is important to work out waysto maintain sustainable development from the economical perspective by analyzingthe potential relations between relevant factors influencing stone industrydevelopment and setting up a data-based vector auto-regression model (VAR).Clarifying relations between relevant factors of stone product output, the number ofpatent application claims, stone products export quota and amount of investment infixed-assets contributes to enhance the core competitiveness in stone industry. Butcurrent facts indicate that technological innovation in stone industry has beeninadequate and fails to boost stone industry as it is still characterized by its laborintensity and low level of technology, which greatly hampers the future developmentof stone industry in China. Based on this, this dissertation sets up a semi-parameterspace econometric model to describe the relativity of technological innovation indifferent regions in China so as to tap the potentials of technological creation, andexplore the impact of environmental governance on the sustainable development ofstone industry. Case analysis based on Fujian Province helps to map out theaggregation effect of areas with high level of stone industry development, areas ofSanming, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Putian form major stone enterprise clusters inFujian. These stone industrial clusters boost the industrial development andtechnological innovation of their neighboring underdeveloped areas.
Finally, it is pointed out in this dissertation that stone industry development is asystematic project which requires joint efforts from both the government and theenterprises. An awareness of the importance of technological innovation andenvironmental protection is essential, and preferential policies should be given inthese two aspects. Restoring the ecosystem in stone mining regions is the mostpressing issue that demands immediate attention, efforts are needed to maximize theoverall effectiveness of the “nature-society-economy” trio and set up a circulareconomic development mode in stone industry.
引文
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