西北半干旱黄绵土区长期施肥的作物产量及土壤质量响应
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摘要
土壤质量是作物产量的基础,而作物产量、土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤物理、化学和微生物指标则是土壤质量特征具体表征。施肥通常认为是改善土壤质量、增加作物产量的有效途径之一。但截止目前国内外不同地区有关施肥,特别是长期施用化肥对作物产量及土壤质量的影响研究报道不一,而且涉及黄绵土的研究报道鲜见。为此本文以1981年设置于甘肃天水市秦州区的长期定位试验为基础,研究不同施肥处理对作物产量、土壤物理、化学及微生物学性质响应；同时应用密度和粒径分组,探寻不同施肥处理土壤有机碳库及组分响应；最后结合主成份分析和聚类分析对不同施肥处理土壤质量进行评价。研究结果表明：
1.除1982年受倒伏影响外,施有机肥或化肥(N,NP和NPK)都对小麦产量有明显的增产效应。长期施用有机肥或化肥对小麦盛花期0-20cm土层根系生物量及0-60cm土层根系密度亦有显著影响,且根系生物量(0-20cm)与产量及地上部生物量显著正相关。随试验年限延续所有处理小麦产量及生育期降雨量都逐渐减少,且除对照(CK)和单施有机肥(M)外,其余处理小麦产量与其生育期降雨量显著正相关。
2.长期施用有机肥可显著降低耕作层(0-20cm)土壤容重、显著增加0.5-0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量；长期化肥配合(NP和NPK)施用虽亦能显著提高0.5-0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量,但对土壤容重影响不显著。除8-1mm水稳性团聚体外,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)可显著增团聚体中有机碳及全氮含量。较大粒径团聚体的有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比明显高于其较小粒径团聚体。
3.长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)都可显著增加土壤(0-20cm)有机碳和全氮含量。长期施用有机肥可显著增加土壤轻组有机碳、粗组有机碳含量。长期施用化肥可显著增加土壤轻组有机碳(密度<1.8g/cm3)和重组有机碳含量(密度>1.8g/cm3),而对土壤粗组有机碳含量的影响不明显(粒径>0.53mm)。土壤粗组有机碳容量高于其轻组有机碳,腐解度高于轻组有机碳,但土壤轻组有机碳库的敏感性较强。
4.长期施用氮肥处理耕作层土壤(0-20cm)及土壤剖面(0-100cm)中硝态氮含量较对照(CK)显著增加。氮肥与有机肥(MN)或与磷肥(NP)及与磷钾肥配合(NPK)施用土壤剖面中硝态氮含量较单施氮肥处理(N)显著降低。长期施用有机肥或磷肥可显著增加0-20cm土层和20-40cm土层土壤Olsen-P含量,而对深层(40cm以下)土壤Olsen-P含量影响不明显。长期施用有机肥或氮肥都可显著降低土壤PH,而且长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有效铁、锰、铜和锌含量。
5.长期施用有机肥或化肥(N,NP和NPK)都可显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖酶、尿酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。小麦不同生育期土壤生物量碳、氮含量和土壤碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖酶、尿酶及酸性磷酸酶活性高低顺序都呈现为开花期>拔节期>成熟期。
6.小麦籽粒产量与土壤中有机碳、氮、磷含量、粗组有机碳、轻组有机碳、微生物碳含量和酶活性间显著正相关,且小麦籽粒产量与土壤轻组有机碳的相关系数高于其与土壤粗组有机碳的相关系数。小麦籽粒产量与土壤容重及平均质量直径显著正相关。在小麦开花期土壤剖面中(0-100cm)平均根系密度与土壤平均含水量显著负相关。
7.随试验年限延续,所有长期施肥处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量较试验起始时明显增加,仅施用化肥(NP和NPK)土壤有机碳含量的增幅明显低于化肥(NP和NPK)与有机肥配合施用的处理。长期不施磷土壤速效磷含量逐渐降低,长期施用磷肥或有机肥土壤速效磷含量则逐渐增加。
由此可见,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)较对照增加了作物产量、提高了土壤有机碳及活性组分和氮磷等营养元素含量、增强了土壤酶活性、改善了土壤结构性,同时长期施用有机肥或化肥土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量较试验起始时也明显增加。因此,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)提升了土壤质量,而且有机肥与化肥配合施用的效果更佳。但由于气候变化,小麦生育期降雨量逐渐减少,明显影响了小麦产量。
Improving and maintaining soil quality is of paramount importance to meet the food demands of increasing population in China. Fertilization is one of the soil and crop management practices which exert a considerable influence on soil quality. However, many previous studies demonstrated inconsistent results that the effects of fertilization on crop yields and soil quality. Moreover, such study has been conducted rarely on loess soils. Crop yields, total soil organic matter (SOM) and its sensitive fractions, and soil physical, chemical and biological properties have been proposed as indicators of soil quality. Therefore, we investigate the responses of fertilization to soil organic matter and its physically-separated fractions, and soil physical, chemical and biological properties through the long-term field experiment at a site of semiarid Loess Plateau, which is initiated in1981. Finally, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to evaluate soil quality in different fertilization treatments. The results were shown as following:
1. Except for1982, application of fertilizers (N, NP and NPK) or manure markedly increased wheat yield compared to nil-fertilization, moreover, combination of manure and chemical fertilizers increased wheat grain production more than did manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizations and manuring significantly enhanced wheat root biomass (0-20cm) and root density (0-60cm) on the flowering stage, and wheat root biomass was closely related to wheat yield. Wheat yield of all treatments and precipitation in wheat growing seasons gradually declined with the extension of the experiment continuous time, moreover, excluding nil-fertilization and alone manure treatments, there were significantly positive relationships between yields of the others treatments and precipitation in wheat growing seasons.
2. Manuring significantly reduced soil density (0-20cm) and increased0.5-0.25mm water-stable aggregates concentration as compared with no manuring treatment. Combining application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) markedly improved0.5-0.25mm water-stable aggregates concentration, but it had no notable effect on soil density compared with nil-fertilization. Organic C and N concentrations of all water-stable-aggregate fractions were generally affected by both organic and mineral fertilizations and magnitudes of increases were greater for1-0.5and0.5-0.25mm water-stable-aggregate fractions than for the other fractions. Soil OC, N concentrations and C:N ratios in the larger size water-stable aggregates were significantly higher than those in smaller size water stable aggregates.
3. Application of nitrogen and farmyard manure significantly elevated soil (0-20cm) NO-3-N concentration in soil profile (0-100cm) compared with nil-fertilization, by contrast, combination of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure (MN), phosphate (NP) or phosphate and potassium fertilizers (NPK) significantly reduced soil profile NO-3-N concentration compared with nitrogen fertilizer alone (N). Farmyard manure and phosphate fertilizer use significantly improved0-20cm and20-40cm soil Olsen-P concentration, long-term application of farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer significantly decreased soil PH compared with nil-fertilization. Simultaneity, long-term application of farmyard manure significantly increased soil available iron, manganese, copper and zinc concentrations in bulk soil compared with nil-fertilization.
4. Application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen concentrations and soil alkaline phosphatase,β-glucosidase, urease and acidic phosphatase activities compared with nil-fertilization. In different wheat growth stages, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, urease and acidic phosphatase activities decreased in the order of flowering stage>jointing stage>harvesting stage.
5. Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers (N, NP and NPK) significantly increased total soil OC and N concentrations compared with nil-fertilization. Compared with nil-fertilization, long-term application of manure significantly increased soil light OC (Density<1.8g/cm3) and coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentrations, while long-term application of chemical fertilizers significantly increased soil light OC and mineral-associated OC (Density>1.8g/cm3) concentrations, and its effect on coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentration in bulk soil was not observed. Light OC was more sensitive but smaller reservoir than coarse OC in bulk soil.
6. Wheat yield correlated positively with total soil OC, N, phosphorus, soil coarse OC(Size>0.05mm), soil light OC(Density<1.8g/cm3), microbial biomass carbon concentrations and enzyme activities, moreover, the relationship between wheat yield and soil light OC concentration was stronger than that of wheat yield and soil coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentration on wheat harvesting stage. Wheat yield and root biomass correlated positively with soil average mass diameter. Wheat average root length density negatively correlated to soil moisture content on wheat flowering stage.
7. With the extension of the experiment continuous time, soil OC and total nitrogen concentrations markedly increased in all fertilization treatments cmpared with the initial values of the experiment beginning, and the increased magnitude of soil OC and total nitrogen concentrations in combining chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure treatments were higher than the increased amount by either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Without phosphorus input, Olsen-P concentration decreased in bulk soil, by contrast, soil Olsen-P concentration significantly increased if phosphorus fertilizer and manure were applied with the extension of the experiment continuous time.
In general, long-term application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) and farmyard manure significantly increased crop yields, enhanced total soil OC, labile OC and soil nutrient concentrations, increased soil microbial biomass activities compared to nil-fertilization. Moreover, application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) or farmyard manure significantly increased soil OC, total nitrogen and Olsen-P concentrations compared to the initial values of the experiment beginning. Therefore, long-term application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) and farmyard manure significantly improved soil quality and combination of manure and chemical fertilizers more efficient than by either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Due to the changes of climate, precipitation gradually decreased in wheat growth seasons, which limited wheat yield and resulted in wheat yield declined gradually with time.
1.除1982年受倒伏影响外,施有机肥或化肥(N,NP和NPK)都对小麦产量有明显的增产效应。长期施用有机肥或化肥对小麦盛花期0-20cm土层根系生物量及0-60cm土层根系密度亦有显著影响,且根系生物量(0-20cm)与产量及地上部生物量显著正相关。随试验年限延续所有处理小麦产量及生育期降雨量都逐渐减少,且除对照(CK)和单施有机肥(M)外,其余处理小麦产量与其生育期降雨量显著正相关。
2.长期施用有机肥可显著降低耕作层(0-20cm)土壤容重、显著增加0.5-0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量；长期化肥配合(NP和NPK)施用虽亦能显著提高0.5-0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量,但对土壤容重影响不显著。除8-1mm水稳性团聚体外,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)可显著增团聚体中有机碳及全氮含量。较大粒径团聚体的有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比明显高于其较小粒径团聚体。
3.长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)都可显著增加土壤(0-20cm)有机碳和全氮含量。长期施用有机肥可显著增加土壤轻组有机碳、粗组有机碳含量。长期施用化肥可显著增加土壤轻组有机碳(密度<1.8g/cm3)和重组有机碳含量(密度>1.8g/cm3),而对土壤粗组有机碳含量的影响不明显(粒径>0.53mm)。土壤粗组有机碳容量高于其轻组有机碳,腐解度高于轻组有机碳,但土壤轻组有机碳库的敏感性较强。
4.长期施用氮肥处理耕作层土壤(0-20cm)及土壤剖面(0-100cm)中硝态氮含量较对照(CK)显著增加。氮肥与有机肥(MN)或与磷肥(NP)及与磷钾肥配合(NPK)施用土壤剖面中硝态氮含量较单施氮肥处理(N)显著降低。长期施用有机肥或磷肥可显著增加0-20cm土层和20-40cm土层土壤Olsen-P含量,而对深层(40cm以下)土壤Olsen-P含量影响不明显。长期施用有机肥或氮肥都可显著降低土壤PH,而且长期施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有效铁、锰、铜和锌含量。
5.长期施用有机肥或化肥(N,NP和NPK)都可显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖酶、尿酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。小麦不同生育期土壤生物量碳、氮含量和土壤碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖酶、尿酶及酸性磷酸酶活性高低顺序都呈现为开花期>拔节期>成熟期。
6.小麦籽粒产量与土壤中有机碳、氮、磷含量、粗组有机碳、轻组有机碳、微生物碳含量和酶活性间显著正相关,且小麦籽粒产量与土壤轻组有机碳的相关系数高于其与土壤粗组有机碳的相关系数。小麦籽粒产量与土壤容重及平均质量直径显著正相关。在小麦开花期土壤剖面中(0-100cm)平均根系密度与土壤平均含水量显著负相关。
7.随试验年限延续,所有长期施肥处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量较试验起始时明显增加,仅施用化肥(NP和NPK)土壤有机碳含量的增幅明显低于化肥(NP和NPK)与有机肥配合施用的处理。长期不施磷土壤速效磷含量逐渐降低,长期施用磷肥或有机肥土壤速效磷含量则逐渐增加。
由此可见,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)较对照增加了作物产量、提高了土壤有机碳及活性组分和氮磷等营养元素含量、增强了土壤酶活性、改善了土壤结构性,同时长期施用有机肥或化肥土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量较试验起始时也明显增加。因此,长期施用有机肥或化肥(NP和NPK)提升了土壤质量,而且有机肥与化肥配合施用的效果更佳。但由于气候变化,小麦生育期降雨量逐渐减少,明显影响了小麦产量。
Improving and maintaining soil quality is of paramount importance to meet the food demands of increasing population in China. Fertilization is one of the soil and crop management practices which exert a considerable influence on soil quality. However, many previous studies demonstrated inconsistent results that the effects of fertilization on crop yields and soil quality. Moreover, such study has been conducted rarely on loess soils. Crop yields, total soil organic matter (SOM) and its sensitive fractions, and soil physical, chemical and biological properties have been proposed as indicators of soil quality. Therefore, we investigate the responses of fertilization to soil organic matter and its physically-separated fractions, and soil physical, chemical and biological properties through the long-term field experiment at a site of semiarid Loess Plateau, which is initiated in1981. Finally, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to evaluate soil quality in different fertilization treatments. The results were shown as following:
1. Except for1982, application of fertilizers (N, NP and NPK) or manure markedly increased wheat yield compared to nil-fertilization, moreover, combination of manure and chemical fertilizers increased wheat grain production more than did manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizations and manuring significantly enhanced wheat root biomass (0-20cm) and root density (0-60cm) on the flowering stage, and wheat root biomass was closely related to wheat yield. Wheat yield of all treatments and precipitation in wheat growing seasons gradually declined with the extension of the experiment continuous time, moreover, excluding nil-fertilization and alone manure treatments, there were significantly positive relationships between yields of the others treatments and precipitation in wheat growing seasons.
2. Manuring significantly reduced soil density (0-20cm) and increased0.5-0.25mm water-stable aggregates concentration as compared with no manuring treatment. Combining application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) markedly improved0.5-0.25mm water-stable aggregates concentration, but it had no notable effect on soil density compared with nil-fertilization. Organic C and N concentrations of all water-stable-aggregate fractions were generally affected by both organic and mineral fertilizations and magnitudes of increases were greater for1-0.5and0.5-0.25mm water-stable-aggregate fractions than for the other fractions. Soil OC, N concentrations and C:N ratios in the larger size water-stable aggregates were significantly higher than those in smaller size water stable aggregates.
3. Application of nitrogen and farmyard manure significantly elevated soil (0-20cm) NO-3-N concentration in soil profile (0-100cm) compared with nil-fertilization, by contrast, combination of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure (MN), phosphate (NP) or phosphate and potassium fertilizers (NPK) significantly reduced soil profile NO-3-N concentration compared with nitrogen fertilizer alone (N). Farmyard manure and phosphate fertilizer use significantly improved0-20cm and20-40cm soil Olsen-P concentration, long-term application of farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer significantly decreased soil PH compared with nil-fertilization. Simultaneity, long-term application of farmyard manure significantly increased soil available iron, manganese, copper and zinc concentrations in bulk soil compared with nil-fertilization.
4. Application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen concentrations and soil alkaline phosphatase,β-glucosidase, urease and acidic phosphatase activities compared with nil-fertilization. In different wheat growth stages, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, urease and acidic phosphatase activities decreased in the order of flowering stage>jointing stage>harvesting stage.
5. Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers (N, NP and NPK) significantly increased total soil OC and N concentrations compared with nil-fertilization. Compared with nil-fertilization, long-term application of manure significantly increased soil light OC (Density<1.8g/cm3) and coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentrations, while long-term application of chemical fertilizers significantly increased soil light OC and mineral-associated OC (Density>1.8g/cm3) concentrations, and its effect on coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentration in bulk soil was not observed. Light OC was more sensitive but smaller reservoir than coarse OC in bulk soil.
6. Wheat yield correlated positively with total soil OC, N, phosphorus, soil coarse OC(Size>0.05mm), soil light OC(Density<1.8g/cm3), microbial biomass carbon concentrations and enzyme activities, moreover, the relationship between wheat yield and soil light OC concentration was stronger than that of wheat yield and soil coarse OC (Size>0.05mm) concentration on wheat harvesting stage. Wheat yield and root biomass correlated positively with soil average mass diameter. Wheat average root length density negatively correlated to soil moisture content on wheat flowering stage.
7. With the extension of the experiment continuous time, soil OC and total nitrogen concentrations markedly increased in all fertilization treatments cmpared with the initial values of the experiment beginning, and the increased magnitude of soil OC and total nitrogen concentrations in combining chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure treatments were higher than the increased amount by either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Without phosphorus input, Olsen-P concentration decreased in bulk soil, by contrast, soil Olsen-P concentration significantly increased if phosphorus fertilizer and manure were applied with the extension of the experiment continuous time.
In general, long-term application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) and farmyard manure significantly increased crop yields, enhanced total soil OC, labile OC and soil nutrient concentrations, increased soil microbial biomass activities compared to nil-fertilization. Moreover, application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) or farmyard manure significantly increased soil OC, total nitrogen and Olsen-P concentrations compared to the initial values of the experiment beginning. Therefore, long-term application of chemical fertilizers (NP and NPK) and farmyard manure significantly improved soil quality and combination of manure and chemical fertilizers more efficient than by either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizers alone. Due to the changes of climate, precipitation gradually decreased in wheat growth seasons, which limited wheat yield and resulted in wheat yield declined gradually with time.
引文
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