圈养普氏野马（Equus ferus przewalskii）行为与生理生态及适应性的非损伤性研究
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摘要
本论文于2011-2012年分不同时段,于新疆野马繁育中心(89°14'～89°36'E,45°49'～46°04'N)和卡拉麦里有蹄类自然保护区中部的野马放归地(89°26'305"E,45°29'443"N),采用全事件取样、扫描取样和目标动物取样等多种行为观测方法以及粪便取样的非损伤性测定技术,对不同组间圈养普氏野马的季节繁殖、夏季高温、放归运输等三个特殊时期进行了相关研究,旨在探索其行为及生理适应性的研究途径,为人工管护和放归野化奠定科学依据。主要的研究结果如下：
(1)圈养雌雄普氏野马繁殖期采食、饮水和站醒等行为差异不显著(p>0.05),而休息、运动、修饰和其他行为均表现出显著性差异(p<0.05),其中,雄马的休息时间、修饰时间显著低于雌马,运动时间和其他行为时间显著高于雌马。
(2)圈养野马繁殖期不同组间应激水平存在显著差异(p<0.05),表现为带驹雌马>雄马>雌马；此外,雄马繁殖期内粪便的睾酮与皮质醇呈显著正相关,而雌马与带驹雌马粪便的雌二醇、孕酮和皮质醇的相关性不显著；带驹雌马繁殖期内粪便的雌二醇水平显著低于正常雌马(p<0.05),粪便内孕酮含量则保持相对较高的水平,但二者差异不显著(p>0.05)。
(3)不同组间圈养普氏野马夏季高温期的主要行为存在一定差异,在采食行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而幼驹显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群；在饮水行为时间分配上,带驹雌马低于其他组群,且与雌马的差异达显著水平(p<0.05)；在站醒行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群而幼驹显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群；在休息行为时间分配上,幼驹高于其他组群,且与雄马、带驹雌马的差异达显著水平(p<0.05)；在运动行为时间分配上,雄马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而带驹雌马显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群；在修饰行为时间分配上,雌马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群；在其他行为时间分配上,幼驹显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而雌马则显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群。此外,野马各组组内不同高温应激范畴的行为差异均不显著(p>0.05)。
(4)不同组间圈养普氏野马夏季高温期表现出不同程度的生理应答,且差异均显著(p<0.05),应激水平表现为雄马>雌马>带驹雌马,代谢水平表现为雌马>雄马>带驹雌马；此外,各组组内不同高温应激范畴的应激及代谢水平差异均不显著p>0.05)。
(5)圈养普氏野马家族群运输前后的主要行为时间分配存在一定差异,运输后运动、采食、躺休三种行为时间分配增加,其中,运动行为达显著水平p<0.05)；运输后站醒、站休、修饰、饮水、标记、其他行为的时间分配减少,其中,站醒行为、站休行为、饮水行为、标记行为达显著水平p<0.05)。
(6)圈养普氏野马家族群对运输刺激表现出一定程度的生理应答,粪便内糖皮质激素含量平均于运输后24hr达到峰值,差异显著p<0.05),随后开始下降,运输后72hr恢复至运输前水平(p>0.05),因此建议运输当天和结束后的1d是管护的敏感期,应防止意外伤害的出现；应激水平的恢复速度指示出目前普氏野马的应激反应更接近于家畜,应该是逾百年人工圈养的结果,本研究结果可作为该物种野化进程并最终恢复“野性”的一个指标。
本研究证实,采用行为观察和粪便取样的非损伤性测定技术是监测和评估野生动物生存、生理状态的重要途径,不但可为圈养普氏野马的人工管护提供科学依据,而且可望为该物种重引入进程提供指示作用。
This work was carried out at different periods from2011to2012, using all-occurrence sampling, scan sampling, focal sampling methods and fecal non-invasive measurement technique, to investigate three special period of the breeding season, the summer heat period and transportation for reintroduction about different groups of captive Przewalski's horses, in Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre (89°14'～89°36'E,45°49'～46°04'N) and a new releasing site located in the middle of the Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve (89°26'305"E,45°29'443"N). Researches were also conducted to explore the research approach on behavioral and physiological ecology adaptation of captive Przewalski's Horse, it can not only provide us a scientific basis for the management and protection, and also provide instructions for re-introduction of this species. The main results are showed as follows:
(1) There were no significant difference in feeding, drinking and standing behavior between male and female captive Przewalski's Horse during breeding season (p>0.05), while the resting, moving, grooming and other behavior all showed significant differences (p<0.05), which male horses were significantly lower than female horses in the time spent on resting and grooming; moving and other behavior were significantly higher than female horses.
(2) Result from the fecal glucocorticoid metabolites concentration of captive wild horses in breeding season shows that there were significant differences between groups(p<0.05), and the order of stress level was the lactating female horses> male horses> female horses; in addition, fecal testosterone of male horses was significant positive correlation with fecal cortisol during breeding period, while there was no correlation among fecal estradiol. progesterone and fecal cortisol of female horses and the lactating female horses; the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than normal female horses on fecal estradiol level during breeding period, meanwhile, fecal progesterone was to maintain a relatively high level, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05).
(3) There were some differences in the main type of behaviors on the time budget between different groups during summer heat period, in the time spent on feeding behavior, the lactating female horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) and foals were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups; the lactating female horses were lower than the other groups in the time spent on drinking behavior, which differences with female horses were significant (p<0.05); the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) and foals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on standing behavior; foals were higher than the other groups in the time spent on resting behavior, which differences with male horses and the lactating female horses were were significant (p<0.05); male horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) and the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on moving behavior; female horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on grooming behavior; foals were significantly higher (p<0.05) and female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on other behavior. In addition, behavioral differences were not significant (p>0.05) within each group of wild horses in different degrees of heat stress.
(4) Result from degrees of physiological responses of captive wild horses to summer high temperature were significantly different among groups (p<0.05), and the order of stress level was male horses> female horses> the lactating female horses, while the metabolic levels revealed in an order of female horses> male horses> the lactating female horses; moreover, stress and metabolic level differences were not significant (p>0.05) within each group of wild horses in different degrees of heat stress.
(5) Compared to pre-transportation main behaviors on the time budget, a family group of captive Przewalski's horses showed some changes following transportation. Following transportation, horses allotted more time for moving, grazing, and lying recumbent behaviors, and the change in moving behavior was especially significant (p<0.05). The following behaviors showed a decrease in allocated time:standing, stand resting, grooming, drinking, marking (referring to the stallion), and other behaviors; all of the above behaviors (standing, stand resting, grooming, drinking, marking) were significantly decreased (p<0.05), with the exception of other behaviors.
(6) The family group of captive Przewalski's horses expressed a certain physiological response to transportation stress. The average time of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites concentration reached peak value (p<0.05) at24hr post-transportation, and then declined. Seventy-two hours following transportation, all values returned to their respective baseline levels (p>0.05). In light of these results, we advise that the day and the day following transportation could be proposed to be a sensitive period in order to prevent accidental injury. According to the recovering period length of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites level, we found that the value was more likely to domestic animal other than wildlife, which might be caused by nearly one hundred years captive. Therefore, we believe that our results can be used as a monitoring wild process method, which is also an indicator of the ultimately "wild"
This study demonstrates that behavioral observation and techniques of non-invasive fecal sampling can be an important way to monitor and assess wild animals on survival and physiological state, not only provide us a scientific basis for the management and protection, and also provide instructions for re-introduction of this species.
(1)圈养雌雄普氏野马繁殖期采食、饮水和站醒等行为差异不显著(p>0.05),而休息、运动、修饰和其他行为均表现出显著性差异(p<0.05),其中,雄马的休息时间、修饰时间显著低于雌马,运动时间和其他行为时间显著高于雌马。
(2)圈养野马繁殖期不同组间应激水平存在显著差异(p<0.05),表现为带驹雌马>雄马>雌马；此外,雄马繁殖期内粪便的睾酮与皮质醇呈显著正相关,而雌马与带驹雌马粪便的雌二醇、孕酮和皮质醇的相关性不显著；带驹雌马繁殖期内粪便的雌二醇水平显著低于正常雌马(p<0.05),粪便内孕酮含量则保持相对较高的水平,但二者差异不显著(p>0.05)。
(3)不同组间圈养普氏野马夏季高温期的主要行为存在一定差异,在采食行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而幼驹显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群；在饮水行为时间分配上,带驹雌马低于其他组群,且与雌马的差异达显著水平(p<0.05)；在站醒行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群而幼驹显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群；在休息行为时间分配上,幼驹高于其他组群,且与雄马、带驹雌马的差异达显著水平(p<0.05)；在运动行为时间分配上,雄马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而带驹雌马显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群；在修饰行为时间分配上,雌马显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群；在其他行为时间分配上,幼驹显著高于(p<0.05)其他组群而雌马则显著低于(p<0.05)其他组群。此外,野马各组组内不同高温应激范畴的行为差异均不显著(p>0.05)。
(4)不同组间圈养普氏野马夏季高温期表现出不同程度的生理应答,且差异均显著(p<0.05),应激水平表现为雄马>雌马>带驹雌马,代谢水平表现为雌马>雄马>带驹雌马；此外,各组组内不同高温应激范畴的应激及代谢水平差异均不显著p>0.05)。
(5)圈养普氏野马家族群运输前后的主要行为时间分配存在一定差异,运输后运动、采食、躺休三种行为时间分配增加,其中,运动行为达显著水平p<0.05)；运输后站醒、站休、修饰、饮水、标记、其他行为的时间分配减少,其中,站醒行为、站休行为、饮水行为、标记行为达显著水平p<0.05)。
(6)圈养普氏野马家族群对运输刺激表现出一定程度的生理应答,粪便内糖皮质激素含量平均于运输后24hr达到峰值,差异显著p<0.05),随后开始下降,运输后72hr恢复至运输前水平(p>0.05),因此建议运输当天和结束后的1d是管护的敏感期,应防止意外伤害的出现；应激水平的恢复速度指示出目前普氏野马的应激反应更接近于家畜,应该是逾百年人工圈养的结果,本研究结果可作为该物种野化进程并最终恢复“野性”的一个指标。
本研究证实,采用行为观察和粪便取样的非损伤性测定技术是监测和评估野生动物生存、生理状态的重要途径,不但可为圈养普氏野马的人工管护提供科学依据,而且可望为该物种重引入进程提供指示作用。
This work was carried out at different periods from2011to2012, using all-occurrence sampling, scan sampling, focal sampling methods and fecal non-invasive measurement technique, to investigate three special period of the breeding season, the summer heat period and transportation for reintroduction about different groups of captive Przewalski's horses, in Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre (89°14'～89°36'E,45°49'～46°04'N) and a new releasing site located in the middle of the Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve (89°26'305"E,45°29'443"N). Researches were also conducted to explore the research approach on behavioral and physiological ecology adaptation of captive Przewalski's Horse, it can not only provide us a scientific basis for the management and protection, and also provide instructions for re-introduction of this species. The main results are showed as follows:
(1) There were no significant difference in feeding, drinking and standing behavior between male and female captive Przewalski's Horse during breeding season (p>0.05), while the resting, moving, grooming and other behavior all showed significant differences (p<0.05), which male horses were significantly lower than female horses in the time spent on resting and grooming; moving and other behavior were significantly higher than female horses.
(2) Result from the fecal glucocorticoid metabolites concentration of captive wild horses in breeding season shows that there were significant differences between groups(p<0.05), and the order of stress level was the lactating female horses> male horses> female horses; in addition, fecal testosterone of male horses was significant positive correlation with fecal cortisol during breeding period, while there was no correlation among fecal estradiol. progesterone and fecal cortisol of female horses and the lactating female horses; the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than normal female horses on fecal estradiol level during breeding period, meanwhile, fecal progesterone was to maintain a relatively high level, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05).
(3) There were some differences in the main type of behaviors on the time budget between different groups during summer heat period, in the time spent on feeding behavior, the lactating female horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) and foals were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups; the lactating female horses were lower than the other groups in the time spent on drinking behavior, which differences with female horses were significant (p<0.05); the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) and foals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on standing behavior; foals were higher than the other groups in the time spent on resting behavior, which differences with male horses and the lactating female horses were were significant (p<0.05); male horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) and the lactating female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on moving behavior; female horses were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on grooming behavior; foals were significantly higher (p<0.05) and female horses were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the other groups in the time spent on other behavior. In addition, behavioral differences were not significant (p>0.05) within each group of wild horses in different degrees of heat stress.
(4) Result from degrees of physiological responses of captive wild horses to summer high temperature were significantly different among groups (p<0.05), and the order of stress level was male horses> female horses> the lactating female horses, while the metabolic levels revealed in an order of female horses> male horses> the lactating female horses; moreover, stress and metabolic level differences were not significant (p>0.05) within each group of wild horses in different degrees of heat stress.
(5) Compared to pre-transportation main behaviors on the time budget, a family group of captive Przewalski's horses showed some changes following transportation. Following transportation, horses allotted more time for moving, grazing, and lying recumbent behaviors, and the change in moving behavior was especially significant (p<0.05). The following behaviors showed a decrease in allocated time:standing, stand resting, grooming, drinking, marking (referring to the stallion), and other behaviors; all of the above behaviors (standing, stand resting, grooming, drinking, marking) were significantly decreased (p<0.05), with the exception of other behaviors.
(6) The family group of captive Przewalski's horses expressed a certain physiological response to transportation stress. The average time of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites concentration reached peak value (p<0.05) at24hr post-transportation, and then declined. Seventy-two hours following transportation, all values returned to their respective baseline levels (p>0.05). In light of these results, we advise that the day and the day following transportation could be proposed to be a sensitive period in order to prevent accidental injury. According to the recovering period length of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites level, we found that the value was more likely to domestic animal other than wildlife, which might be caused by nearly one hundred years captive. Therefore, we believe that our results can be used as a monitoring wild process method, which is also an indicator of the ultimately "wild"
This study demonstrates that behavioral observation and techniques of non-invasive fecal sampling can be an important way to monitor and assess wild animals on survival and physiological state, not only provide us a scientific basis for the management and protection, and also provide instructions for re-introduction of this species.
引文
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