生物质常温开模致密成型研究
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摘要
生物质常温开模挤压成型块状燃料技术是制造生物质成型燃料技术之一,比加热成型技术和常温闭模成型技术工艺更加简化,生产过程更加节能,论文首次对这种成型方式进行探索性试验研究,力求找到一些适合的工艺参数。
论文以林业公益性行业专项“木本灌木资源产业化促进沙荒地植被恢复技术研究”为依托,以“948”引进项目“生物质成型燃料高压致密成型技术引进”的成果为基础,在实验室自行研制的生物质常温开模成型试验台上,进行多种生物质原料的压缩成型和应力松弛实验,利用SPSS18和Excel2007对数据进行分析；借助德国LeicaS8 APO型体视显微镜,对成型块的端面显微结构图像进行了研究；用ZDWH-8型高精度微机全自动量热仪,对成型块的热值进行了测试。试验结论如下：
1.随着生物质原料含水率增加,成型块密度和成型压力都是由小变大再变小,在原料含水率不变的情况下,随模具锥度增大、长度减小成型块密度降低,当原料含水率大到一定值时,不能成型。首次得出草坪草原料含水率在8%17%,模具锥度15°—25°时,挤出的草坪草密度都在0.9g/cm~3以上,含水率11%、模具锥度25°时,成型块密度达到最大值1.10g/cm~3,含水率在20%及以上时,挤出的草坪草密度都在0.9g/cm~3以下,成型效果差或不成型。
2.生物质原料含不同大小颗粒的量如果比例适宜,有利于小颗粒填充在大颗粒的空隙之间,成型密度可达到最大值,成型效果最好。首次得出林木类生物质颗粒度在5mm——20mm,模具锥度40°、出口直径50mm时,可达到最大成型密度。
3.相同模具时,秸秆类的玉米秸秆成型压力和成型密度最大,草坪草的成型压力和成型密度最小,林木类原料的成型压力和成型密度居中
4.首次提出生物质常温开模致密成型过程中,成型块的应力松弛模力学拟模型是一个[M]并联一个[H],应力松弛方程式是σ(t)=Ae-t/T+σe。
5.生物质原料愈靠近模腔壁受阻力愈大,愈接近轴心线受阻力愈小,轴心线附近的物料较外层物料运动速度快,由成型棒中心轴线向表面,密度逐渐增大,首次发现生物质常温开模成型块两端面,分别是内凹和外凸的曲面,首次在显微图像中发现,成型块芯部颗粒的间隙比边部大,挤压使生物质颗粒变形和纤维间相互缠结,相互嵌套不松散。
6.林木生物质的氧弹热值最大,达到4000～4500卡/克；农作物秸秆(玉米秸)的次之,为3866卡/克；草类物料(草坪草)的最低,为3802卡/克。
The technology of biomass shaping with open mold in natural temperature is one kind of biomass shaping technologies. Compared with heat shaping and shaping with closed mold at room temperature, the craft of shaping with open mold is more simple and production processes are more energy-efficient. So experimental study on shaping way was carried out to find some suitable process parameters.
The thesis is based on forestry nonprofit industry-specific "woody shrub resources to promote the industrialization of sandy wasteland restoration technology " and on the basis of the results of "948 " introduction project, "High density biomass. briquette shaping technology introduction ". The experiments on a variety of biomass materials for compression shaping and stress relaxation were carried out in self-developed test-bench, and the test data were analyzed by Exce12007 and SPSS18;The shape crack of the block and microstructure image of end-face have been studied respectively with an ordinary digital camera and the German-based Leica S8 APO stereo microscope. The calorific value of the molding blocks were tested with ZDWH-8 automatic high precision computer calorimeter. Test results are as follows:
1.The results indicate that density and shaping pressure of block is first from small to big, and then to small, accompanying with the increase of moisture content in the same taper; Under a certain moisture content, the density decreases with taper increasing; When moisture content get to a certain value, the lawngrass cannot be formed,First come that when moisture content is at 8% to 17% with the mold taper is at 15°to 25°,the density of turfgrass is larger than 0.9 g/cm~3.when moisture content is at 11% and mold taper is at 25°,the density of block reaches max-1.10 g/cm~3; When raw material moisture content is at 20% or above, the density of lawn grass is smaller than 0.9 g/cm~3 and shaping effect is bad or the lawngrass cannot be formed.
2.If the ratio of the amount of particles of different sizes is suitable,small particles will fill the spaces between the larger particles, and shaping density reaches its maximum, so shaping effect is the best; it draws the conclusion: the particle size of forest biomass is 5mm-20mm, when mold taper is at 40°and outlet diameter is 50mm,the density reach the maximum.
3.With the same mold, shaping pressure and shaping density of corn stalks are the largest, shaping pressure and shaping density of turfgrass is the least,and shaping pressure and shaping density of forest-based raw materials is between the lest and the largest.
4.In the process of biomass shaping with open mold at room temperature, the model of stress relaxation is one【M】model paralleling one【H】model, the constitutive equation of stress relaxation isσ(t)=Ae-t/T+σe.
5.Biomass feedstock is closer to the parietal, and the frictional resistance is larger, biomass feedstock is closer to the axis, and the frictional resistance is smaller,the material near the axis move faster than the outer materials; from the central axis to the surface, the density of biomass feedstock increases, two end faces of biomass block are concave face and convex face respectively. In microscopic image, the gap of the core particles is large than the edge particles.The microstructure of briquette end-face shows that the mechanism of room-temperature opening-mold shaping is making biomass particles extrusion deformation and fiber entanglement with each other, nested within each other is not loose.
6.Calorific value of forest biomass is the largest, reaching 4,000 to 4,500 cal/g; the calorific value of crop stalks (corn stalks) is the second, to 3866 cal/g; and the calorific value of Grass material (lawn grass) was the lowest-3802 cal/g.
论文以林业公益性行业专项“木本灌木资源产业化促进沙荒地植被恢复技术研究”为依托,以“948”引进项目“生物质成型燃料高压致密成型技术引进”的成果为基础,在实验室自行研制的生物质常温开模成型试验台上,进行多种生物质原料的压缩成型和应力松弛实验,利用SPSS18和Excel2007对数据进行分析；借助德国LeicaS8 APO型体视显微镜,对成型块的端面显微结构图像进行了研究；用ZDWH-8型高精度微机全自动量热仪,对成型块的热值进行了测试。试验结论如下：
1.随着生物质原料含水率增加,成型块密度和成型压力都是由小变大再变小,在原料含水率不变的情况下,随模具锥度增大、长度减小成型块密度降低,当原料含水率大到一定值时,不能成型。首次得出草坪草原料含水率在8%17%,模具锥度15°—25°时,挤出的草坪草密度都在0.9g/cm~3以上,含水率11%、模具锥度25°时,成型块密度达到最大值1.10g/cm~3,含水率在20%及以上时,挤出的草坪草密度都在0.9g/cm~3以下,成型效果差或不成型。
2.生物质原料含不同大小颗粒的量如果比例适宜,有利于小颗粒填充在大颗粒的空隙之间,成型密度可达到最大值,成型效果最好。首次得出林木类生物质颗粒度在5mm——20mm,模具锥度40°、出口直径50mm时,可达到最大成型密度。
3.相同模具时,秸秆类的玉米秸秆成型压力和成型密度最大,草坪草的成型压力和成型密度最小,林木类原料的成型压力和成型密度居中
4.首次提出生物质常温开模致密成型过程中,成型块的应力松弛模力学拟模型是一个[M]并联一个[H],应力松弛方程式是σ(t)=Ae-t/T+σe。
5.生物质原料愈靠近模腔壁受阻力愈大,愈接近轴心线受阻力愈小,轴心线附近的物料较外层物料运动速度快,由成型棒中心轴线向表面,密度逐渐增大,首次发现生物质常温开模成型块两端面,分别是内凹和外凸的曲面,首次在显微图像中发现,成型块芯部颗粒的间隙比边部大,挤压使生物质颗粒变形和纤维间相互缠结,相互嵌套不松散。
6.林木生物质的氧弹热值最大,达到4000～4500卡/克；农作物秸秆(玉米秸)的次之,为3866卡/克；草类物料(草坪草)的最低,为3802卡/克。
The technology of biomass shaping with open mold in natural temperature is one kind of biomass shaping technologies. Compared with heat shaping and shaping with closed mold at room temperature, the craft of shaping with open mold is more simple and production processes are more energy-efficient. So experimental study on shaping way was carried out to find some suitable process parameters.
The thesis is based on forestry nonprofit industry-specific "woody shrub resources to promote the industrialization of sandy wasteland restoration technology " and on the basis of the results of "948 " introduction project, "High density biomass. briquette shaping technology introduction ". The experiments on a variety of biomass materials for compression shaping and stress relaxation were carried out in self-developed test-bench, and the test data were analyzed by Exce12007 and SPSS18;The shape crack of the block and microstructure image of end-face have been studied respectively with an ordinary digital camera and the German-based Leica S8 APO stereo microscope. The calorific value of the molding blocks were tested with ZDWH-8 automatic high precision computer calorimeter. Test results are as follows:
1.The results indicate that density and shaping pressure of block is first from small to big, and then to small, accompanying with the increase of moisture content in the same taper; Under a certain moisture content, the density decreases with taper increasing; When moisture content get to a certain value, the lawngrass cannot be formed,First come that when moisture content is at 8% to 17% with the mold taper is at 15°to 25°,the density of turfgrass is larger than 0.9 g/cm~3.when moisture content is at 11% and mold taper is at 25°,the density of block reaches max-1.10 g/cm~3; When raw material moisture content is at 20% or above, the density of lawn grass is smaller than 0.9 g/cm~3 and shaping effect is bad or the lawngrass cannot be formed.
2.If the ratio of the amount of particles of different sizes is suitable,small particles will fill the spaces between the larger particles, and shaping density reaches its maximum, so shaping effect is the best; it draws the conclusion: the particle size of forest biomass is 5mm-20mm, when mold taper is at 40°and outlet diameter is 50mm,the density reach the maximum.
3.With the same mold, shaping pressure and shaping density of corn stalks are the largest, shaping pressure and shaping density of turfgrass is the least,and shaping pressure and shaping density of forest-based raw materials is between the lest and the largest.
4.In the process of biomass shaping with open mold at room temperature, the model of stress relaxation is one【M】model paralleling one【H】model, the constitutive equation of stress relaxation isσ(t)=Ae-t/T+σe.
5.Biomass feedstock is closer to the parietal, and the frictional resistance is larger, biomass feedstock is closer to the axis, and the frictional resistance is smaller,the material near the axis move faster than the outer materials; from the central axis to the surface, the density of biomass feedstock increases, two end faces of biomass block are concave face and convex face respectively. In microscopic image, the gap of the core particles is large than the edge particles.The microstructure of briquette end-face shows that the mechanism of room-temperature opening-mold shaping is making biomass particles extrusion deformation and fiber entanglement with each other, nested within each other is not loose.
6.Calorific value of forest biomass is the largest, reaching 4,000 to 4,500 cal/g; the calorific value of crop stalks (corn stalks) is the second, to 3866 cal/g; and the calorific value of Grass material (lawn grass) was the lowest-3802 cal/g.
引文
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