大庆地区土地利用/覆被变化对植被和土壤碳氮储量的影响
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摘要
陆地生态系统碳贮量及其变化在全球碳循环和大气CO2浓度变化中起着非常重要的作用,因而是全球气候变化研究中的重要问题。正确地评估陆地生态系统中的土地利用/土地覆被对于评估区域和大陆的碳平衡正变得日益重要。土地利用变化,主要通过自然植被转变为耕地或者通过放牧,可以影响很多自然现象和生态进程,导致土壤属性发生显著的变化。精确地评估区域尺度的土壤有机碳储量以及由人类活动引起的变化是必要的,特别是以野外实地测量的大量碳密度数据为基础的研究,这将为我们提供很好地理解未来陆地生态系统与大气之间碳流动的基础。土地退化是碳循环研究的一个热点问题。大庆地区是区域土地退化的典型地区,因而本文利用1978年MSS多光谱数据,1988、1992、1996和2001年TM数据,2008年中国资源卫星数据、第二次全国土壤普查数据和2009年土壤野外实验数据,分别对大庆地区土地利用/覆被动态变化、植被碳储量动态变化、土壤碳氮储量动态变化、土地覆被土壤碳氮库及其影响因子、植被和土壤碳氮储量动态变化预测进行了研究。结果表明：
耕地始终占据了各类土地覆被类型面积的首位,大庆的林地在1978-2008年间呈逐年增加的趋势,耕地和草地是向林地转换的主要土地覆被类型。大庆地区土地覆被动态变化的生态环境效应表现为：草地不断退化；沼泽地大面积减少,功能减退；沙化和盐碱化日趋严重。草地→盐碱地和草地→耕地这两个转移过程是大庆地区土地覆被变化的驱动因素,是引起大庆地区生态环境效应的根本原因。草地在研究时段内的剧烈调整是该研究区土地覆被动态变化的主线；油田的开发过程是本地区土地覆被结构变化的主要动因；农业生产经营的稳定性需求是耕地持续增加的直接原因；盲目开垦,过度放牧以及一些水利工程的负效应等加强了土地覆被转移过程。
大庆地区耕地、林地、草地和沼泽地植被碳密度分别为0.57 kg·m-2、5.70 kg·m-2、0.129 kg·m-2和0.41 kg·m-2。大庆地区1978年和2008年植被碳密度分别为0.58 kg·m-2和0.67 kg·m-2。1978和2008年植被碳储量分别为9.38×106t和10.40×106 t,30年期间植被碳储量增加了1.02×106t,是“碳汇”。大庆地区的平均植被碳密度低于中国的平均水平。
大庆地区1979年平均土壤碳氮密度分别为9.26±1.73 kg·m-3和0.62±0.17 kg·m-3,2009年平均土壤碳氮密度分别为8.18±1.65 kg·m-3和0.37±0.11 kg·m-3,30年期间大庆地区的平均土壤碳氮密度分别减小了1.08 kg·m-3和0.25 kg·m-3。大庆地区的平均土壤碳氮密度低于中国的平均水平。大庆地区1979年土壤总碳氮量分别为187.19±34.95×106t和125.78±33.61×105t,2009年分别为165.28±33.30×106t和75.52±21.48×105t,30年期间土壤总碳氮量分别减少了21.91×106t和50.26×105t,是“碳氮源”。
大庆地区1979年土地覆被下平均土壤碳氮密度分别为8.10±2.34 kg·m-3和0.50±0.11kg·m-3,2009年分别为7.53±2.16 kg·m-3和0.33±0.16 kg·m-3。30年期间大庆地区土地覆被下土壤平均碳氮密度分别减小了0.57 kg·m-3和0.17 kg·m-3。大庆地区土地覆被下土壤平均碳氮密度低于中国的平均水平。1979年全区土地覆被下土壤总碳氮量分别为163.68±47.34×106 t和102.00±22.55×105t,2009年分别为152.19±43.74×106t和67.44±33.23×105t,30年期间大庆地区土地覆被下土壤总碳氮量分别减少了11.49×106t和34.56×105 t,是“碳氮源”。大庆地区耕地、林地、草地、沙地、盐碱地和沼泽地的土壤碳库影响因子分别为0.07、-0.24、0.70、0.89、3.67和0.77,土壤氮库影响因子分别为-0.65、-0.18、1.41、0.23、0.35和0.89。
据马尔可夫模型预测,到2158年,大庆地区耕地、林地、草地、水域、居民工矿用地、沙地、盐碱地和沼泽地面积所占比例分别为56.48%、5.94%、10.91%、4.08%、5.48%、0.63%、13.60%和2.88%。1978-2158年期间,大庆地区植被总碳储量增加5.12×106t；土地覆被下总土壤碳氮储量分别减少21.64×106t和28.10×105t；植被和土壤总碳储量减少16.52×106t。
最后,对大庆地区建立合理有效的土地利用模式提出了一些建议。
大庆地区植被和土壤碳氮储量的变化是土地覆被变化和土壤退化综合作用的结果。本文计算的土壤碳氮库影响因子的数值需要实测土壤资料的进一步验证。马尔可夫模型的预测结果可以为大庆地区政府部门实施保护草原和湿地、防止土地进一步荒漠化、多植树造林等决策提供一些参考。
Terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage and it's changes play a very important role in the global carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentration changes, so it is an important issue in global climate change research. It is becoming increasingly important to assess land use/cover Correctly in the terrestrial ecosystem for assessing regional and continental carbon balance. Land use changes, mainly through natural vegetation changing into farmland or grazing, may influence many natural phenomena and ecological processes, result in significant changes in soil properties. Accurately assessing soil organic carbon storage and it's changes caused by human activity in regional scale are necessary, especially research based on a large number of carbon density data of field measurement. This will provide us with a good understanding of the future terrestrial ecosystem-atmosphere carbon flow basis. Land degradation is a hot issue in carbon cycle study. Daqing is soil degradation typical area, thus this paper used the MSS multi-spectral data in 1978, TM data in 1988,1992,1996,2001, Chinese resources satellite data in 2008, the second soil general survey data and field soil experiment datas in 2009, studied on land use/cover dynamic changes, vegetation carbon storage dynamic changes, soil carbon and nitrogen storage dynamic changes, land cover soil carbon and nitrogen reserviors and their impact factors, vegetation and soil carbon/nitrogen storage dynamic changes forecast, respectively in Daqing. The results show:
Arable having always occupied the first place in various land cover type areas, Daqing's woodland showed an increasing trend year by year during 1978-2008, arable and grassland were main land cover types which changed into woodland. Eco-environmental effects caused by land cover dynamic change in Daqing expressed as:grassland degradation, marshland retreat, desertification, salinification and basification. Grassland changing into saline and alkaline land and arable drived land cover changes, caused eco-environmental effects. Dramatic adjusting in grassland was the main line of land cover dynamic changes in the study area. Oilfield development process drived land cover structure changes in this region. The stable demand of agricultural production and management were the direct cause of continuous arable increasing. Blind land reclamation, overgrazing and the negative effect of a number of water conservancy projects intensified land cover transfer process.
Vegetation carbon densities of arable, woodland, grassland and marshland in Daqing were 0.57 kg·m-2,5.70 kg·m-2,0.129 kg·m-2 and 0.41 kg·m-2, respectively. The average vegetation carbon densities in Daqing were 0.58 kg·m-2 in 1978 and 0.67 kg·m-2 in 2008. Vegetation carbon storages were 9.38×106t in 1979 and 10.40×106t in 2008, vegetation carbon storage increased 1.02×106 t in 30 years period, was "carbon sequestration". Daqing's average vegetation carbon density is lower than Chinese average level.
The average soil carbon/nitrogen densities in Daqing were 9.26±1.73 kg·m-3 and 0.62±0.17 kg·m-3 in 1979,8.18±1.65 kg·m-3 and 0.37±0.11 kg·m-3 in 2009, respectively. Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities decreased 1.08 kg·m-3 and 0.25 kg·m-3 in 30 years period, respectively. Daqing's average soil carbon/nitrogen densities are lower than Chinese average levels. Total soil carbon/nitrogen in Daqing were 187.19±34.95×106 t and 125.78±33.61×105t in 1979,165.28±33.30×106t and 75.52±21.48×105t in 2009, respectively. Total soil carbon/nitrogen storages decreased 21.91×106t and 50.26×105t in 30 years period, respectively, were "carbon/nitrogen source".
Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover in Daqing were 8.10±2.34 kg·m-3 and 0.50±0.11 kg·m-3 in 1979,7.53±2.16 kg·m-3 and 0.33±0.16 kg·m-3 in 2009, respectively. Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover decreased 0.57 kg·m-3 and 0.17 kg·m-3 in 30 years period, respectively. Daqing's average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover are lower than Chinese average levels. Total soil carbon/nitrogen under land cover were 163.68±47.34×106t and 102.00±22.55×105t in 1979,152.19±43.74×106 t and 67.44±33.23×105t in 2009, respectively. Total soil carbon/nitrogen storages under land cover decreased 11.49×106t and 34.56×105t in 30 years period, respectively, were "carbon/nitrogen source" Arable, Woodland, Grassland, Sand, Saline and alkaline land and Marshland C reservoir impact factors in Daqing were 0.07,-0.24,0.70,0.89,3.67,0.77, and their N reservoir impact factors were-0.65,-0.18,1.41,0.23,0.35,0.89, respectively.
According to Markov model prediction, to 2158, arable, woodland, grassland, waters, residents and industrial mining land, sand, saline and alkaline land and marshland area proportions in Daqing will be 56.48%,5.94%,10.91%,4.08%,5.48%,0.63%,13.60%and 2.88%, respectively. During 1978-2158 in Daqing, total vegetation carbon storages will increase 5.12×106 t, total soil carbon/nitrogen storages under land cover will decrease 21.64×106t and 28.10×105t respectively, total vegetation and soil carbon storages will decrease 16.52×106t.
At last, gave some proposals for establishing fair and effective land use patterns in Daqing region.
Vegetation and soil carbon/nitrogen storage changes in Daqing are the result of the combined action in land cover changes and soil degradation. This calculation of soil carbon/nitrogen reservior impact factor values need further validation based on measured soil data. Markov model prediction results can provide some references to the decision-making for government departments, such as Protecting grassland and wetland, preventing further land desertification, multi-afforestation,etc.
耕地始终占据了各类土地覆被类型面积的首位,大庆的林地在1978-2008年间呈逐年增加的趋势,耕地和草地是向林地转换的主要土地覆被类型。大庆地区土地覆被动态变化的生态环境效应表现为：草地不断退化；沼泽地大面积减少,功能减退；沙化和盐碱化日趋严重。草地→盐碱地和草地→耕地这两个转移过程是大庆地区土地覆被变化的驱动因素,是引起大庆地区生态环境效应的根本原因。草地在研究时段内的剧烈调整是该研究区土地覆被动态变化的主线；油田的开发过程是本地区土地覆被结构变化的主要动因；农业生产经营的稳定性需求是耕地持续增加的直接原因；盲目开垦,过度放牧以及一些水利工程的负效应等加强了土地覆被转移过程。
大庆地区耕地、林地、草地和沼泽地植被碳密度分别为0.57 kg·m-2、5.70 kg·m-2、0.129 kg·m-2和0.41 kg·m-2。大庆地区1978年和2008年植被碳密度分别为0.58 kg·m-2和0.67 kg·m-2。1978和2008年植被碳储量分别为9.38×106t和10.40×106 t,30年期间植被碳储量增加了1.02×106t,是“碳汇”。大庆地区的平均植被碳密度低于中国的平均水平。
大庆地区1979年平均土壤碳氮密度分别为9.26±1.73 kg·m-3和0.62±0.17 kg·m-3,2009年平均土壤碳氮密度分别为8.18±1.65 kg·m-3和0.37±0.11 kg·m-3,30年期间大庆地区的平均土壤碳氮密度分别减小了1.08 kg·m-3和0.25 kg·m-3。大庆地区的平均土壤碳氮密度低于中国的平均水平。大庆地区1979年土壤总碳氮量分别为187.19±34.95×106t和125.78±33.61×105t,2009年分别为165.28±33.30×106t和75.52±21.48×105t,30年期间土壤总碳氮量分别减少了21.91×106t和50.26×105t,是“碳氮源”。
大庆地区1979年土地覆被下平均土壤碳氮密度分别为8.10±2.34 kg·m-3和0.50±0.11kg·m-3,2009年分别为7.53±2.16 kg·m-3和0.33±0.16 kg·m-3。30年期间大庆地区土地覆被下土壤平均碳氮密度分别减小了0.57 kg·m-3和0.17 kg·m-3。大庆地区土地覆被下土壤平均碳氮密度低于中国的平均水平。1979年全区土地覆被下土壤总碳氮量分别为163.68±47.34×106 t和102.00±22.55×105t,2009年分别为152.19±43.74×106t和67.44±33.23×105t,30年期间大庆地区土地覆被下土壤总碳氮量分别减少了11.49×106t和34.56×105 t,是“碳氮源”。大庆地区耕地、林地、草地、沙地、盐碱地和沼泽地的土壤碳库影响因子分别为0.07、-0.24、0.70、0.89、3.67和0.77,土壤氮库影响因子分别为-0.65、-0.18、1.41、0.23、0.35和0.89。
据马尔可夫模型预测,到2158年,大庆地区耕地、林地、草地、水域、居民工矿用地、沙地、盐碱地和沼泽地面积所占比例分别为56.48%、5.94%、10.91%、4.08%、5.48%、0.63%、13.60%和2.88%。1978-2158年期间,大庆地区植被总碳储量增加5.12×106t；土地覆被下总土壤碳氮储量分别减少21.64×106t和28.10×105t；植被和土壤总碳储量减少16.52×106t。
最后,对大庆地区建立合理有效的土地利用模式提出了一些建议。
大庆地区植被和土壤碳氮储量的变化是土地覆被变化和土壤退化综合作用的结果。本文计算的土壤碳氮库影响因子的数值需要实测土壤资料的进一步验证。马尔可夫模型的预测结果可以为大庆地区政府部门实施保护草原和湿地、防止土地进一步荒漠化、多植树造林等决策提供一些参考。
Terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage and it's changes play a very important role in the global carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentration changes, so it is an important issue in global climate change research. It is becoming increasingly important to assess land use/cover Correctly in the terrestrial ecosystem for assessing regional and continental carbon balance. Land use changes, mainly through natural vegetation changing into farmland or grazing, may influence many natural phenomena and ecological processes, result in significant changes in soil properties. Accurately assessing soil organic carbon storage and it's changes caused by human activity in regional scale are necessary, especially research based on a large number of carbon density data of field measurement. This will provide us with a good understanding of the future terrestrial ecosystem-atmosphere carbon flow basis. Land degradation is a hot issue in carbon cycle study. Daqing is soil degradation typical area, thus this paper used the MSS multi-spectral data in 1978, TM data in 1988,1992,1996,2001, Chinese resources satellite data in 2008, the second soil general survey data and field soil experiment datas in 2009, studied on land use/cover dynamic changes, vegetation carbon storage dynamic changes, soil carbon and nitrogen storage dynamic changes, land cover soil carbon and nitrogen reserviors and their impact factors, vegetation and soil carbon/nitrogen storage dynamic changes forecast, respectively in Daqing. The results show:
Arable having always occupied the first place in various land cover type areas, Daqing's woodland showed an increasing trend year by year during 1978-2008, arable and grassland were main land cover types which changed into woodland. Eco-environmental effects caused by land cover dynamic change in Daqing expressed as:grassland degradation, marshland retreat, desertification, salinification and basification. Grassland changing into saline and alkaline land and arable drived land cover changes, caused eco-environmental effects. Dramatic adjusting in grassland was the main line of land cover dynamic changes in the study area. Oilfield development process drived land cover structure changes in this region. The stable demand of agricultural production and management were the direct cause of continuous arable increasing. Blind land reclamation, overgrazing and the negative effect of a number of water conservancy projects intensified land cover transfer process.
Vegetation carbon densities of arable, woodland, grassland and marshland in Daqing were 0.57 kg·m-2,5.70 kg·m-2,0.129 kg·m-2 and 0.41 kg·m-2, respectively. The average vegetation carbon densities in Daqing were 0.58 kg·m-2 in 1978 and 0.67 kg·m-2 in 2008. Vegetation carbon storages were 9.38×106t in 1979 and 10.40×106t in 2008, vegetation carbon storage increased 1.02×106 t in 30 years period, was "carbon sequestration". Daqing's average vegetation carbon density is lower than Chinese average level.
The average soil carbon/nitrogen densities in Daqing were 9.26±1.73 kg·m-3 and 0.62±0.17 kg·m-3 in 1979,8.18±1.65 kg·m-3 and 0.37±0.11 kg·m-3 in 2009, respectively. Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities decreased 1.08 kg·m-3 and 0.25 kg·m-3 in 30 years period, respectively. Daqing's average soil carbon/nitrogen densities are lower than Chinese average levels. Total soil carbon/nitrogen in Daqing were 187.19±34.95×106 t and 125.78±33.61×105t in 1979,165.28±33.30×106t and 75.52±21.48×105t in 2009, respectively. Total soil carbon/nitrogen storages decreased 21.91×106t and 50.26×105t in 30 years period, respectively, were "carbon/nitrogen source".
Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover in Daqing were 8.10±2.34 kg·m-3 and 0.50±0.11 kg·m-3 in 1979,7.53±2.16 kg·m-3 and 0.33±0.16 kg·m-3 in 2009, respectively. Average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover decreased 0.57 kg·m-3 and 0.17 kg·m-3 in 30 years period, respectively. Daqing's average soil carbon/nitrogen densities under land cover are lower than Chinese average levels. Total soil carbon/nitrogen under land cover were 163.68±47.34×106t and 102.00±22.55×105t in 1979,152.19±43.74×106 t and 67.44±33.23×105t in 2009, respectively. Total soil carbon/nitrogen storages under land cover decreased 11.49×106t and 34.56×105t in 30 years period, respectively, were "carbon/nitrogen source" Arable, Woodland, Grassland, Sand, Saline and alkaline land and Marshland C reservoir impact factors in Daqing were 0.07,-0.24,0.70,0.89,3.67,0.77, and their N reservoir impact factors were-0.65,-0.18,1.41,0.23,0.35,0.89, respectively.
According to Markov model prediction, to 2158, arable, woodland, grassland, waters, residents and industrial mining land, sand, saline and alkaline land and marshland area proportions in Daqing will be 56.48%,5.94%,10.91%,4.08%,5.48%,0.63%,13.60%and 2.88%, respectively. During 1978-2158 in Daqing, total vegetation carbon storages will increase 5.12×106 t, total soil carbon/nitrogen storages under land cover will decrease 21.64×106t and 28.10×105t respectively, total vegetation and soil carbon storages will decrease 16.52×106t.
At last, gave some proposals for establishing fair and effective land use patterns in Daqing region.
Vegetation and soil carbon/nitrogen storage changes in Daqing are the result of the combined action in land cover changes and soil degradation. This calculation of soil carbon/nitrogen reservior impact factor values need further validation based on measured soil data. Markov model prediction results can provide some references to the decision-making for government departments, such as Protecting grassland and wetland, preventing further land desertification, multi-afforestation,etc.
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