基于遥感技术的河口三角洲湿地景观生态健康评价
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摘要
河口三角洲湿地位于河/海/陆/气/人类社会五大介质作用的交集点上,既是气候变化的敏感区,也是生态环境的脆弱区,在调节气候、涵养水源、分散洪水、净化环境、保护生物多样性等方面有着极其重要的作用。河口三角洲湿地的生态健康不仅关系到地区的自然环境和生态安全,也影响到人类社会的和谐发展。
河口三角洲湿地的生态健康状况研究一直是国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)的及国际生物多样性计划(DIVERSITAS)的核心研究区域和内容之一。生态环境健康安全研究是《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020)》的重点领域和优先支持方向。2006年国家重点基础研究“黄淮海地区湿地水生态过程、水环境效应及生态安全调控”的启动,标志着我国的湿地研究步入了一个全新的发展时期。从国家海洋局目前正在进行的第12个5年计划的科研立项工作来看,河口区生态环境遥感监测技术及脆弱生态系统遥感监测技术都将成为未来5年,乃至今后更长时期我国沿海生态环境监测的一个重要科研方向和资助重点。
国内外的湿地健康研究成果颇丰,但大多数都是基于野外观测和采集生物与化学实验室数据,而通过定量遥感和景观生态学相结合的健康研究仍不多见,滨海河口湿地分布面积广,研究区域内地貌复杂,很多区域人力无法到达,使遥感监测手段成为唯一可靠且可行的研究手段,而遥感监测的生物特征指标的反演方法研究又是目前定量遥感学界的研究热点与难点。本文尝试利用现场光谱数据建立湿地植被生物量和叶面积指数(LAI)的最佳遥感反演算法,利用景观生态学原理和方法,建立三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价体系,目的在于为将来我国沿海地区滨海湿地健康评价提供方法指导,为我国滨海湿地健康评价业务化运行提供理论和技术支持,为我国沿海生态环境监测综合集成示范研究提供相关的基础研究和信息资料支持。
本文在三个研究区域内,分别开展了基于遥感技术的河口湿地景观生态健康评价研究,其中双台子河口主要是湿地植被翅碱蓬生物量和叶面积指数的遥感反演算法研究;大洋河河口湿地主要开展的是高分辨率遥感数据(精度1.5m)的景观生态健康评价研究;环渤海地区主要开展的是人类活动对滨海湿地的影响评价研究,以上研究得到的主要结论有:
1).湿地敏感植被——翅碱蓬的光谱特征:在630nm红光波长出现明显的反射峰值,反射率达到了12—15%,在680~700nm,有明显的“红谷”形态,在760nm左右有明显的“红边”,反射率达到25—30%。翅碱蓬植被指数及叶面积指数的回归分析中,土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)指数与LAI的相关关系较其它指数好,最高的R2值达到0.711。对比不同指数的线性(Linear)回归方程发现,SAVI和MSAVI指数与LAI的相关关系R2值达到0.696,0.695;其次为比值植被指数(RVI)值0.664,归一化植被指数(NDVI)值0.649及垂直植被指数(PVI)值0.466。翅碱蓬生物量与RVI、NDVI的相关关系不高,线性回归方程的相关系数R2只有0.342和0.316;对数方程的相关系数也只有0.319和0.21;二次方程相关系数分别为0.589和0.568。Biomass与PVI、SAVI和MSAVI的相关系数R2较高,直线回归方程相关系数分别达到0.626、0.698和0.679;对数方程相关系数为0.592、0.706和0.683;二次方程相关系数分别为0.688、0.711和0.683。
2).从1984~2008年的景观格局数据资料分析,大洋河河口湿地生态景观格局分布合理,主要以河口原始湿地植被和农业生产活动为主,工业生产活动相对较少,保持着较完整的河口湿地生态系统。但是近年来的围海养殖的发展使湿地——水田——水产养殖这三者之间的用地矛盾日益突出,从斑块类型的空间转移矩阵分析,围海养殖产业的开发是河口天然湿地消失的主要原因,在1984~2008年间,围海养殖分别从芦苇湿地和沿海滩涂侵占了881.5hm2和321.29hm2,分别占1984年芦苇湿地面积的17.6%和泥滩面积的19.56%,从水田侵占了870.93hm2,占1984年水田面积的9%。
3).环渤海海岸带的人类活动开发强度很大,其中以渤海湾人类开发活动度最大,其次为莱州湾和辽东湾。渤海湾几乎已经没有自然原始的湿地生态环境;莱州湾西部的黄河三角洲地区的生境质量是比较理想的,而且随着黄河入海泥沙的堆积作用使得莱州湾新增的湿地面积在不断扩大,但是近年来该地区新增湿地被开发成了水产养殖场,破坏了当地海岸带的环境质量和抗风险灾害的能力。辽东湾区域海岸带仍以自然的湿地生态景观为主,并且拥有丰富的湿地资源,1995~2008年以来沿海湿地开采以及道路、管线的建设,该地区的湿地景观开始出现破碎化程度加剧的趋势,围海养殖用地规模逐渐扩大,不少海涂和泥滩都被开发成虾蟹养殖区域,破坏了当地的自然环境。
River Delta wetland is in the role of the intersection point of the five media, in the river / sea / land / air / human society. It is not only sensitive area of climate change, but also is fragile area of the ecological environment. It has a very important role of water conservation, distributed flood, cleaning up the environment, conservation of biological diversity. The ecological health of wetland is not only to connect the natural environment and ecological security, but also affect the harmonious development of human society.
River Delta wetland health status has been the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the International Biodiversity Programme's (DIVERSITAS) of the core study area and one of the elements. Environmental health and safety research is the "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)" of key fields and priority support direction. National Key Basic Research in 2006, "Huang-Huai region wetland ecological processes, environmental effects and ecological safety of water control," the start, the wetland study indicates that China entered a new period of development.
From the State Oceanic Administration's ongoing 12th five year plan view of the research planning of this project, estuarine ecological environmental remote sensing monitoring techniques and fragile ecosystems, remote sensing technologies will become the next 5 years, and even more for a long time China's coastal ecosystems in the future Environmental monitoring is an important research direction and funding priorities.
Wetland health at home and abroad and achieved remarkable results, but most are based on field observation and collection of biological and chemical laboratory data, quantitative remote sensing and landscape ecology through the combination of health research is still rare, the distribution area of coastal wetland broad, complex topography of the region, many regional human can not reach, so the only reliable means of remote sensing and feasible research methods, and remote monitoring of indicators of biological characteristics of the inversion method is the current field of research of quantitative remote sensing and difficult.This paper we use field data to establish wetland vegetation spectral biomass and leaf area index (LAI) of the best remote sensing inversion algorithm, using landscape ecological principles and methods to establish Delta wetland ecosystem health evaluation system, aimed for the future coastal health of the coastal wetland evaluation methods to guide for the health of our coastal wetlands provide a theoretical evaluation of operational and technical support to run for our coastal environment monitoring provide comprehensive integrated model of basic research and information support.
In this paper, three research areas, carried out based on remote sensing technology Wetland Landscape Ecosystem Health Assessment: Shuangtaizihekou mainly wetland vegetation Suaeda salsa biomass and leaf area index of remote sensing inversion studies; DaYang River estuary wetland mainly carried out Ecological health assessment of the landscape; Bohai region is mainly carried out by human activities impact on the coastal wetlands evaluation, the above study are the main conclusions are:
1).By the end of September the spectral characteristics of Suaeda Salsa: In the red band, 630nm, there is a clear reflection of the peak, a reflection rate of 12-15%; between 680nm and 700nm, there is a clear“Red Valley”configuration; about 760nm there is a clear "Red Edge" reflection rate of 25-30%. Finding that between Vegetation Index(SAVI and MSAVI) and LAI correlation value is the best than other Vegetation Index in the regression analysis of the LAI and Vegetation Index. The correlation coefficient R2 is 0.711. By comparison of Vegetation index Linear regression equations, the correlation coefficient (SAVI and LAI) R2 is 0.696; the value of R2 (LAI and MSAV) is 0.695; the value of R2 (RVI) is 0.664; the value of R2 (NDVI) is 0.649 and the value of R2 (PVI) is 0.466. The value of correlation coefficient is low between the biomass and the vegetation indexes (RVI and NDVI) and the value of Linear regression equation R2 is 0.342 and 0.316, and the Logarithmic regression equation R2 is 0.319 and 0.21, and the Quadratic equation R2 is 0.589 and 0.568.the value of correlation coefficient is high between the biomass and the vegetation indexes (PVI, SAVI and MSAVI), the value of linear regression equation is 0.626、0.698 and 0.679, logarithmic regression equation is 0.592、0.706 and 0.683 and the Quadratic equation is 0.688、0.711 and 0.683。
2). From 1984 to 2008, the landscape pattern of data analysis, DaYang River estuary wetland landscape pattern is reasonable, mainly estuaries original wetland vegetation and agricultural production activities, mainly industrial production is relatively small, maintaining a more complete estuarine wetlands system. But in recent years, with the development of the sea aquaculture, wetlands - paddy field - aquaculture conflicts have become increasingly prominent. The transfer from the matrix patch type of space, the sea around the development of fish farming is the main reason of the disappearance of natural wetlands estuary, in 1984 to 2008, respectively, around the sea farming from the reeds coastal wetlands and tidal flats occupied 881.5hm2 and 321.29hm2, accounting for reed wetland area to 17.6% in 1984 and 19.56% mudflat area, from the paddy fields occupied 870.93hm2, paddy field area in 1984 accounted for 9%.
3).Bohai coastal development intensity of human activities, much of which to the greatest degree of human activity in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay followed. Bohai Bay has almost no natural original wetland habitat environment; Laizhou Bay west of the Yellow River Delta is an ideal habitat quality, and with the Yellow River to the stacking interaction makes the Laizhou Bay, the new wetland area is increasing But in recent years in the area of wetlands has been developed into new aquaculture farms, destruction of the local coastal environmental quality and risk disasters. Liaodong Bay area is still natural coastal landscape of wetlands, And the rich wetland resources, from 1995 to 2008, since the coastal wetlands mining and road, pipeline construction, the area of wetland landscape began to fragmentation exacerbated the trend, around the sea farming land while expanding, many shoals and mudflats have been developed into a crab breeding area, destroyed the local natural environment.
河口三角洲湿地的生态健康状况研究一直是国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)的及国际生物多样性计划(DIVERSITAS)的核心研究区域和内容之一。生态环境健康安全研究是《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020)》的重点领域和优先支持方向。2006年国家重点基础研究“黄淮海地区湿地水生态过程、水环境效应及生态安全调控”的启动,标志着我国的湿地研究步入了一个全新的发展时期。从国家海洋局目前正在进行的第12个5年计划的科研立项工作来看,河口区生态环境遥感监测技术及脆弱生态系统遥感监测技术都将成为未来5年,乃至今后更长时期我国沿海生态环境监测的一个重要科研方向和资助重点。
国内外的湿地健康研究成果颇丰,但大多数都是基于野外观测和采集生物与化学实验室数据,而通过定量遥感和景观生态学相结合的健康研究仍不多见,滨海河口湿地分布面积广,研究区域内地貌复杂,很多区域人力无法到达,使遥感监测手段成为唯一可靠且可行的研究手段,而遥感监测的生物特征指标的反演方法研究又是目前定量遥感学界的研究热点与难点。本文尝试利用现场光谱数据建立湿地植被生物量和叶面积指数(LAI)的最佳遥感反演算法,利用景观生态学原理和方法,建立三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价体系,目的在于为将来我国沿海地区滨海湿地健康评价提供方法指导,为我国滨海湿地健康评价业务化运行提供理论和技术支持,为我国沿海生态环境监测综合集成示范研究提供相关的基础研究和信息资料支持。
本文在三个研究区域内,分别开展了基于遥感技术的河口湿地景观生态健康评价研究,其中双台子河口主要是湿地植被翅碱蓬生物量和叶面积指数的遥感反演算法研究;大洋河河口湿地主要开展的是高分辨率遥感数据(精度1.5m)的景观生态健康评价研究;环渤海地区主要开展的是人类活动对滨海湿地的影响评价研究,以上研究得到的主要结论有:
1).湿地敏感植被——翅碱蓬的光谱特征:在630nm红光波长出现明显的反射峰值,反射率达到了12—15%,在680~700nm,有明显的“红谷”形态,在760nm左右有明显的“红边”,反射率达到25—30%。翅碱蓬植被指数及叶面积指数的回归分析中,土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)指数与LAI的相关关系较其它指数好,最高的R2值达到0.711。对比不同指数的线性(Linear)回归方程发现,SAVI和MSAVI指数与LAI的相关关系R2值达到0.696,0.695;其次为比值植被指数(RVI)值0.664,归一化植被指数(NDVI)值0.649及垂直植被指数(PVI)值0.466。翅碱蓬生物量与RVI、NDVI的相关关系不高,线性回归方程的相关系数R2只有0.342和0.316;对数方程的相关系数也只有0.319和0.21;二次方程相关系数分别为0.589和0.568。Biomass与PVI、SAVI和MSAVI的相关系数R2较高,直线回归方程相关系数分别达到0.626、0.698和0.679;对数方程相关系数为0.592、0.706和0.683;二次方程相关系数分别为0.688、0.711和0.683。
2).从1984~2008年的景观格局数据资料分析,大洋河河口湿地生态景观格局分布合理,主要以河口原始湿地植被和农业生产活动为主,工业生产活动相对较少,保持着较完整的河口湿地生态系统。但是近年来的围海养殖的发展使湿地——水田——水产养殖这三者之间的用地矛盾日益突出,从斑块类型的空间转移矩阵分析,围海养殖产业的开发是河口天然湿地消失的主要原因,在1984~2008年间,围海养殖分别从芦苇湿地和沿海滩涂侵占了881.5hm2和321.29hm2,分别占1984年芦苇湿地面积的17.6%和泥滩面积的19.56%,从水田侵占了870.93hm2,占1984年水田面积的9%。
3).环渤海海岸带的人类活动开发强度很大,其中以渤海湾人类开发活动度最大,其次为莱州湾和辽东湾。渤海湾几乎已经没有自然原始的湿地生态环境;莱州湾西部的黄河三角洲地区的生境质量是比较理想的,而且随着黄河入海泥沙的堆积作用使得莱州湾新增的湿地面积在不断扩大,但是近年来该地区新增湿地被开发成了水产养殖场,破坏了当地海岸带的环境质量和抗风险灾害的能力。辽东湾区域海岸带仍以自然的湿地生态景观为主,并且拥有丰富的湿地资源,1995~2008年以来沿海湿地开采以及道路、管线的建设,该地区的湿地景观开始出现破碎化程度加剧的趋势,围海养殖用地规模逐渐扩大,不少海涂和泥滩都被开发成虾蟹养殖区域,破坏了当地的自然环境。
River Delta wetland is in the role of the intersection point of the five media, in the river / sea / land / air / human society. It is not only sensitive area of climate change, but also is fragile area of the ecological environment. It has a very important role of water conservation, distributed flood, cleaning up the environment, conservation of biological diversity. The ecological health of wetland is not only to connect the natural environment and ecological security, but also affect the harmonious development of human society.
River Delta wetland health status has been the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the International Biodiversity Programme's (DIVERSITAS) of the core study area and one of the elements. Environmental health and safety research is the "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)" of key fields and priority support direction. National Key Basic Research in 2006, "Huang-Huai region wetland ecological processes, environmental effects and ecological safety of water control," the start, the wetland study indicates that China entered a new period of development.
From the State Oceanic Administration's ongoing 12th five year plan view of the research planning of this project, estuarine ecological environmental remote sensing monitoring techniques and fragile ecosystems, remote sensing technologies will become the next 5 years, and even more for a long time China's coastal ecosystems in the future Environmental monitoring is an important research direction and funding priorities.
Wetland health at home and abroad and achieved remarkable results, but most are based on field observation and collection of biological and chemical laboratory data, quantitative remote sensing and landscape ecology through the combination of health research is still rare, the distribution area of coastal wetland broad, complex topography of the region, many regional human can not reach, so the only reliable means of remote sensing and feasible research methods, and remote monitoring of indicators of biological characteristics of the inversion method is the current field of research of quantitative remote sensing and difficult.This paper we use field data to establish wetland vegetation spectral biomass and leaf area index (LAI) of the best remote sensing inversion algorithm, using landscape ecological principles and methods to establish Delta wetland ecosystem health evaluation system, aimed for the future coastal health of the coastal wetland evaluation methods to guide for the health of our coastal wetlands provide a theoretical evaluation of operational and technical support to run for our coastal environment monitoring provide comprehensive integrated model of basic research and information support.
In this paper, three research areas, carried out based on remote sensing technology Wetland Landscape Ecosystem Health Assessment: Shuangtaizihekou mainly wetland vegetation Suaeda salsa biomass and leaf area index of remote sensing inversion studies; DaYang River estuary wetland mainly carried out Ecological health assessment of the landscape; Bohai region is mainly carried out by human activities impact on the coastal wetlands evaluation, the above study are the main conclusions are:
1).By the end of September the spectral characteristics of Suaeda Salsa: In the red band, 630nm, there is a clear reflection of the peak, a reflection rate of 12-15%; between 680nm and 700nm, there is a clear“Red Valley”configuration; about 760nm there is a clear "Red Edge" reflection rate of 25-30%. Finding that between Vegetation Index(SAVI and MSAVI) and LAI correlation value is the best than other Vegetation Index in the regression analysis of the LAI and Vegetation Index. The correlation coefficient R2 is 0.711. By comparison of Vegetation index Linear regression equations, the correlation coefficient (SAVI and LAI) R2 is 0.696; the value of R2 (LAI and MSAV) is 0.695; the value of R2 (RVI) is 0.664; the value of R2 (NDVI) is 0.649 and the value of R2 (PVI) is 0.466. The value of correlation coefficient is low between the biomass and the vegetation indexes (RVI and NDVI) and the value of Linear regression equation R2 is 0.342 and 0.316, and the Logarithmic regression equation R2 is 0.319 and 0.21, and the Quadratic equation R2 is 0.589 and 0.568.the value of correlation coefficient is high between the biomass and the vegetation indexes (PVI, SAVI and MSAVI), the value of linear regression equation is 0.626、0.698 and 0.679, logarithmic regression equation is 0.592、0.706 and 0.683 and the Quadratic equation is 0.688、0.711 and 0.683。
2). From 1984 to 2008, the landscape pattern of data analysis, DaYang River estuary wetland landscape pattern is reasonable, mainly estuaries original wetland vegetation and agricultural production activities, mainly industrial production is relatively small, maintaining a more complete estuarine wetlands system. But in recent years, with the development of the sea aquaculture, wetlands - paddy field - aquaculture conflicts have become increasingly prominent. The transfer from the matrix patch type of space, the sea around the development of fish farming is the main reason of the disappearance of natural wetlands estuary, in 1984 to 2008, respectively, around the sea farming from the reeds coastal wetlands and tidal flats occupied 881.5hm2 and 321.29hm2, accounting for reed wetland area to 17.6% in 1984 and 19.56% mudflat area, from the paddy fields occupied 870.93hm2, paddy field area in 1984 accounted for 9%.
3).Bohai coastal development intensity of human activities, much of which to the greatest degree of human activity in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay followed. Bohai Bay has almost no natural original wetland habitat environment; Laizhou Bay west of the Yellow River Delta is an ideal habitat quality, and with the Yellow River to the stacking interaction makes the Laizhou Bay, the new wetland area is increasing But in recent years in the area of wetlands has been developed into new aquaculture farms, destruction of the local coastal environmental quality and risk disasters. Liaodong Bay area is still natural coastal landscape of wetlands, And the rich wetland resources, from 1995 to 2008, since the coastal wetlands mining and road, pipeline construction, the area of wetland landscape began to fragmentation exacerbated the trend, around the sea farming land while expanding, many shoals and mudflats have been developed into a crab breeding area, destroyed the local natural environment.
引文
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