丹江口库区生态系统服务价值化研究
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摘要
生态系统服务价值化研究是目前生态经济学和社会学研究共同关注的热点科学问题之一。南水北调中线工程是一项横跨黄淮海的大型调水工程,可缓解华北京津冀地区水资源短缺,为地域经济持续发展提供水资源保障。丹江口库区是该工程水源汇水区,库区周边生态环境质量及其生态服务价值关系到北调水的质量,也影响着我国北方受水区经济社会的长治久安。论文以库区周边生态系统为研究对象,依据生态系统服务价值化理论与方法,运用3S技术和TM遥感影像数据、结合外业调研和统计资料,对库区大坝加高前生态系统的六项服务价值定量化研究；对大坝加高引起土地利用格局变化设置情景目标进行生态服务价值化研究；以中线工程京津受水区为案例对一期工程的调水价值进行研究,并得出以下结论：
1.1987、2000和2008年库区遥感影像解释得到土地利用地类面积大小排序均为,林地>耕地>草地>未利用地>建设用地>水域。林草地面积之和占74%,农田面积约20%,水域面积最小,占0.10%左右。1987-2008年库区土地利用变化量大小顺序为,林地>草地>耕地>未利用地>建设用地>水域。林地面积增加4.44%,草地减小15.8%,耕地减小3.25%。水域、建设用地分别增加19.71%和35.16%。
2.通过GIS、RS技术将库区土壤保持影响因子的遥感数据与非遥感数据网格化,运用RUSLE方程模型,实现库区生态系统土壤保持量的宏观定位定量评价。六种地类的土壤保持服务物理量及价值量大小排序均为,林地>灌木林地>草地>旱地>水田>其它。1987、2000和2008年生态系统土壤保持服务价值量分别为41.44×108元、39.84×108元和43.32×108元。其中,林、灌、草生态系统的土壤保持服务价值之和约占库区该项服务总价值的90%,显示出绝对的主导作用。
3.2000-2006年库区林地、灌木林地和草地系统的年均NPP占年均NPP总量的47.68%,18.19%,10.93%；耕地接近20%。基于NPP的库区生态系统有机物质生产服务价值为27.48×108元／年；固碳释氧价值为75.18×108元／年；营养物质循环价值为62.85×108元／年；1987、2000和2008年林草吸收SO2价值分别为2.16×108元、2.26×108元、2.23×108元,林草滞留降尘价值分别为16.03×108元、16.06×108元、16.72×108元。
4.用CLUE-S模型模拟库区2015年生态安全、经济发展和综合发展目标三种情景下的土地利用空间分布。库区土地利用宜采用综合发展目标情景下林地、草地、水域及滩地、建设用地、水田、旱地空间分布,其面积分别为,966474.5hm2、155582.9hm2、90153.4hm2、11910.8hm2、70895.6hm2、157082.7hm2。
5.库区在生态安全、经济发展和综合发展三种目标情景下的生态服务价值分别为343.82×109元、330.50×109元、337.22×109元。各目标情景的服务价值大小排序均为,水源涵养>气候调节>生物多样性>气体调节>土壤形成与保护>废物处理>原材料生产>休闲娱乐>食物生产。其中,森林、草地、农田三类生态系统的服务价值和占到90%。
6.选取水质、人均水资源量、人均可支配收入、万元GDP用水量、人口密度、替代资源可利用性等六个因素研究水资源综合价值。各因素在水资源综合价值中的权重向量为(0.318 0.311 0.055 0.132 0.070 0.115)。运用水资源模糊数学综合评价模型预测了京津两地依托南水北调中线一期工程2014年的水资源价值分别为13.46元／m3、8.99元／m3元；2014年调水总价值分别为131.37亿元和71.92亿元。该研究将为库区周边生态补偿标准制定提供参考依据。
Study on the value of ecosystem services, ecological economics and sociology is one of the hot scientific issues. North Water Transfer Engineering is one large-scale water transfer project across the Huanghe River aiming at relieving water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin and North China for sustainable economic development for the local water resources protection. Danjiangkou Reservoir project is the water catchment area, the ecological environment quality surrounding the reservoir as well as the ecosystem service value not only influence the quality of the North water diversion, but also have an impact on sustaining peace and stability of our economy and society in North Water Transfer. This research subject focused on ecosystem surrounding the reservoir based on the theory and methods of ecosystem service value, the use of 3S technology and TM remote sensing data, combined with external industry research and statistics. We quantified the six ecosystem service value on the reservoir before the dam heightening, and set up scenarios targets on the Dam caused by changes in land use pattern to conduct ecosystem service value research; Taken Beijing-Tianjin Water Transfer first stage Project as a case to study the value of water diversion. Research conclusions were as follows:
1.1987,2000 and 2008, remote sensing image interpretation on land use of the reservoir area was sorted by size classes, forest> farmland> grass> unused> Construction site> waters. Forest and grassland area together occupied 74%, farmland about 20%, water area 0.10% which is the smallest. 1987-2008 land use change level in reservoir was woodland> grassland> farmland> unused> Construction site> waters. Forest area increased 4.44%, grassland decreased by 15.8%, arable land decreased 3.25%. Water and construction land increased by 19.71% and 35.16% respectively.
2. Through GIS, RS technology, sensing data and non-remote sensing data of factors about soil conservation in reservoir were gridded; Through the use of RUSLE equation model we implemented macro-localization of quantitative evaluation on soil conservation quantity of reservoir ecosystem. Physical and value quantity of six soil types to maintain service were sequenced as follows, forest> shrub forest> grassland> dry> paddy> other.1987,2000 and 2008, soil conservation, ecosystem service value was 41.44×108 RMB,39.84×108 RMB and 43.32 x 108 RMB. Value of forest, Shrub and grass system summed up to occupy about 90% of the total value which showed the absolute leading role.
3.2000-2006, the average annual NPP of reservoir woodland, shrub land and grassland system accounted for 47.68%,18.19% and 10.93% of total annual NPP; farmland close to 20%. NPP in the reservoir area based on ecosystem service value of organic matter production was 27.48×108 RMB/ year; carbon fixing and oxygen releasing value were 75.18×108 RMB/ year; nutrient cycling was 62.85×108 RMB/year; 1987,2000 and 2008 absorption of SO2 in the value of forest and grass were 2.16×108 RMB,2.26×108 RMB,2.23×108 RMB, the value of dust stranded by forest and grass were 16.03×108 RMB,16.06×108 RMB,16.72×108 RMB.
4. The CLUE-S model was used to simulate ecological security, economic development and overall development goals of the six soil categories under the three scenarios of land use spatial distribution in the reservoir area in 2015. Under comprehensive development goal scenarios, woodlands, grasslands, waters and beaches, construction sites, paddy field, dry land area occupied 966474.5hm2,155582.9hm2, 90153.4hm2,11910.8hm2,70895.6hm2,157082.7hm2 respectively.
5. ecological security, economic development and integrated development of three target scenarios of ecosystem service values in reservoir area were 343.82 x 109 RMB,330.50 x 109 RMB,337.22 x 109 RMB. Ecosystem service value of the three types of soil, forest, grassland, farmland, occupied 90% of the total value. Service value of three target scenarios are sorted by quantity, water conservation> climate regulation> Biodiversity> Gas Regulation> soil formation and protection> Waste Disposal> raw materials> Recreation> Food Production.
6. Taken six factors as followed water quality, water resources per capita, the income of average per person's control, water quantity of ten thousands GDP, population density, availability of alternative resources to study integrated water resource value. Six factors in the value of water resources in the weight vector is (0.318 0.311 0.055 0.132 0.070 0.115). Through the use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for water resources assessment of Beijing and Tianjin in 2014, the value of water resouce were 13.46RMB and 8.99RMB per stere, the value of water transfer were 13.137 billion RMB and 7.192 billion which provided an important basis for the set-up of ecological compensation standards surrounding the reservoir.
1.1987、2000和2008年库区遥感影像解释得到土地利用地类面积大小排序均为,林地>耕地>草地>未利用地>建设用地>水域。林草地面积之和占74%,农田面积约20%,水域面积最小,占0.10%左右。1987-2008年库区土地利用变化量大小顺序为,林地>草地>耕地>未利用地>建设用地>水域。林地面积增加4.44%,草地减小15.8%,耕地减小3.25%。水域、建设用地分别增加19.71%和35.16%。
2.通过GIS、RS技术将库区土壤保持影响因子的遥感数据与非遥感数据网格化,运用RUSLE方程模型,实现库区生态系统土壤保持量的宏观定位定量评价。六种地类的土壤保持服务物理量及价值量大小排序均为,林地>灌木林地>草地>旱地>水田>其它。1987、2000和2008年生态系统土壤保持服务价值量分别为41.44×108元、39.84×108元和43.32×108元。其中,林、灌、草生态系统的土壤保持服务价值之和约占库区该项服务总价值的90%,显示出绝对的主导作用。
3.2000-2006年库区林地、灌木林地和草地系统的年均NPP占年均NPP总量的47.68%,18.19%,10.93%；耕地接近20%。基于NPP的库区生态系统有机物质生产服务价值为27.48×108元／年；固碳释氧价值为75.18×108元／年；营养物质循环价值为62.85×108元／年；1987、2000和2008年林草吸收SO2价值分别为2.16×108元、2.26×108元、2.23×108元,林草滞留降尘价值分别为16.03×108元、16.06×108元、16.72×108元。
4.用CLUE-S模型模拟库区2015年生态安全、经济发展和综合发展目标三种情景下的土地利用空间分布。库区土地利用宜采用综合发展目标情景下林地、草地、水域及滩地、建设用地、水田、旱地空间分布,其面积分别为,966474.5hm2、155582.9hm2、90153.4hm2、11910.8hm2、70895.6hm2、157082.7hm2。
5.库区在生态安全、经济发展和综合发展三种目标情景下的生态服务价值分别为343.82×109元、330.50×109元、337.22×109元。各目标情景的服务价值大小排序均为,水源涵养>气候调节>生物多样性>气体调节>土壤形成与保护>废物处理>原材料生产>休闲娱乐>食物生产。其中,森林、草地、农田三类生态系统的服务价值和占到90%。
6.选取水质、人均水资源量、人均可支配收入、万元GDP用水量、人口密度、替代资源可利用性等六个因素研究水资源综合价值。各因素在水资源综合价值中的权重向量为(0.318 0.311 0.055 0.132 0.070 0.115)。运用水资源模糊数学综合评价模型预测了京津两地依托南水北调中线一期工程2014年的水资源价值分别为13.46元／m3、8.99元／m3元；2014年调水总价值分别为131.37亿元和71.92亿元。该研究将为库区周边生态补偿标准制定提供参考依据。
Study on the value of ecosystem services, ecological economics and sociology is one of the hot scientific issues. North Water Transfer Engineering is one large-scale water transfer project across the Huanghe River aiming at relieving water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin and North China for sustainable economic development for the local water resources protection. Danjiangkou Reservoir project is the water catchment area, the ecological environment quality surrounding the reservoir as well as the ecosystem service value not only influence the quality of the North water diversion, but also have an impact on sustaining peace and stability of our economy and society in North Water Transfer. This research subject focused on ecosystem surrounding the reservoir based on the theory and methods of ecosystem service value, the use of 3S technology and TM remote sensing data, combined with external industry research and statistics. We quantified the six ecosystem service value on the reservoir before the dam heightening, and set up scenarios targets on the Dam caused by changes in land use pattern to conduct ecosystem service value research; Taken Beijing-Tianjin Water Transfer first stage Project as a case to study the value of water diversion. Research conclusions were as follows:
1.1987,2000 and 2008, remote sensing image interpretation on land use of the reservoir area was sorted by size classes, forest> farmland> grass> unused> Construction site> waters. Forest and grassland area together occupied 74%, farmland about 20%, water area 0.10% which is the smallest. 1987-2008 land use change level in reservoir was woodland> grassland> farmland> unused> Construction site> waters. Forest area increased 4.44%, grassland decreased by 15.8%, arable land decreased 3.25%. Water and construction land increased by 19.71% and 35.16% respectively.
2. Through GIS, RS technology, sensing data and non-remote sensing data of factors about soil conservation in reservoir were gridded; Through the use of RUSLE equation model we implemented macro-localization of quantitative evaluation on soil conservation quantity of reservoir ecosystem. Physical and value quantity of six soil types to maintain service were sequenced as follows, forest> shrub forest> grassland> dry> paddy> other.1987,2000 and 2008, soil conservation, ecosystem service value was 41.44×108 RMB,39.84×108 RMB and 43.32 x 108 RMB. Value of forest, Shrub and grass system summed up to occupy about 90% of the total value which showed the absolute leading role.
3.2000-2006, the average annual NPP of reservoir woodland, shrub land and grassland system accounted for 47.68%,18.19% and 10.93% of total annual NPP; farmland close to 20%. NPP in the reservoir area based on ecosystem service value of organic matter production was 27.48×108 RMB/ year; carbon fixing and oxygen releasing value were 75.18×108 RMB/ year; nutrient cycling was 62.85×108 RMB/year; 1987,2000 and 2008 absorption of SO2 in the value of forest and grass were 2.16×108 RMB,2.26×108 RMB,2.23×108 RMB, the value of dust stranded by forest and grass were 16.03×108 RMB,16.06×108 RMB,16.72×108 RMB.
4. The CLUE-S model was used to simulate ecological security, economic development and overall development goals of the six soil categories under the three scenarios of land use spatial distribution in the reservoir area in 2015. Under comprehensive development goal scenarios, woodlands, grasslands, waters and beaches, construction sites, paddy field, dry land area occupied 966474.5hm2,155582.9hm2, 90153.4hm2,11910.8hm2,70895.6hm2,157082.7hm2 respectively.
5. ecological security, economic development and integrated development of three target scenarios of ecosystem service values in reservoir area were 343.82 x 109 RMB,330.50 x 109 RMB,337.22 x 109 RMB. Ecosystem service value of the three types of soil, forest, grassland, farmland, occupied 90% of the total value. Service value of three target scenarios are sorted by quantity, water conservation> climate regulation> Biodiversity> Gas Regulation> soil formation and protection> Waste Disposal> raw materials> Recreation> Food Production.
6. Taken six factors as followed water quality, water resources per capita, the income of average per person's control, water quantity of ten thousands GDP, population density, availability of alternative resources to study integrated water resource value. Six factors in the value of water resources in the weight vector is (0.318 0.311 0.055 0.132 0.070 0.115). Through the use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for water resources assessment of Beijing and Tianjin in 2014, the value of water resouce were 13.46RMB and 8.99RMB per stere, the value of water transfer were 13.137 billion RMB and 7.192 billion which provided an important basis for the set-up of ecological compensation standards surrounding the reservoir.
引文
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