北京地区乡村景观规划思路探讨
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摘要
北京市约有五分之二的人口生活在占市域面积93.3%的郊区。按照“生态、安全、优质、集约、高效”的都市型现代农业发展方向的要求,北京地区的乡村景观规划应以服务城市、改善生态环境和增加农民收入为宗旨,在某种意义上体现了首都的审美素养。
目前,北京地区乡村景观规划在规划理念和规划方法两个层面上存在诸多问题。人们往往更多关注乡村经济、设施等方面的发展,而忽视乡村景观的发展,简单的将乡村城市化等同于乡村向城市发展,造成乡土文化流失、乡村景观千村一面的现象。
本论文在整理和总结乡村景观规划、环境、建筑、城市、文化和艺术等方面的大量文献的基础上,以位于北京生态涵养区的平谷区大华山镇李家峪村为案例,进行深入的实地考察。分析和评价李家峪村的现状,从景观、功能和发展三个层面进行定位,明确其景观规划思路。
李家峪村地处深山区,在北京市划分的迁建、城镇化整理和保留发展三种类型的行政村中属于保留发展型村庄。在乡村城市化进程中,此类型乡村景观受到城市景观的影响后,易出现与乡村自然环境不和谐的景观。在对李家峪村的实地规划过程中提出,以李家峪村为代表的保留发展型村庄的城市化进程应主要表现为农民生产和生活水平的提高,在景观规划的过程中应做到以下四点:一是此类型的乡村景观规划应在区域整体规划的大环境下进行;二是地处北京的生态涵养区,应把保护乡村的生态环境作为景观规划的重要原则;三是规划中应着重强化乡村的乡土景观,树立以当地的乡土景观为特色的原则;四是此类乡村的城市化应体现在提高农民的生产生活条件,而非在乡村景观上。
本论文为北京地区乡村景观规划提供了思路,在北京市新农村建设中有一定的参考价值。今后应在乡村景观规划方面引入先进方法和技术,建立乡村景观综合评价方法,规范政策法规,为北京地区乡村景观规划提供依据。
Nowdays, about two-fifths of the population in Beijing lives in the suburban area, which accounts for 93.5 percent of Beijing area. According to directions of modern city agriculture, such as ecological, safe, high-grade, intensive, high-performance, the rural landscape design of Beijing should aim at injecting the advanced methods and technologies, established the rural landscape evaluation methods and standardized policies and regulations, to provide a basis for landscape planning of Beijing rural area.
Nowadays, there are many problems in rural landscape planning in Beijing, which is on two aspects of planning idea and planning method. But people pay more attention to the economy and facilities development of rural area than the development of landscape. People just simply think that the urbanization process of rural area is the same with countryside turn to city, which results the phenomenon of native cultural erosion and the stereotyped rural landscape.
Authors study deep field in Li Jiayu Village Da Huashan town Ping Gu district, after the groundwork of sorting and summarizing abundant of literatures on aspects of rural landscape design, environment, construction, city, culture and art. After analysis and evaluate the current situation of Li Jiayu Village, Author position it and determine its landscape planning from landscape, function and development
Li Jiayu Village located in the deep mountains, belongs to villages of reserve develop model. After the influence in the urbanization process of rural area, its landscape easily appeared disharmony with its' natural environment. In the planning of Li Jiayu Village , represented villages of reserve develop model, the urbanization process of this model villages should be impersonated at the increase of farmers' manufacturing and living conditions. Four aspects should be pay attention to during the process of landscape planning: First, rural landscape planning of this model should be carried out under the over-all situation of district entirety planning; Second, the village located in the area of ecosystem maintenance, so the protection of rural ecological environment should be regarded as the important principle of landscape planning; Third, rural native landscape should be strengthened during the planning, and should be regarded as the characteristic in the locality; Fourth, the urbanization process of this model rural area should be impersonated at not the rural landscape but the increase of fanners' manufacturing and living conditions.
This article provides the new perspective of the rural landscape planning in Beijing area and possesses the valuable reference in the new village construction of Beijing. In the future we should introduce advanced methods and technologies in rural landscape planning, establish synthetic appraise method of rural landscape, consummate policies and legislations, and do further lucubrate, so providing basis for planning of rural landscape in Beijing.
目前,北京地区乡村景观规划在规划理念和规划方法两个层面上存在诸多问题。人们往往更多关注乡村经济、设施等方面的发展,而忽视乡村景观的发展,简单的将乡村城市化等同于乡村向城市发展,造成乡土文化流失、乡村景观千村一面的现象。
本论文在整理和总结乡村景观规划、环境、建筑、城市、文化和艺术等方面的大量文献的基础上,以位于北京生态涵养区的平谷区大华山镇李家峪村为案例,进行深入的实地考察。分析和评价李家峪村的现状,从景观、功能和发展三个层面进行定位,明确其景观规划思路。
李家峪村地处深山区,在北京市划分的迁建、城镇化整理和保留发展三种类型的行政村中属于保留发展型村庄。在乡村城市化进程中,此类型乡村景观受到城市景观的影响后,易出现与乡村自然环境不和谐的景观。在对李家峪村的实地规划过程中提出,以李家峪村为代表的保留发展型村庄的城市化进程应主要表现为农民生产和生活水平的提高,在景观规划的过程中应做到以下四点:一是此类型的乡村景观规划应在区域整体规划的大环境下进行;二是地处北京的生态涵养区,应把保护乡村的生态环境作为景观规划的重要原则;三是规划中应着重强化乡村的乡土景观,树立以当地的乡土景观为特色的原则;四是此类乡村的城市化应体现在提高农民的生产生活条件,而非在乡村景观上。
本论文为北京地区乡村景观规划提供了思路,在北京市新农村建设中有一定的参考价值。今后应在乡村景观规划方面引入先进方法和技术,建立乡村景观综合评价方法,规范政策法规,为北京地区乡村景观规划提供依据。
Nowdays, about two-fifths of the population in Beijing lives in the suburban area, which accounts for 93.5 percent of Beijing area. According to directions of modern city agriculture, such as ecological, safe, high-grade, intensive, high-performance, the rural landscape design of Beijing should aim at injecting the advanced methods and technologies, established the rural landscape evaluation methods and standardized policies and regulations, to provide a basis for landscape planning of Beijing rural area.
Nowadays, there are many problems in rural landscape planning in Beijing, which is on two aspects of planning idea and planning method. But people pay more attention to the economy and facilities development of rural area than the development of landscape. People just simply think that the urbanization process of rural area is the same with countryside turn to city, which results the phenomenon of native cultural erosion and the stereotyped rural landscape.
Authors study deep field in Li Jiayu Village Da Huashan town Ping Gu district, after the groundwork of sorting and summarizing abundant of literatures on aspects of rural landscape design, environment, construction, city, culture and art. After analysis and evaluate the current situation of Li Jiayu Village, Author position it and determine its landscape planning from landscape, function and development
Li Jiayu Village located in the deep mountains, belongs to villages of reserve develop model. After the influence in the urbanization process of rural area, its landscape easily appeared disharmony with its' natural environment. In the planning of Li Jiayu Village , represented villages of reserve develop model, the urbanization process of this model villages should be impersonated at the increase of farmers' manufacturing and living conditions. Four aspects should be pay attention to during the process of landscape planning: First, rural landscape planning of this model should be carried out under the over-all situation of district entirety planning; Second, the village located in the area of ecosystem maintenance, so the protection of rural ecological environment should be regarded as the important principle of landscape planning; Third, rural native landscape should be strengthened during the planning, and should be regarded as the characteristic in the locality; Fourth, the urbanization process of this model rural area should be impersonated at not the rural landscape but the increase of fanners' manufacturing and living conditions.
This article provides the new perspective of the rural landscape planning in Beijing area and possesses the valuable reference in the new village construction of Beijing. In the future we should introduce advanced methods and technologies in rural landscape planning, establish synthetic appraise method of rural landscape, consummate policies and legislations, and do further lucubrate, so providing basis for planning of rural landscape in Beijing.
引文
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[5]徐化成.景观生态学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996:124-130
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[10]谢花林,刘黎明,李蕾.乡村景观规划设计的相关问题探讨[J].中国园林,2003,19(3):39-41
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[13]谢花林,刘黎明.乡村景观评价研究进展及其指标体系初探[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6):97-101
[14]郭文华,郝晋珉,侯满平 等.乡村与城郊景观格局比较研究[J].生态经济,2004,12(10):201-205
[15]傅伯杰 等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:16-19
[16]王云才,刘滨谊.论中国乡村景观及乡村景观规划[J].中国园林,2003,19(1):55-58
[17]王锐,王仰麟,景娟.农业景观生态规划原则及其应用研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):1-4
[18]包志毅,陈波.乡村可持续性土地利用景观生态规划的几种模式[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2004,30(1):57-62
[19]王仰麟,陈传康.农业景观生态规划原则及其应用研究[J].地理学报,1998,53(增):21-27
[20]牛文元.生态脆弱带Ecotone的基础判定.生态学报,1995,9(2):63-66
[21]刘黎明.乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景[J].农村生态环境,2001,17(1):52-55
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[23]吴良镛,刘健.北京城乡交接带土地利用的发展变化[J].北京城市规划,1998,11(3):14-17
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[25]文云朝.比利时农村整治的经验[J].地理译报,1992,13(2):18-22
[26]吴良镛.北京市规划刍议[J].建筑师,1998,12(4):36-39
[27]王仰麟.土地系统生态设计初探[J].自然资源,1990,5(4):25-30
[28]柴彦威.郊区化及其研究[J].经济地理,1995,15(2):30-34
[29]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992:44-46
[30]顾朝林.中国大城市边缘区特性研究[J].地理学报,1993,48(4):25-29
[31]高建华.边缘效应对农村景观的影响及其调控[J].地域研究与开发,1993,12(4):21-26
[32]李敏.生态绿地空间与人居环境规划[J].生态学报,1995,(2):15-19
[33]俞孔坚.景观敏感与阈值评价研究[J].地理研究,1991,10(2):43-46
[34]王仰麟.矿区废弃地复垦的景观生态规划[J].生态学报,1998,(9):51-54
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