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湖南生猪生产波动研究
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摘要
俗话说“猪粮安,安天下”。湖南省具有悠久的生猪养殖历史,改革开放以来,湖南省的生猪生产快速地发展,生猪养殖业的产值在1997年就已经超过种植业,成为湖南农业中的第一大产业,在省农业中占有十分重要的地位。湖南的生猪生产保持快速发展的同时,面临着一系列问题与挑战:生猪产业总会表现出价格与生产的不确定性;不定期的波动困扰生猪产业的健康发展;生产规模化程度偏低;产业化带动性不强;品牌意识薄弱等等。这些问题威胁着湖南生猪产业的长期稳定发展,而保障湖南生猪养殖业长期稳定发展对保障国家猪肉供给,稳定物价,提高农民收入,发展农村经济,带动和推动种植业、饲料工业、食品工业、皮革工业、畜产品加工和兽药等相关产业发展,促进国民经济的协调发展有着重要意义。本文重点探寻湖南的生猪生产波动,运用实证模型进行定量分析并结合相关经济理论进行规范研究。揭示出湖南生猪生产的现状及比较优势,生产波动的特征、成因、与农民收入的关系及其对湖南经济发展和人们生活水平的影响。为解决湖南的生猪供需平衡、促进生猪产业及湖南经济的平稳持续发展,提供了一定的理论基础、技术参数和针对性的政策建议。
     研究表明:①湖南省是生猪生产与猪肉消费大省,生猪生产量占全国的9%左右,全国排名第二。湖南生猪品种改良和出栏率、散户生产和小规模猪场生产效率具有比较优势,中型规模猪场和大型规模猪场具有一定的发展基础。但是,湖南省生猪生产效率近年呈现不同程度的小幅度负向增长,生猪产业健康发展面临着周期性波动问题。②1964年-2009年湖南生猪生产出现八个波动周期,在八个波动周期中有三次特大幅度的波动。其波动呈现古典波动型,波动幅度大,波动分为大小周期,波谷深度由深变浅、扩张期长,收缩期从短变长的特征。由此可见,湖南生猪波动的恶性波动成分较大,生产不稳定,生产扩张力强,增长的抗衰退能力不断增强,生产整体按照一定轨迹发展,总体增长水平下降,生产决策逐步理性化。③湖南生猪生产的波动是内部传导和外部冲击机制共同作用的结果。相对于外部冲击来讲,内部传导机制对生猪生产波动的影响较大,占71.56%。内部传导的主要因素是生猪养殖投入、养殖传统、养殖技术、养殖规模、生猪价格、农民人均纯收入和农村人口数等因素,其中养殖投入、传统、技术和规模的影响最大,相关系数达到0.6。外部冲击主要来自自然灾害和养殖疫情。政策因素影响不显著。④湖南省生猪生产是农民收入变化的格兰杰原因。湖南生猪生产与农民收入之间存在长期均衡关系,但生猪生产对农民收入的短期影响大于长期影响,湖南生猪生产波动会引发农民收入的波动。⑤湖南省生猪生产波动与全国生猪生产波动互为因果。湖南生猪生产短期波动对全国生猪生产短期波动的影响显著,相关系数达到0.418。在全国和湖南生猪生产波动指数的随机冲击下,湖南生猪生产和全国生猪生产都会产生较大的短期波动及一定程度的长期波动;全国和湖南生猪生产波动指数的随机冲击对湖南生猪生产和全国生猪生产的短期作用是正向的,长期冲击是负向的并且效果减弱。从研究中可以看出湖南生猪生产波动对全国总产出影响程度很大,直接影响着国家猪肉供应。⑥在2010年-2019年,湖南省猪肉将出现3400多万吨的过剩缺口,全国猪肉供需平衡将存在巨大的供不应求的缺口。湖南生猪生产具有比较优势,湖南可以依赖全国生猪市场实现生猪生产的供需平衡。
     保障湖南生猪稳定发展的政策建议:加快生产方式的转变,调整生产规模;加快技术推广,提高生产效率;鼓励增加有效投入,保证稳产与增产;加强疫病防控,降低疫病冲击;准确及时评价政策,增加其冲击效果;建立预警机制,保证农民收入与全国生猪供应;立足全国市场实现湖南生猪供需平衡。
As the saying goes that people get tranquility when pigs and grain are sufficient. Hunan is a province with a long history of pig farming, which developed rather rapidly after the reform and opening-up. The output value of hog cultivation surpassed crop farming even in 1997. It became the largest industry in Hunan's agriculture, and played a very important role as well. While the pig industry maintains rapid growth, it faces a series of problems and challenges:the uncertainty of price and production; the irregular fluctuations that troubled its healthy development; the low degree of the scale of production; the little effect of industrialization drive; the weak brand awareness, and so on. These problems threaten the long-term stability of its development, which has great significance not only to the national pork supply, the stable prices and farmers' income, but also to developing the rural economy, stimulating and promoting the related industries such as farming, feed and food industry, leather industry, livestock products and veterinary drugs, and promoting the coordinated development of national economy. This article, focusing on the fluctuations of pig production in Hunan, aims to give a quantitative analysis using empirical model and a normative research combining related economic theories. It tries to reveal the status of pig production and its comparative advantage, the characteristics and causes of the fluctuations, the relation to farmers' income and influence to Hunan's economic development and people's living levels. It is expected to provide certain theoretical basis, some technical parameters and targeted policy recommendations to keep the balance of pig's supply and demand, and promote the steady and continuous development of Hunan's economy.
     Studies show that:①Hunan is a province with a high production of hogs and consumption of pork, whose hog production accounted for about 9% of the whole country, ranking second. The pigs breed improvement, slaughter rates, retail production and small-scale productivity effect has a comparative advantage. The medium-sized and large-scale pig farms have certain basis for development. However, in recent years, there arises varying degrees of slight negative growth in hog production efficiency. Cyclical fluctuations are threatening the healthy development of the pig industry.②There were eight cyclical fluctuations during 1964 to 2009. among which there were three most significant ones. These three were classical fluctuations with vast scale, different cycles, the deep-shallow wave depth, a long period of expansion and a variable-length contraction. It can be seen that vicious ones account for much of all the pig production fluctuations and the production is instable. But at the same time, the production expansion is strong. The ability of anti-declining is gradually increasing. The production develops according to certain trajectory. The overall growth level declines and the production decisions show gradual rationalization.③The fluctuations in pig production in Hunan are caused by both the internal conduction and external shocks. The internal conduction plays a greater role, accounting for 71.56%. The main factors include money put into pig farming, the tradition, technology and scale of farming, the price of hogs, per capita net income and population of farmers, etc. Among these factors, the first two have greater impact, with a related coefficient of 0.6. The external shocks mainly come from natural disasters and major farming epidemic. Policy factors were not obvious.④The pig production is the Granger cause of farmers' income changes in Hunan. They are long-term equilibrium related to each other, but the short-term impact is greater than the long-term one. The fluctuations in pig production will lead to fluctuations in farmers'income.⑤The fluctuations of pig production in Hunan and in China reinforce each other. The short-term ones in Hunan have obvious effect on the short-term ones in China, with a related coefficient of 0.418. Influenced by the random impact of fluctuations index both in China and Hunan, great degree of short-term fluctuations and certain degree of long-term fluctuations will appear in the pig production both in Hunan and China. Of these two, the short-term effect is positive, while the long-term impact is negative with a weakening effect. As can be seen from the study that fluctuations in Hunan's pig production has a significant effect on the national pork supply, and directly affect latter.⑥During the years from 2010 to 2019, there will appear an excess deficit of 3400 tons of pork in Hunan. A huge gap will arise between the national pork supply and demand. Pig production in Hunan has a comparative advantage, thus it can help to improve the balance in the market relying on the whole market in China.
     Policy recommendations for stable development of pig production in Hunan are as below:speed up the changes in producing ways and adjust the scale of production; accelerate technology promotion and improve production efficiency; strengthen disease prevention and control, reducing the impact of disease; timely evaluate policies to increase their impact effect; establish early warning mechanism to guarantee farmers'income and the national supply of pigs; and achieve a balance between supply and demand in Hunan based on the national market.
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