松潘—阿坝地区东缘二叠—三叠纪地层对比及沉积盆地演化
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摘要
松潘-阿坝地区位于中国大陆构造的中心部位,处于华北、扬子和羌塘地块的结合地带,并构成青藏高原的东部边缘,成为中国主要地块和造山带汇聚和叠加的重要构造单元。二叠-三叠纪时期不仅是松潘-阿坝沉积盆地演化发展的主要时期,也是各种变形作用和构造运动发生的重要时期。因此,对这一时期沉积盆地进行地层划分和对比,识别和分析重要的地层不整合界线及其对应的构造事件,分析沉积盆地的属性,进而恢复盆地的充填过程和构造演化历史,对于该区沉积矿产的勘探开发和地质问题的科学探索具有重要的意义。
本文在野外考察的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,对松潘-阿坝地区东缘二叠-三叠纪沉积地层进行了研究,主要包括两个方面:①以典型剖面为基础,结合野外剖面踏勘,依据地层多重划分原理,对区内地层进行了岩性地层、生物地层和年代地层的划分和对比;②识别出研究区内二叠-三叠纪时期重要的地层不整合面,并对这些不整合面进行分析,以此作为划分盆地构造演化阶段的依据。通过地层划分和对比,认为松潘-阿坝地区东缘二叠-三叠纪应处于同一大地构造背景之下,具有相同的海平面升降旋回,相似的古生物特征;只是不同地区沉积相带不同。研究区二叠-三叠纪主要发育四个重要地层不整合界线,分别在早二叠世,中晚二叠世之交,二叠纪-三叠纪之交和中三叠世安尼期和拉丁期之间;四条界线分别对应早二叠世特提斯洋西段闭合、东吴运动、二叠-三叠纪之交的全球海平面变化事件和中三叠世沉积盆地构造背景转变四次大的构造事件。
通过晚二叠世火成岩的地球化学分析,认为晚二叠世火成岩主要是大陆裂谷玄武岩,是和峨眉山玄武岩同源异相的产物,玄武岩的喷发造成了晚二叠世甘孜-理塘裂谷和龙门山裂谷的发育。通过对三叠纪拉丁期后复理石砂泥岩的沉积地球化学分析,认为复理石的沉积物源区具有大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘的构造背景属性,说明复理石沉积具有双向物源区。同时,结合对沉积复理石的原型盆地——巴颜喀拉海盆性质的讨论,认为巴颜喀拉海盆是在松潘-阿坝地区构造背景由拉张转化为积压之后,在义敦岛弧发育的同时,弧后区强烈坳陷形成的大型弧后盆地。
在前面几章研究的基础上,把松潘-阿坝地块东缘二叠-三叠纪沉积盆地演化划分为五个阶段:①被动大陆边缘盆地阶段(P1-P2);②大陆裂解-裂谷形成阶段(P3);③裂谷扩张裂陷阶段(T1-T21);④盆地坳陷补偿充填阶段(T22-T31);⑤盆地萎缩关闭阶段(T32-J)。分析和讨论了沉积盆地在各个阶段的构造背景特征及其演化过程,初步恢复了每个阶段盆地的岩相古地理格局,绘制了盆地的构造古地理格架图和沉积盆地演化模式图。
Songpan-aba area is situated in the center of China’s continental tectonics. It is in the conjunction of the North China plate, Yangtze plate and Qiangtang block, and composes the eastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It is also the important tectonic unit where china’s main blocks and orogens converge and superimpose. Permian and Triassic is not only the main period of Songpan-aba sedimentary basin’s evolution, but also the important time which various deformations and tectonic movements emerge. So the researches are done which include stratigraphic classification and correlation, identifying and analysing important unconformities and their corresponding tectonic events and judging the property of sedimentary basin. What’s more, at the base of upper researches, the basin’s filling process and tectonic evolution history are restored. All these researches will be great meanings towards exploratory development of sedimentary mineral products and helpful to the science discuss of geologic problems in this area.
At the basis of field exploration, and combining others’research fruits, formation researches of Permian and Triassic are held at the eastern margin of songpan-aba area. The job includes two aspects. One is multiple stratigraphic classification and correlation which contains lithostratigraphy, biostratum, chronostratigraphy. The other is to identify and analyse important unconformities and their corresponding tectonic events. According to the stratigraphic correlation, such opinions are implied that different blocks of the eastern margin of Songpan-aba area lie in the same tectonic settings, have the same sea level rising-falling cycle and similar paleontological characteristics. The only difference is that different parts have different sedimentary facies. The Songpan-aba area of this period have four important unconformities, which happen respectively in Early Permain, the junction of Middle and Late Permian, the meeting of Permian and Triassic, and between the Anisian and Ladinian. These four unconformities correspond respectively four tectonic events which are the west part of tethys Ocean closure event, Dongwu movement, global sea level change event between Permian and Triassic, and the transformation of tectonic settings event.
By geochemical analysis of Permian volcanic rocks, we conclude that the Late Permian basalt mainly belongs to continental rift basalts, and resulted from the Emeishan mantle plume. The eruption of basalt results in the emergence of Garze-litang rift and Longmenshan rift at Late Permian. The geochemical characteristics of flysch sandstone and mudstone which depositted after Ladinian suggest that the sediment provenance have the property of continental island arc. Combining the discusses of flysch prototype basin which is called Baryan Har basin, we know that the Baryan Har basin is a large-scale back-arc basin resulted from intensively depression of back-arc area. It formed after tectonic setting transforms to pressure from extension and is at the same time as development of Yidun island arc.
At the base of upper chapters’researches, the evolution history of Permian and Triassic sedimentary basin at eastern margin of Songpan-aba area can be divided into four phases: First is passive continental margin basin phase during Early and Middle Permian; Second is continental cracking and rift forming phase at the time of Late Permian; Third is rift extension and faulted depression phase during Early Triassic and early period of Middle Triassic; Fourth is basin depression and compensated filling phase from later period of Middle Triassic to early period of Latter Triassic, Fifth is basin suppression and closure phase from late period of Late Triassic to Jurassic period. The basin’s continental tectonic settings and its evolution of each phase is also discussed, and the lithofacies palaeogeographies of each phase are analyzed elementarily. At the same time, the tectonic palaeogeography and sedimentary basin evolution model diagrams are drawn.
本文在野外考察的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,对松潘-阿坝地区东缘二叠-三叠纪沉积地层进行了研究,主要包括两个方面:①以典型剖面为基础,结合野外剖面踏勘,依据地层多重划分原理,对区内地层进行了岩性地层、生物地层和年代地层的划分和对比;②识别出研究区内二叠-三叠纪时期重要的地层不整合面,并对这些不整合面进行分析,以此作为划分盆地构造演化阶段的依据。通过地层划分和对比,认为松潘-阿坝地区东缘二叠-三叠纪应处于同一大地构造背景之下,具有相同的海平面升降旋回,相似的古生物特征;只是不同地区沉积相带不同。研究区二叠-三叠纪主要发育四个重要地层不整合界线,分别在早二叠世,中晚二叠世之交,二叠纪-三叠纪之交和中三叠世安尼期和拉丁期之间;四条界线分别对应早二叠世特提斯洋西段闭合、东吴运动、二叠-三叠纪之交的全球海平面变化事件和中三叠世沉积盆地构造背景转变四次大的构造事件。
通过晚二叠世火成岩的地球化学分析,认为晚二叠世火成岩主要是大陆裂谷玄武岩,是和峨眉山玄武岩同源异相的产物,玄武岩的喷发造成了晚二叠世甘孜-理塘裂谷和龙门山裂谷的发育。通过对三叠纪拉丁期后复理石砂泥岩的沉积地球化学分析,认为复理石的沉积物源区具有大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘的构造背景属性,说明复理石沉积具有双向物源区。同时,结合对沉积复理石的原型盆地——巴颜喀拉海盆性质的讨论,认为巴颜喀拉海盆是在松潘-阿坝地区构造背景由拉张转化为积压之后,在义敦岛弧发育的同时,弧后区强烈坳陷形成的大型弧后盆地。
在前面几章研究的基础上,把松潘-阿坝地块东缘二叠-三叠纪沉积盆地演化划分为五个阶段:①被动大陆边缘盆地阶段(P1-P2);②大陆裂解-裂谷形成阶段(P3);③裂谷扩张裂陷阶段(T1-T21);④盆地坳陷补偿充填阶段(T22-T31);⑤盆地萎缩关闭阶段(T32-J)。分析和讨论了沉积盆地在各个阶段的构造背景特征及其演化过程,初步恢复了每个阶段盆地的岩相古地理格局,绘制了盆地的构造古地理格架图和沉积盆地演化模式图。
Songpan-aba area is situated in the center of China’s continental tectonics. It is in the conjunction of the North China plate, Yangtze plate and Qiangtang block, and composes the eastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It is also the important tectonic unit where china’s main blocks and orogens converge and superimpose. Permian and Triassic is not only the main period of Songpan-aba sedimentary basin’s evolution, but also the important time which various deformations and tectonic movements emerge. So the researches are done which include stratigraphic classification and correlation, identifying and analysing important unconformities and their corresponding tectonic events and judging the property of sedimentary basin. What’s more, at the base of upper researches, the basin’s filling process and tectonic evolution history are restored. All these researches will be great meanings towards exploratory development of sedimentary mineral products and helpful to the science discuss of geologic problems in this area.
At the basis of field exploration, and combining others’research fruits, formation researches of Permian and Triassic are held at the eastern margin of songpan-aba area. The job includes two aspects. One is multiple stratigraphic classification and correlation which contains lithostratigraphy, biostratum, chronostratigraphy. The other is to identify and analyse important unconformities and their corresponding tectonic events. According to the stratigraphic correlation, such opinions are implied that different blocks of the eastern margin of Songpan-aba area lie in the same tectonic settings, have the same sea level rising-falling cycle and similar paleontological characteristics. The only difference is that different parts have different sedimentary facies. The Songpan-aba area of this period have four important unconformities, which happen respectively in Early Permain, the junction of Middle and Late Permian, the meeting of Permian and Triassic, and between the Anisian and Ladinian. These four unconformities correspond respectively four tectonic events which are the west part of tethys Ocean closure event, Dongwu movement, global sea level change event between Permian and Triassic, and the transformation of tectonic settings event.
By geochemical analysis of Permian volcanic rocks, we conclude that the Late Permian basalt mainly belongs to continental rift basalts, and resulted from the Emeishan mantle plume. The eruption of basalt results in the emergence of Garze-litang rift and Longmenshan rift at Late Permian. The geochemical characteristics of flysch sandstone and mudstone which depositted after Ladinian suggest that the sediment provenance have the property of continental island arc. Combining the discusses of flysch prototype basin which is called Baryan Har basin, we know that the Baryan Har basin is a large-scale back-arc basin resulted from intensively depression of back-arc area. It formed after tectonic setting transforms to pressure from extension and is at the same time as development of Yidun island arc.
At the base of upper chapters’researches, the evolution history of Permian and Triassic sedimentary basin at eastern margin of Songpan-aba area can be divided into four phases: First is passive continental margin basin phase during Early and Middle Permian; Second is continental cracking and rift forming phase at the time of Late Permian; Third is rift extension and faulted depression phase during Early Triassic and early period of Middle Triassic; Fourth is basin depression and compensated filling phase from later period of Middle Triassic to early period of Latter Triassic, Fifth is basin suppression and closure phase from late period of Late Triassic to Jurassic period. The basin’s continental tectonic settings and its evolution of each phase is also discussed, and the lithofacies palaeogeographies of each phase are analyzed elementarily. At the same time, the tectonic palaeogeography and sedimentary basin evolution model diagrams are drawn.
引文
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