寒区湿地软土地基固结沉降与稳定性研究
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摘要
在软土地基上修建高等级公路面临的工程地质问题主要是软土地基的沉降和稳定性。软土的成因不同,工程性质就会有一定的差异,在我国南方沿海软土地区建设的高等级公路的许多成功经验、防治措施,是否适用于黑龙江省公路建设中常遇到的湿地淤积的软土,需要研究论证。为此,本文研究寒区湿地软土工程性质、道路施工期短、填筑加载快以及温度影响,改进软土地基固结沉降预测和稳定性评价方法。主要工作包括寒区湿地软土的工程性质试验、现场监测数据分析、沉降计算、沉降拟合曲线比较和稳定性数值分析,提出了随路堤填土分级加载改变固结沉降预测和稳定性评价中计算参数的建议。
试验研究揭示了寒区湿地软土孔隙比、压缩系数、压缩模量随固结压力的变化规律:压缩系数随固结压力的增大而减小,压缩模量随固结压力的增大而增大;主固结系数和次固结系数随固结压力及不同加载比的变化规律:两层软土主固结系数Cv均随固结压力的增大而减小,与固结压力具有较好的相关性。第一层软土的次固结系数较大,即第一层软土的蠕变性较第二层软土的蠕变性强,加载比?p p> 1,软土的次固结系数随固结压力的增大而增大,具有明显的规律性;不同的固结压力、不同固结度下,主应力差与轴向应变的关系:采用不固结不排水剪时,第一层软土所能够承受的主应力差明显地高于第二层软土,围压较大时,两层软土的最大偏应力比较接近,第一层软土受剪过程中应力-应变关系呈现典型的加工硬化特征,第二层软土接近理想塑性。在相同的应变情况下,随着固结压力和固结度的增加,寒区湿地两层软土的偏应力逐渐增大;不同的固结压力下,剪切过程中孔隙水压力与轴向应变之间的关系:在剪切过程中,小应变时两层软土中孔隙水压力升高相对较快,随着应变的增加孔隙水压力增长的速率逐渐减慢,直至稳定,第二层软土表现得更为明显;软土强度指标和抗剪强度随固结压力、固结度的变化规律:寒区湿地软土的粘聚力c在固结度U < 20%时,随固结度的增加而减小,固结度U > 20%,均随固结度的增加而增大。内摩擦角?随着固结度的增大有所增加,但规律性不很明显。湿地软土抗剪强度总体上随固结压力和固结度的增大而增加,个别情况下,例如,固结压力50 kPa、固结度U < 20%时,粘聚力在抗剪强度中起主要作用时,抗剪强度随固结度的增大而减小;经对比分析,湿地软土土层厚度比沿海地区软土小,工程性质从总体上看要好于沿海地区的软土,为直接引用沿海地区软土地基成功的治理措施提供了依据,试验结果为计算寒区湿地软土在路堤填土分级加载作用下固结沉降与稳定性提供了计算参数。
本文寒区湿地软土地基固结沉降与稳定性现场监测数据的分析结果表明,路堤填土加载过程中,软土地基的沉降量明显增加,越接近软土地基表面沉降量越大。软土的沉降量占全部沉降量的80%以上。袋装砂井处理的软土地基沉降曲线后期较塑料排水板处理的软土地基平缓,更有利于软土地基的排水固结,减少最终沉降量;软土地基的侧向位移和最大位移深度随着荷载和软土的厚度增加而增大。填筑速率越快,软土地基侧向位移增加得越快。路堤填土冻结过程中,靠近中央分隔带处的土压力逐渐减小,靠近路堤边坡处的土压力逐渐增大。在路堤填土融化的过程中,靠近中央分隔带的土压力逐渐增大,靠近路堤边坡的土压力逐渐减小。随着施工荷载的增加,土工格栅的加筋效果越来越明显,发挥网兜效应,使基底压力分布趋于均匀。
依据室内试验和现场监测数据,采用分级加载固结度理论,提出软土地基固结沉降计算中随加载逐级改变计算参数的思路,并给出了计算通式。经验证,计算得到的沉降曲线与实际观测沉降曲线比较接近;袋装砂井和塑料排水板加固的寒区湿地软土地基,采用双曲线法分段拟合沉降曲线与观测结果较接近;各方法推测的最终沉降量比较一致。
本文用有限元分析评价公路软土地基稳定性,根据室内软土抗剪强度指标随固结压力和固结度变化的试验结果及压缩试验结果,分级加载后逐级改变相应的计算参数,竖向位移和水平位移的计算结果与实测结果均比较接近。软土地基在后期加载的过程中没有出现明显的屈服区,与工程实际相符。计算结果和实测数据的对比说明,本文提出改进的寒区湿地软土地基在路堤填土分级加载作用下稳定性评价方法是合理的。
The existing engineering geological problem to build high-grade highways on soft soil foundations mainly is settlement and stability of the soft soil foundations. Soft soil will have different engineering characteristics because of the different formation of it. In the soft soil area along the sea of the south China, there are many successful experiences and treatment measures in construction of high-grade highways, and whether these experiences and measures are suitable for marsh filled up soft soil constantly encountered in highway construction of Heilongjiang province still needs researched and demonstrated. Therefore, this article will research into the engineering characteristics of marsh soft soil in cold area, short construction period of highways, rapid load increasing due to filling action and the effect of temperature, as well as improving the method of prediction of consolidation settlement and stability appraisal of soft soil foundations. The main work includes tests for engineering characteristics of cold area marsh soft soil, site monitoring data analysis, settlement calculation, comparison of settlement fitting curves and stability data analysis, provide the suggestions of changing the calculation parameters in consolidation settlement prediction and stability assessment with embankment filling step by step.
The test research uncovers the changing rule of void ratio, compression factor and compression modulus of cold area marsh soft soil with changing of consolidation compressive stress: compression factor will reduce with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, compression modulus will increase with increasing of consolidation compressive stress; the changing rule of the main consolidation factor and secondary consolidation factor with changing of consolidation compressive stress and different loading ratio: the main consolidation factors Cv of two layers of soft soil both reduce with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, and have good relativity with consolidation compressive stress. The secondary consolidation factor of the first layer soft soil is greater, i.e. the creeping feature of the first layer soft soil is stronger than that of the second layer soft soil, the loading ratio ?p p> 1, the secondary consolidation factor of soft soil increases with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, appearing obvious rule; under different consolidation compressive stress and different degree of consolidation, the relationship between the main stress difference and the axial strain: when adopting no-consolidation and no-drainage shearing, the main stress difference of the first layer soft soil is obviously higher than that of the second layer soft soil, for a greater surround compressive stress, the maximum deflective stress of the two layers of soft soil is similar, during shearing process of the first layer soft soil, the stress-strain relationship appears typical processing hardening characteristics, and the second layer soft soil approximates ideal plasticity. Under the same strain, with increasing of consolidation compressive stress and degree of consolidation, the deflective stress of two layers of marsh soft soil in cold area gradually increases; under different consolidation compressive stress, the relationship between void water pressure and axial strain during shearing process: during shearing process, when the strain is small, the void water pressure in the two layers of soft soil increases rapidly, the increasing speed of void water pressure gradually slows down with increasing of strain until becoming stable, and the second layer soft soil shows more clearly; the changing rule of soft soil strength index and shear resistance strength with consolidation pressure and degree of consolidation: when degree of consolidation U < 20%, the cohesive force c of cold area marsh soft soil reduces with increasing of degree of consolidation, when degree of consolidation U > 20%, it will increase with increasing of degree of consolidation. Inner friction angle ? increases with increasing of degree of consolidation, but the rule is not obvious. In general, the shear resistance strength of marsh soft soil increases with increasing of consolidation pressure and degree of consolidation, in several cases such as when consolidation compressive stress is 50 kPa and degree of consolidation U < 20%, cohesive force will play main part in shear resistance strength, at this moment, the shear resistance strength will reduce with increasing of degree of consolidation; through comparison and analysis, the stratum thickness of marsh soft soil is smaller than that of coastal area soft soil, on the whole, the engineering characteristics is better than that of coastal area soft soil. This conclusion provides basis for directly using the successful treatment measures of coastal area soft soil, and the test results supply calculation parameters for calculation of consolidation settlement and stability of cold area marsh soft soil under the action of various steps of loads when filling embankment.
In this article, the site monitoring data analysis result of consolidation settlement and stability of cold area marsh soft soil foundations indicates that during embankment fill loading process, the settlement of soft soil foundations obviously increases, and the settlement becomes greater and greater in places increasingly near the surface of the soft soil foundations. The settlement of soft soil accounts for above 80% of the total settlement. In late period, the settlement curve of the soft soil foundations treated by bag-filled sand well is more gentle than that of the soft soil foundations treated by plastic drain board, thus more favorable for the drainage consolidation of soft soil foundations and reduction of the final settlement; the side direction displacement and maximum displacement depth of soft soil foundations increase with increasing of load and thickness of the soft soil. With greater filling speed, the side direction displacement of soft soil foundations increases more rapidly. During freezing process of embankment fill, where near the median divider, soil pressure gradually becomes smaller, and where near side slope of the embankment, soil pressure gradually becomes greater. During melting process of embankment fill, where near the median divider, soil pressure gradually becomes greater, and where near side slope of the road embankment, soil pressure gradually becomes smaller. With increasing of construction load, the reinforcing effect of geotextile grids becomes more clear, which play the tuck net part and make foundation base pressure distribute evenly.
Based on indoor tests and site monitoring data, in this article, adopt loading-by-steps degree of consolidation theory, set forth the idea of changing calculation parameters step by step with loading in settlement calculation of soft soil foundation, and supply the calculation general expression. Through verification and calculation, the obtained settlement curve is similar to the actual observation settlement curve; for bag-filled sand well and plastic drain board reinforced soft soil foundation in cold and marsh area, the settlement curve fitted section by section by hyperbola method is similar to the observation result; and the final settlement obtained by various methods to calculate is consistent.
In this article, use finite element method to analyze and appraise stability of highway soft soil foundation, according to the test result of indoor soft soil shear resistance strength index changing with consolidation compressive stress and degree of consolidation and the result of compression tests, and after adding loads by steps, change corresponding calculation parameter step by step, the calculation result of the vertical displacement and horizontal displacement is similar to the actual measured result. During late period of loading process, the soft soil foundation has no obvious yield area. It is consistent with the engineering fact. The comparison of the calculation result and actual measured data shows that the appraisal method of stability of soft soil foundation in the cold marsh area under the effect of embankment fill loading by steps is reasonable.
试验研究揭示了寒区湿地软土孔隙比、压缩系数、压缩模量随固结压力的变化规律:压缩系数随固结压力的增大而减小,压缩模量随固结压力的增大而增大;主固结系数和次固结系数随固结压力及不同加载比的变化规律:两层软土主固结系数Cv均随固结压力的增大而减小,与固结压力具有较好的相关性。第一层软土的次固结系数较大,即第一层软土的蠕变性较第二层软土的蠕变性强,加载比?p p> 1,软土的次固结系数随固结压力的增大而增大,具有明显的规律性;不同的固结压力、不同固结度下,主应力差与轴向应变的关系:采用不固结不排水剪时,第一层软土所能够承受的主应力差明显地高于第二层软土,围压较大时,两层软土的最大偏应力比较接近,第一层软土受剪过程中应力-应变关系呈现典型的加工硬化特征,第二层软土接近理想塑性。在相同的应变情况下,随着固结压力和固结度的增加,寒区湿地两层软土的偏应力逐渐增大;不同的固结压力下,剪切过程中孔隙水压力与轴向应变之间的关系:在剪切过程中,小应变时两层软土中孔隙水压力升高相对较快,随着应变的增加孔隙水压力增长的速率逐渐减慢,直至稳定,第二层软土表现得更为明显;软土强度指标和抗剪强度随固结压力、固结度的变化规律:寒区湿地软土的粘聚力c在固结度U < 20%时,随固结度的增加而减小,固结度U > 20%,均随固结度的增加而增大。内摩擦角?随着固结度的增大有所增加,但规律性不很明显。湿地软土抗剪强度总体上随固结压力和固结度的增大而增加,个别情况下,例如,固结压力50 kPa、固结度U < 20%时,粘聚力在抗剪强度中起主要作用时,抗剪强度随固结度的增大而减小;经对比分析,湿地软土土层厚度比沿海地区软土小,工程性质从总体上看要好于沿海地区的软土,为直接引用沿海地区软土地基成功的治理措施提供了依据,试验结果为计算寒区湿地软土在路堤填土分级加载作用下固结沉降与稳定性提供了计算参数。
本文寒区湿地软土地基固结沉降与稳定性现场监测数据的分析结果表明,路堤填土加载过程中,软土地基的沉降量明显增加,越接近软土地基表面沉降量越大。软土的沉降量占全部沉降量的80%以上。袋装砂井处理的软土地基沉降曲线后期较塑料排水板处理的软土地基平缓,更有利于软土地基的排水固结,减少最终沉降量;软土地基的侧向位移和最大位移深度随着荷载和软土的厚度增加而增大。填筑速率越快,软土地基侧向位移增加得越快。路堤填土冻结过程中,靠近中央分隔带处的土压力逐渐减小,靠近路堤边坡处的土压力逐渐增大。在路堤填土融化的过程中,靠近中央分隔带的土压力逐渐增大,靠近路堤边坡的土压力逐渐减小。随着施工荷载的增加,土工格栅的加筋效果越来越明显,发挥网兜效应,使基底压力分布趋于均匀。
依据室内试验和现场监测数据,采用分级加载固结度理论,提出软土地基固结沉降计算中随加载逐级改变计算参数的思路,并给出了计算通式。经验证,计算得到的沉降曲线与实际观测沉降曲线比较接近;袋装砂井和塑料排水板加固的寒区湿地软土地基,采用双曲线法分段拟合沉降曲线与观测结果较接近;各方法推测的最终沉降量比较一致。
本文用有限元分析评价公路软土地基稳定性,根据室内软土抗剪强度指标随固结压力和固结度变化的试验结果及压缩试验结果,分级加载后逐级改变相应的计算参数,竖向位移和水平位移的计算结果与实测结果均比较接近。软土地基在后期加载的过程中没有出现明显的屈服区,与工程实际相符。计算结果和实测数据的对比说明,本文提出改进的寒区湿地软土地基在路堤填土分级加载作用下稳定性评价方法是合理的。
The existing engineering geological problem to build high-grade highways on soft soil foundations mainly is settlement and stability of the soft soil foundations. Soft soil will have different engineering characteristics because of the different formation of it. In the soft soil area along the sea of the south China, there are many successful experiences and treatment measures in construction of high-grade highways, and whether these experiences and measures are suitable for marsh filled up soft soil constantly encountered in highway construction of Heilongjiang province still needs researched and demonstrated. Therefore, this article will research into the engineering characteristics of marsh soft soil in cold area, short construction period of highways, rapid load increasing due to filling action and the effect of temperature, as well as improving the method of prediction of consolidation settlement and stability appraisal of soft soil foundations. The main work includes tests for engineering characteristics of cold area marsh soft soil, site monitoring data analysis, settlement calculation, comparison of settlement fitting curves and stability data analysis, provide the suggestions of changing the calculation parameters in consolidation settlement prediction and stability assessment with embankment filling step by step.
The test research uncovers the changing rule of void ratio, compression factor and compression modulus of cold area marsh soft soil with changing of consolidation compressive stress: compression factor will reduce with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, compression modulus will increase with increasing of consolidation compressive stress; the changing rule of the main consolidation factor and secondary consolidation factor with changing of consolidation compressive stress and different loading ratio: the main consolidation factors Cv of two layers of soft soil both reduce with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, and have good relativity with consolidation compressive stress. The secondary consolidation factor of the first layer soft soil is greater, i.e. the creeping feature of the first layer soft soil is stronger than that of the second layer soft soil, the loading ratio ?p p> 1, the secondary consolidation factor of soft soil increases with increasing of consolidation compressive stress, appearing obvious rule; under different consolidation compressive stress and different degree of consolidation, the relationship between the main stress difference and the axial strain: when adopting no-consolidation and no-drainage shearing, the main stress difference of the first layer soft soil is obviously higher than that of the second layer soft soil, for a greater surround compressive stress, the maximum deflective stress of the two layers of soft soil is similar, during shearing process of the first layer soft soil, the stress-strain relationship appears typical processing hardening characteristics, and the second layer soft soil approximates ideal plasticity. Under the same strain, with increasing of consolidation compressive stress and degree of consolidation, the deflective stress of two layers of marsh soft soil in cold area gradually increases; under different consolidation compressive stress, the relationship between void water pressure and axial strain during shearing process: during shearing process, when the strain is small, the void water pressure in the two layers of soft soil increases rapidly, the increasing speed of void water pressure gradually slows down with increasing of strain until becoming stable, and the second layer soft soil shows more clearly; the changing rule of soft soil strength index and shear resistance strength with consolidation pressure and degree of consolidation: when degree of consolidation U < 20%, the cohesive force c of cold area marsh soft soil reduces with increasing of degree of consolidation, when degree of consolidation U > 20%, it will increase with increasing of degree of consolidation. Inner friction angle ? increases with increasing of degree of consolidation, but the rule is not obvious. In general, the shear resistance strength of marsh soft soil increases with increasing of consolidation pressure and degree of consolidation, in several cases such as when consolidation compressive stress is 50 kPa and degree of consolidation U < 20%, cohesive force will play main part in shear resistance strength, at this moment, the shear resistance strength will reduce with increasing of degree of consolidation; through comparison and analysis, the stratum thickness of marsh soft soil is smaller than that of coastal area soft soil, on the whole, the engineering characteristics is better than that of coastal area soft soil. This conclusion provides basis for directly using the successful treatment measures of coastal area soft soil, and the test results supply calculation parameters for calculation of consolidation settlement and stability of cold area marsh soft soil under the action of various steps of loads when filling embankment.
In this article, the site monitoring data analysis result of consolidation settlement and stability of cold area marsh soft soil foundations indicates that during embankment fill loading process, the settlement of soft soil foundations obviously increases, and the settlement becomes greater and greater in places increasingly near the surface of the soft soil foundations. The settlement of soft soil accounts for above 80% of the total settlement. In late period, the settlement curve of the soft soil foundations treated by bag-filled sand well is more gentle than that of the soft soil foundations treated by plastic drain board, thus more favorable for the drainage consolidation of soft soil foundations and reduction of the final settlement; the side direction displacement and maximum displacement depth of soft soil foundations increase with increasing of load and thickness of the soft soil. With greater filling speed, the side direction displacement of soft soil foundations increases more rapidly. During freezing process of embankment fill, where near the median divider, soil pressure gradually becomes smaller, and where near side slope of the embankment, soil pressure gradually becomes greater. During melting process of embankment fill, where near the median divider, soil pressure gradually becomes greater, and where near side slope of the road embankment, soil pressure gradually becomes smaller. With increasing of construction load, the reinforcing effect of geotextile grids becomes more clear, which play the tuck net part and make foundation base pressure distribute evenly.
Based on indoor tests and site monitoring data, in this article, adopt loading-by-steps degree of consolidation theory, set forth the idea of changing calculation parameters step by step with loading in settlement calculation of soft soil foundation, and supply the calculation general expression. Through verification and calculation, the obtained settlement curve is similar to the actual observation settlement curve; for bag-filled sand well and plastic drain board reinforced soft soil foundation in cold and marsh area, the settlement curve fitted section by section by hyperbola method is similar to the observation result; and the final settlement obtained by various methods to calculate is consistent.
In this article, use finite element method to analyze and appraise stability of highway soft soil foundation, according to the test result of indoor soft soil shear resistance strength index changing with consolidation compressive stress and degree of consolidation and the result of compression tests, and after adding loads by steps, change corresponding calculation parameter step by step, the calculation result of the vertical displacement and horizontal displacement is similar to the actual measured result. During late period of loading process, the soft soil foundation has no obvious yield area. It is consistent with the engineering fact. The comparison of the calculation result and actual measured data shows that the appraisal method of stability of soft soil foundation in the cold marsh area under the effect of embankment fill loading by steps is reasonable.
引文
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