“3S”技术在矿山生态环境监测中的应用研究
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摘要
矿产资源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础,然而长期以来,在矿产资源开发利用过程中,由于认识的局限性,我国在矿产资源开发利用中忽视环境保护工作,许多矿山生产建设不重视环保要求,严重破坏了矿区的生态环境。环境问题已成为当今世界各国最为关注的焦点之一,对环境的现状和变化进行有效监测是大势所趋。运用3S技术能够实时、方便地提取矿山生态环境信息,为人们全面了解环境现状信息及其发展演化规律、合理利用土地和恢复治理环境提供重要依据。
本文利用2006年1月Quickbird图像和相关统计资料,采用人机交互解译方式提取攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区土地利用/覆被信息和由于矿山开采引发的地质灾害、环境污染以及矿山生态环境恢复与治理信息;基于AHP法,以植被覆盖率、环境污染率、地质灾害面积比和环境恢复治理率为评价因子,对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的生态环境质量进行评价和分析,并给出环境治理的措施和建议。
研究内容包括:
(1)遥感数字图像处理。包括正射校正、几何校正、图像融合和增强处理。
(2)遥感影像信息提取。采用人机交互解译方式提取2005年宝鼎煤矿区矿产开采信息;根据2006年1月遥感图像提取由于矿山开采引发的地质灾害及环境污染信息;以及矿山生态环境恢复与治理信息等。
(3)矿山环境数据库的建立。包括:元数据、矿山开采状况解译数据、矿山环境状况解译数据等。
(4)遥感影像专题地图的制作。宝鼎煤矿区1∶1万土地利用/覆被图与生态环境遥感监测图等图件的制作。
(5)野外数据核查。通过野外考察,将遥感影像上的目标和对应的实际地物相联系,来验证室内信息提取的精度,为今后的解译工作积累经验。
(6)矿区生态环境监测及质量评价。选定评价指标,建立适当的评价模型对研究区的生态环境质量进行评价。
得出结论如下:
(1)2005年研究区土地利用/覆被情况为:林地(包括森林、灌木林和疏林地)面积最多,为xxxx.34公顷,占研究区总面积的xx.87%;草地面积xxx.386公顷,占研究区总面积的x.91%;旱地面积xxx.445公顷,占研究区总面积的x.78%;其中排土场面积也不少,大概有xxx.351公顷,占研究区总面积的x.22%。
(2)对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的生态环境监测及结果分析得出,泥石流xx处,滑坡x处,塌陷xx处,大气污染xx.59公顷,粉尘污染xxx.17公顷,水体污染x.84公顷,生态环境恢复治理面积有x.53公顷;
(3)基于APH法结合遥感和GIS技术对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的环境质量进行了评价,得到该地区植被覆盖率为良好,等级为Ⅱ;环境污染严重,等级为Ⅳ;矿山恢复治理率不高,等级为Ⅲ;灾害发生率不高,等级为Ⅱ。该研究区生态环境质量综合评价为Ⅲ。
通过实践证明,运用3S技术对煤矿土地利用/覆被和生态环境进行监测,并对煤矿生态质量进行评价和分析,这为矿产资源的可持续发展提供了科学的依据,同时为其他类型矿山生态环境监测研究提供了有效、可行的技术流程和工作思路。
The mineral resource is important material base for the humanity livelihood and the development .But since long ago, in the process of exploit mineral resource,because of limitation of cognition, many mines in our country neglect the environmental protection work in the mineral resource development and use. So it destroies the ecological environment of mining area seriously. The environmental problems has become one of focal points which the various countries most pays attention now.Then, Carrying on the effective monitor to the environment's present situation and the change is general trend of events. Using the 3S technology can withdraw the mine ecological environment information real-time and conveniently. It can provide the important basis for the people to understand the environment present situation information and the development evolution rule comprehensively , use the land reasonably and restores the government environment.
In this article,the author uses the Quickbird image in January of 2006 and the correlation statistical data, selects the man-machine interaction interpretation method to extract land utilization/covering information, geological disaster and the environmental pollution because of the mine mining, as well as restoring and government the mine ecological environment information in Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area. This article,based on the AHP method, takes the vegetation coverage fraction, the environmental pollution rate, the geological disaster area ratio and the environment restores rate as the appraisal factors, carries on the appraisal and the analysis to ecological environment quality in the Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area, and gives the measure and suggestion to treatment of environment.
Its major research contents are as follows:
(1) Remote sensing digital image processing. Including orthographic projection , geometric correction, image fusion and image enhancement.
(2) Extracting remote sensing image information. It selects the man-machine interaction interpretation method to extract land utilization/covering information, geological disaster and the environmental pollution because of the mine mining, as well as restoring and governmenting the mine ecological environment information in Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area of the year 2005.
(3) Database building of the mine area environment. Including metadata, mine mining condition interpretation data, mine environment condition interpretation data and so on.
(4)Thematic mapping of remote sensing images. Including 1:1 million land use / cover map,the ecological environment Remote monitoring map of Baoding coal mining area and so on.
(5) Field data verification. Through field investigation,we can contact the objectives on remote sensing images to features of the actual to verify the accuracy of information extraction interior for future interpretation of job experience.
(6) The ecological environment monitoring and quality evaluation in mine area. Selecting evaluation indicators, setting up an appropriate evaluation model for the eco-environmental quality evaluation of study area .
Conclusion as follows:
(1)In 2005 the land use / cover the situation of study area is that forest land area ,including forest, shrub forest and woodland land, is the largest for xxxx.34 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area xx.87%; Grassland area is xxx.386 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.91%; Dryland area is xxx.445 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.78%; Dump is also quite a number, there is perhaps xxx.351 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.22%.
(2)It results from the ecological environment monitoring and analysis that, in the Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area, the air pollution area is xx.59hm2 and the water pollution area is x.84 hm2,the dust pollution area is xxx.17hm2 and the ecology restores area is x.53hm2 and there had been 13 latent landslides,4 mud-rock flows,11 cave-ins.
(3) Using remote sensing and GIS technologies based on APH method to evaluate the environmental quality of Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area. It concludes that the vegetation coverage of the area is good for levelⅡ; environmental pollution is serious for levelⅣ;the mine e environment restore rate is not high for levelⅢ; the disasters incidence is also not high for LevelⅡ.The general quality evaluation of the ecological Environment in study area is levelⅢ.
Practice has proved that using the 3S technology to monitor the land ues /cover and ecological environment , evaluate and analysis the ecological quality of coal mine area can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of mineral resources, and while provides an effective and feasible technology flow and ideas for other types of mine the ecological environment monitoring study.
本文利用2006年1月Quickbird图像和相关统计资料,采用人机交互解译方式提取攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区土地利用/覆被信息和由于矿山开采引发的地质灾害、环境污染以及矿山生态环境恢复与治理信息;基于AHP法,以植被覆盖率、环境污染率、地质灾害面积比和环境恢复治理率为评价因子,对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的生态环境质量进行评价和分析,并给出环境治理的措施和建议。
研究内容包括:
(1)遥感数字图像处理。包括正射校正、几何校正、图像融合和增强处理。
(2)遥感影像信息提取。采用人机交互解译方式提取2005年宝鼎煤矿区矿产开采信息;根据2006年1月遥感图像提取由于矿山开采引发的地质灾害及环境污染信息;以及矿山生态环境恢复与治理信息等。
(3)矿山环境数据库的建立。包括:元数据、矿山开采状况解译数据、矿山环境状况解译数据等。
(4)遥感影像专题地图的制作。宝鼎煤矿区1∶1万土地利用/覆被图与生态环境遥感监测图等图件的制作。
(5)野外数据核查。通过野外考察,将遥感影像上的目标和对应的实际地物相联系,来验证室内信息提取的精度,为今后的解译工作积累经验。
(6)矿区生态环境监测及质量评价。选定评价指标,建立适当的评价模型对研究区的生态环境质量进行评价。
得出结论如下:
(1)2005年研究区土地利用/覆被情况为:林地(包括森林、灌木林和疏林地)面积最多,为xxxx.34公顷,占研究区总面积的xx.87%;草地面积xxx.386公顷,占研究区总面积的x.91%;旱地面积xxx.445公顷,占研究区总面积的x.78%;其中排土场面积也不少,大概有xxx.351公顷,占研究区总面积的x.22%。
(2)对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的生态环境监测及结果分析得出,泥石流xx处,滑坡x处,塌陷xx处,大气污染xx.59公顷,粉尘污染xxx.17公顷,水体污染x.84公顷,生态环境恢复治理面积有x.53公顷;
(3)基于APH法结合遥感和GIS技术对攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区的环境质量进行了评价,得到该地区植被覆盖率为良好,等级为Ⅱ;环境污染严重,等级为Ⅳ;矿山恢复治理率不高,等级为Ⅲ;灾害发生率不高,等级为Ⅱ。该研究区生态环境质量综合评价为Ⅲ。
通过实践证明,运用3S技术对煤矿土地利用/覆被和生态环境进行监测,并对煤矿生态质量进行评价和分析,这为矿产资源的可持续发展提供了科学的依据,同时为其他类型矿山生态环境监测研究提供了有效、可行的技术流程和工作思路。
The mineral resource is important material base for the humanity livelihood and the development .But since long ago, in the process of exploit mineral resource,because of limitation of cognition, many mines in our country neglect the environmental protection work in the mineral resource development and use. So it destroies the ecological environment of mining area seriously. The environmental problems has become one of focal points which the various countries most pays attention now.Then, Carrying on the effective monitor to the environment's present situation and the change is general trend of events. Using the 3S technology can withdraw the mine ecological environment information real-time and conveniently. It can provide the important basis for the people to understand the environment present situation information and the development evolution rule comprehensively , use the land reasonably and restores the government environment.
In this article,the author uses the Quickbird image in January of 2006 and the correlation statistical data, selects the man-machine interaction interpretation method to extract land utilization/covering information, geological disaster and the environmental pollution because of the mine mining, as well as restoring and government the mine ecological environment information in Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area. This article,based on the AHP method, takes the vegetation coverage fraction, the environmental pollution rate, the geological disaster area ratio and the environment restores rate as the appraisal factors, carries on the appraisal and the analysis to ecological environment quality in the Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area, and gives the measure and suggestion to treatment of environment.
Its major research contents are as follows:
(1) Remote sensing digital image processing. Including orthographic projection , geometric correction, image fusion and image enhancement.
(2) Extracting remote sensing image information. It selects the man-machine interaction interpretation method to extract land utilization/covering information, geological disaster and the environmental pollution because of the mine mining, as well as restoring and governmenting the mine ecological environment information in Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area of the year 2005.
(3) Database building of the mine area environment. Including metadata, mine mining condition interpretation data, mine environment condition interpretation data and so on.
(4)Thematic mapping of remote sensing images. Including 1:1 million land use / cover map,the ecological environment Remote monitoring map of Baoding coal mining area and so on.
(5) Field data verification. Through field investigation,we can contact the objectives on remote sensing images to features of the actual to verify the accuracy of information extraction interior for future interpretation of job experience.
(6) The ecological environment monitoring and quality evaluation in mine area. Selecting evaluation indicators, setting up an appropriate evaluation model for the eco-environmental quality evaluation of study area .
Conclusion as follows:
(1)In 2005 the land use / cover the situation of study area is that forest land area ,including forest, shrub forest and woodland land, is the largest for xxxx.34 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area xx.87%; Grassland area is xxx.386 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.91%; Dryland area is xxx.445 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.78%; Dump is also quite a number, there is perhaps xxx.351 hm2, accounting for the total area of the study area x.22%.
(2)It results from the ecological environment monitoring and analysis that, in the Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area, the air pollution area is xx.59hm2 and the water pollution area is x.84 hm2,the dust pollution area is xxx.17hm2 and the ecology restores area is x.53hm2 and there had been 13 latent landslides,4 mud-rock flows,11 cave-ins.
(3) Using remote sensing and GIS technologies based on APH method to evaluate the environmental quality of Panzhihua Baoding coal mine area. It concludes that the vegetation coverage of the area is good for levelⅡ; environmental pollution is serious for levelⅣ;the mine e environment restore rate is not high for levelⅢ; the disasters incidence is also not high for LevelⅡ.The general quality evaluation of the ecological Environment in study area is levelⅢ.
Practice has proved that using the 3S technology to monitor the land ues /cover and ecological environment , evaluate and analysis the ecological quality of coal mine area can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of mineral resources, and while provides an effective and feasible technology flow and ideas for other types of mine the ecological environment monitoring study.
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