环境友好型社会理论及评价方法初步研究
|
摘要
随着人类社会经济发展的不断加快,人类对自然环境的影响不断扩大,环境污染、生态恶化、资源短缺等已成为各国面临的重大问题。环境友好型社会理念是因环境问题而起,并为了从根本上解决环境问题而形成的一个包括经济、政治、文化和技术等因素在内的综合性和整体性的战略思维成果。建设环境友好型社会须建立一套科学、完整、适用的理论与评价方法,来对环境友好型社会的建设进行评估、监测和预警。然而,环境友好型社会建设理论与实践目前仍处于探索阶段,对环境友好型社会的构成等理论开展系统研究,进而建立一套符合我国国情的环境友好型社会指标体系和评估方法,对我国各地区加快建设环境友好型社会具有重要的理论与现实意义。
本文对环境友好型社会理念的认识基础、理论和实践基础等进行了系统的研究,在此基础上提出了环境友好型社会的科学内涵,并对环境友好型社会与相关概念进行了辨析。从社会学和系统论的角度,结合环境科学理论背景,对环境友好型社会的基本构成和整体构成进行了系统的研究,深入分析了环境友好型社会的基本组成要素,并对环境友好型社会的建设途径进行了初步研究。在此研究基础上,初步构建了一套环境友好型社会评价指标体系与评估方法。为了更好的将环境友好型社会评估体系应用于实践,本文对我国东部地区六个城市进行了实证评价与比较分析;同时对上海市闵行区进行了回顾评价,在此基础上对闵行区环境友好型社会建设面临的主要问题及对策措施进行了初步研究。本文研究结果包括以下几个方面:
(1)从社会结构体系三个最基本构成要素的角度分析,环境友好型社会基本构成由环境友好的社会行为主体、良好的自然环境、崇尚环境道德与生态文明的社会文化构成;政府、企业和公众作为环境干预的主体,理应成为主要的建设环境友好型社会的行为主体。从社会结构的基本构成要素及各要素之间相互关系的角度进行分析,环境友好型社会整体构成包括五个基本要素:崇尚环境道德与生态文明的思想文化体系、绿色政治制度、环境友好型经济发展模式、环境友好的社会行为主体和良好的自然环境。
(2)采用环境友好型社会综合指数来衡量区域环境友好型社会建设水平,一级指标尝试提出“人对环境友好度”和“环境对人友好度”这两个概念来衡量人与自然环境之间的相互关系;其中,“人对环境友好度”包括“经济发展模式”、“社会生活方式”、“环境管理及文化”三个二级指标,“环境对人友好度”包括“自然资源”和“环境质量”两个二级指标;在这些二级指标下面又设有相应的三级指标,最终构成一个由三级指标所组成的层次结构。同时,采用主、客观综合集成法确定各评价指标的权重,并采用模糊综合指数法进行综合评价。
(3)采用本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系对2005年我国东部地区六个城市环境友好型社会建设进行现状评价,环境友好型社会综合指数排序为:广州(77.4)＞青岛(76.3)＞宁波(74.8)＞杭州(74.4)＞上海(73.8)＞南京(72.7),六个城市环境友好型社会建设水平均较高,达到“良好”级别;其中以广州环境友好型社会建设总体水平为最高,主要与其环境质量状况较好、经济发展模式的环境友好程度较高有关;南京表现较差,相对而言其经济发展模式和社会生活方式的环境友好程度尚待改进。实证研究表明,本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系具有较好的适用性,可较为准确地反映各地区环境友好型社会建设的实际水平。
(4)以上海市闵行区为案例区域,对该区域2000～2005年环境友好型社会建设进行回顾评价研究,结果表明:闵行区环境友好型社会建设水平总体上呈递增状态,2000～2002年环境友好型社会综合指数增长较小,2003～2005年进步较快,达到“良好”级别。上海市闵行区在环境友好型社会建设实践中,面临人地矛盾突出、能源需求压力较大、地表水环境污染严重、经济发展模式仍待转变、社会生活节约程度不高等问题;在今后环境友好型社会建设中应着重加强以下几个方面的工作:一是优化土地资源配置,提高土地节约集约利用水平;二是积极调整能源消费结构,全面推进节能降耗工作的开展;三是加强环保基础设施建设,提高区域水污染防治能力;四是大力发展循环经济,积极推进清洁生产;五是积极倡导居民绿色消费,推进节约型社会建设。
Along with the rapid development of society and economy, the impacts exerted on natural environment by human activities are becoming more and more serious. The environmental pollution, ecological deterioration and resource scarcity have been the serious problems in all countries. The concept of environment-friendly society has arose from environmental problems, and been the comprehensive results of strategic thinking which includ economic, political, cultural and technological factors to solve environmental problems radically. The construction of environment-friendly society needs a set of scientific, integrated and suitable theory and evaluation method for evaluation and monitoring. However, the theory and practice of environment-friendly society construction are still in the exploring stage. It has important realistic significance and theoretic value to research the theory of environment-friendly society systemically and establish a set of indicator system and evaluation method.
In this paper, the conception of environment-friendly society has been comprehended exactly and defines explicitly by researching the theory and practice basis of environment-friendly society.The relationships between environment-friendly society and relevant concepts have been analyzed. The basic structure and overall structure of environment-friendly society have been analyzed systemically. And then, the construction approaches of environment-friendly society have been researched preliminarily. Based on the study mentioned above, a set of indicator system and evaluation method have been established preliminarily. For applying the evaluation system to practice, demonstration study had been done including six cities in east China and Minhang district in Shanghai. Then, analyzed the problems existing in the construction of environment-friendly society in Minhang and provided some countermeasures. The main conclusion in this paper are as follow:
(1) Analyzed from the angle of three most basic elements of social structure, environment-friendly society is constituted basically with environment-friendly behavior body, favorable natural environment and social culture advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization. Analyzed from the angle of basic elements of social structure and mutual relations of them, the overall structure of environment-friendly society including ideological and cultural system advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization, green political system, environment-friendly economic development mode, environment-friendly social behavior body and favorable natural environment.
(2) The environment-friendly society composite index was used to measure the level of environment-friendly society construction in different regions. One-level indicator was attempted to use the concepts, "friendly degree of human to environment" and "friendly degree of environment to human", to measure mutual relations between human and environment. The indicator "friendly degree of human to environment" includes three two-level indicators: economic development mode, social life style, environmental management and culture. The indicator "friendly degree of environment to human" includes two two-level indicators: natural resource and environmental quality. Finally, the indicator system of environment-friendly society is composed by 42 three-level indicators.
(3) The result of evaluation of environment-friendly society construction in six cities of East China in 2005 indicates that: Guangzhou(77.4) > Qingdao(76.3) > Ningbo(74.8)>Hangzhou(74.4)>Shanghai(73.8)>Nanjing(72.7). The levels of environment-friendly society construction in the six cities are comparative high, and all of them achieved the level "good". The environment-friendly society composite index of Guangzhou is highest among the six cities, because of its good performances in environmental quality and economic development mode. While the index of Nanjing is the lowest, because of its poor performances in economic development mode and social life style. The demonstration study shows that, the indicator system of environment-friendly society established in this paper has better applicability, and could reflect the actual level of environment-friendly society construction in different areas accurately.
(4) The evaluation of environment-friendly society construction of Minhang District from 2000 to 2005 indicates that: The level of environment-friendly society construction in Minhang had been improving annually, and achieved the level "good" in 2005. The environment-friendly society composite index had been increasing slowly from the year 2000 to 2002, and increasing quickly from the year 2003 to 2005. Contrapose the existed problems in construction of environment-friendly society, Minhang should strengthen the efforts as following:①optimize allocation of land resources and improve the level of intensive utilization of land;②adjust energy consumption structure actively and promote energy conservation roundly;③strengthen infrastructure construction for environmental protection to improve the capacity of water pollution control;④develop recycling economy vigorously and push forward cleaner production actively;⑤sparkplug green consumption and promote construction of economical society.
本文对环境友好型社会理念的认识基础、理论和实践基础等进行了系统的研究,在此基础上提出了环境友好型社会的科学内涵,并对环境友好型社会与相关概念进行了辨析。从社会学和系统论的角度,结合环境科学理论背景,对环境友好型社会的基本构成和整体构成进行了系统的研究,深入分析了环境友好型社会的基本组成要素,并对环境友好型社会的建设途径进行了初步研究。在此研究基础上,初步构建了一套环境友好型社会评价指标体系与评估方法。为了更好的将环境友好型社会评估体系应用于实践,本文对我国东部地区六个城市进行了实证评价与比较分析;同时对上海市闵行区进行了回顾评价,在此基础上对闵行区环境友好型社会建设面临的主要问题及对策措施进行了初步研究。本文研究结果包括以下几个方面:
(1)从社会结构体系三个最基本构成要素的角度分析,环境友好型社会基本构成由环境友好的社会行为主体、良好的自然环境、崇尚环境道德与生态文明的社会文化构成;政府、企业和公众作为环境干预的主体,理应成为主要的建设环境友好型社会的行为主体。从社会结构的基本构成要素及各要素之间相互关系的角度进行分析,环境友好型社会整体构成包括五个基本要素:崇尚环境道德与生态文明的思想文化体系、绿色政治制度、环境友好型经济发展模式、环境友好的社会行为主体和良好的自然环境。
(2)采用环境友好型社会综合指数来衡量区域环境友好型社会建设水平,一级指标尝试提出“人对环境友好度”和“环境对人友好度”这两个概念来衡量人与自然环境之间的相互关系;其中,“人对环境友好度”包括“经济发展模式”、“社会生活方式”、“环境管理及文化”三个二级指标,“环境对人友好度”包括“自然资源”和“环境质量”两个二级指标;在这些二级指标下面又设有相应的三级指标,最终构成一个由三级指标所组成的层次结构。同时,采用主、客观综合集成法确定各评价指标的权重,并采用模糊综合指数法进行综合评价。
(3)采用本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系对2005年我国东部地区六个城市环境友好型社会建设进行现状评价,环境友好型社会综合指数排序为:广州(77.4)＞青岛(76.3)＞宁波(74.8)＞杭州(74.4)＞上海(73.8)＞南京(72.7),六个城市环境友好型社会建设水平均较高,达到“良好”级别;其中以广州环境友好型社会建设总体水平为最高,主要与其环境质量状况较好、经济发展模式的环境友好程度较高有关;南京表现较差,相对而言其经济发展模式和社会生活方式的环境友好程度尚待改进。实证研究表明,本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系具有较好的适用性,可较为准确地反映各地区环境友好型社会建设的实际水平。
(4)以上海市闵行区为案例区域,对该区域2000～2005年环境友好型社会建设进行回顾评价研究,结果表明:闵行区环境友好型社会建设水平总体上呈递增状态,2000～2002年环境友好型社会综合指数增长较小,2003～2005年进步较快,达到“良好”级别。上海市闵行区在环境友好型社会建设实践中,面临人地矛盾突出、能源需求压力较大、地表水环境污染严重、经济发展模式仍待转变、社会生活节约程度不高等问题;在今后环境友好型社会建设中应着重加强以下几个方面的工作:一是优化土地资源配置,提高土地节约集约利用水平;二是积极调整能源消费结构,全面推进节能降耗工作的开展;三是加强环保基础设施建设,提高区域水污染防治能力;四是大力发展循环经济,积极推进清洁生产;五是积极倡导居民绿色消费,推进节约型社会建设。
Along with the rapid development of society and economy, the impacts exerted on natural environment by human activities are becoming more and more serious. The environmental pollution, ecological deterioration and resource scarcity have been the serious problems in all countries. The concept of environment-friendly society has arose from environmental problems, and been the comprehensive results of strategic thinking which includ economic, political, cultural and technological factors to solve environmental problems radically. The construction of environment-friendly society needs a set of scientific, integrated and suitable theory and evaluation method for evaluation and monitoring. However, the theory and practice of environment-friendly society construction are still in the exploring stage. It has important realistic significance and theoretic value to research the theory of environment-friendly society systemically and establish a set of indicator system and evaluation method.
In this paper, the conception of environment-friendly society has been comprehended exactly and defines explicitly by researching the theory and practice basis of environment-friendly society.The relationships between environment-friendly society and relevant concepts have been analyzed. The basic structure and overall structure of environment-friendly society have been analyzed systemically. And then, the construction approaches of environment-friendly society have been researched preliminarily. Based on the study mentioned above, a set of indicator system and evaluation method have been established preliminarily. For applying the evaluation system to practice, demonstration study had been done including six cities in east China and Minhang district in Shanghai. Then, analyzed the problems existing in the construction of environment-friendly society in Minhang and provided some countermeasures. The main conclusion in this paper are as follow:
(1) Analyzed from the angle of three most basic elements of social structure, environment-friendly society is constituted basically with environment-friendly behavior body, favorable natural environment and social culture advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization. Analyzed from the angle of basic elements of social structure and mutual relations of them, the overall structure of environment-friendly society including ideological and cultural system advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization, green political system, environment-friendly economic development mode, environment-friendly social behavior body and favorable natural environment.
(2) The environment-friendly society composite index was used to measure the level of environment-friendly society construction in different regions. One-level indicator was attempted to use the concepts, "friendly degree of human to environment" and "friendly degree of environment to human", to measure mutual relations between human and environment. The indicator "friendly degree of human to environment" includes three two-level indicators: economic development mode, social life style, environmental management and culture. The indicator "friendly degree of environment to human" includes two two-level indicators: natural resource and environmental quality. Finally, the indicator system of environment-friendly society is composed by 42 three-level indicators.
(3) The result of evaluation of environment-friendly society construction in six cities of East China in 2005 indicates that: Guangzhou(77.4) > Qingdao(76.3) > Ningbo(74.8)>Hangzhou(74.4)>Shanghai(73.8)>Nanjing(72.7). The levels of environment-friendly society construction in the six cities are comparative high, and all of them achieved the level "good". The environment-friendly society composite index of Guangzhou is highest among the six cities, because of its good performances in environmental quality and economic development mode. While the index of Nanjing is the lowest, because of its poor performances in economic development mode and social life style. The demonstration study shows that, the indicator system of environment-friendly society established in this paper has better applicability, and could reflect the actual level of environment-friendly society construction in different areas accurately.
(4) The evaluation of environment-friendly society construction of Minhang District from 2000 to 2005 indicates that: The level of environment-friendly society construction in Minhang had been improving annually, and achieved the level "good" in 2005. The environment-friendly society composite index had been increasing slowly from the year 2000 to 2002, and increasing quickly from the year 2003 to 2005. Contrapose the existed problems in construction of environment-friendly society, Minhang should strengthen the efforts as following:①optimize allocation of land resources and improve the level of intensive utilization of land;②adjust energy consumption structure actively and promote energy conservation roundly;③strengthen infrastructure construction for environmental protection to improve the capacity of water pollution control;④develop recycling economy vigorously and push forward cleaner production actively;⑤sparkplug green consumption and promote construction of economical society.
引文
[1]Common M.S.,Sustainability and Policy:Limit to Economics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[2]Cornelissen A.M.G.,Berg J.van den,Koops W.J.and et al.Assessment of the contribution of sustainability indicators to sustainable development:a novel approach using fuzzy set theory[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,2001,86(1):173-185.
[3]Gustavson Kent R.,Lonergan Stephen C.,Ruitenbeek H.Jack.Selection and modeling of sustainable development indicators:a case study of the Fraser River Basin,British Columbia[J].Ecological Economics,1999,28(1):117-132.
[4]Hanley Nick,Moffatt Ian,Faichney Robin,and et al.Measuring sustainability:A time series of alternative indicators for Scotland[J].Ecological Economics,1999,28(1):55-73.
[5]Huang Shu-Li,Wong Jui-Hao,and Chen Tzy-Chuen.A framework of indicators system for measuring Taipei's sustainability[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,42(1):15-27.
[6]Lisa Segnstam.Indicators of Environment and Sustainable Development Theories and Pratical Experience.Environmental Economics Series,PaperNo.98,The World Bank,2002.
[7]Merkle Andrea and Kaupenjohann Martin.Derivation of ecosystemic effect indicators-method[J].Ecological Modeling,2000,130(1):39-46.
[8]Noorbakhsh Farhad.A Modified Human Development Index[J].World Development,1998,26(3):517-528.
[9]Robert Costanza,Jon Erickson,Karen Fligger,et al.Estimates of the Genuine Progress Indicator(GPI)for Vermont,Chittenden County and Burlington,from 1950 to 2000[J].Ecological Economics,2004,51:39-155.
[10]Robert Kerr,Aaron Cosbey.Beyond Regulation:Exporters Voluntary Environmental Measures.International Institute for Sustainable Development,Canada,1998.
[11]Sagar A.D.and Najam Adil.The human development index:a critical review[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25(3):249-264.
[12]Sustainable Development in the United States:An Experimental Set of Indicators.U.S.Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators,Washington D.C,2001.
[13]Sustainable Development,The UK Strategy,London:HMSO,1994.
[14]Sustainable Development.The UK Strategy,London:HMSO,1994.
[15]UN.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies.New York:1996.
[16]UNCSD.United Nation Commission on Sustainable Development.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies.New York:UK Commission on Sustainable Development,1996.
[17]Valentin Anke and Spangenberg Joachim H.A guide to community sustainability indicators[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2000,20(3):381-392.
[18]柏国强.上海构建环境友好型城市研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2005.
[19]曹利军,王华东.可持续发展评价指标体系建立原理与方法研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(5):526-532.
[20]陈吉宁.环境友好型社会的核心内涵是可持续发展[J].环境教育,2006(9):1-1.
[21]陈静,林逢春,曾智超.企业环境绩效模糊综合评价[J].环境污染与防治,2006(1):37-40.
[22]陈玉娟,查奇芬,黎晓兰.熵值法在城市可持续发展水平评价中的应用.江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2006,8(3):88-92.
[23]单宁珍,赵文侃.构建环境友好型社会的生态政治学思考[J].北京印刷学院学报,2006,14(5):55-57.
[24]方世南.构建环境友好型社会的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,2006(4):114-116.
[25]方世南.环境友好型社会呼唤绿色政治文明[J].江苏行政学院学报,2006(4):75-79.
[26]顾传辉,陈桂珠.生态城市评价指标体系研究[J].环境保护,2001(11):24-25.
[27]郭秀锐,杨居荣,毛显强.生态城市建设及其指标体系[J].城市发展研究,2001,8(6):54-58.
[28]郭亚军.综合评价理论、方法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[29]国家环保总局.《生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(试行)》,2003.
[30]国家环境保护总局.《关于推进建设环境友好型社会的实施方案(代拟稿)》,2006.
[31]国务院关于印发节能减排综合性工作方案的通知(国发[2007]15号),2007.
[32]国务院关于做好建设节约型社会近期重点工作的通知(国发[2005]21号),2005.
[33]华红莲,潘玉君.可持续发展评价方法评述[J].云南师范大学学报,2005,25(3):65-70.
[34]黄东桂,张锐,宋金霞等.建设环境友好型社会的伦理思考[J].广西民族学院学报,2006(4):143-146.
[35]顾瑞珍.建设环境友好型社会是我国发展的战略选择[EB/OL],http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2005-11/28/content_3845079.htm.
[36]解振华.努力建设环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2005(10):11-16.
[37]雷鸣,王晓东.从和谐走向小康-论小康、和谐、环境友好型、节约型社会理论之间的关系[J].未来与发展,2006(8):19-22.
[38]雷毅.生态文化的深层建构[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,24(3):123-126.
[39]李桂香,赵明华,牟文龙等.资源节约型社会评价指标体系构建初探[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,20(4):350-353.
[40]李名升,佟连军.中国环境友好型社会评价体系构建与应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(5):105-111.
[41]林逢春,陈静.企业环境绩效评估指标体系及模糊综合指数评估模型[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006(6):59-65.
[42]刘海丽.资源节约型与环境友好型社会构建研究--以山东为例[D].济南:山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[43]刘睿.环境友好型社会的新制度经济分析[J].理论前沿,2006(13):16-17.
[44]刘晓洁,沈镭.资源节约型社会综合评价指标体系研究[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(3):382-391.
[45]刘则渊,姜照华.现代生态城市建设标准与评价指标体系探讨[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2001(4):61-63.
[46]罗上华,马蔚纯等.城市环境保护规划与生态建设指标体系实证[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):45-55.
[47]马传栋.论发展循环经济建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会[J].山东社会科 学,2006(2):15-18.
[48]潘岳.和谐社会与环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2006(7):4-17.
[49]彭祖赠,孙韫玉.模糊(Fuzzy)数学及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.
[50]卿定文,张菊.建设环境友好型社会呼唤生态消费[J].消费经济,2006(3):11-14.
[51]任勇,俞海,夏光等.环境友好型社会理念的认识基础及内涵[J].环境经济,2005(12):17-25.
[52]上海市环境科学研究院.环境友好型城市指标体系框架研究工作报告[R].2006.
[53]上海市环境科学研究院.闵行区环境保护工作回顾(1996-2005)[R].2006.
[54]上海市闵行区环境保护局.闵行区创建国家生态区资料汇编(2003-2006年).2006.
[55]盛学良,彭补拙等.生态城市建设的基本思路及其指标体系的评价标准[J].环境导报,2001(1):5-8.
[56]盛学良,彭补拙等.生态城市指标体系研究[J].环境导报,2000(5):5-8.
[57]宋永昌,戚仁海,由文辉等.生态城市的指标体系与评价方法[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(5):16-19.
[58]宋永昌,由文辉,王祥荣.城市生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[59]谭宗宪.对构建绿色政治制度的探讨[J].重庆交通学院学报,2005,5(1):90-95.
[60]陶菊春,吴建民.综合加权评分法的综合权重确定新探[J].系统工程理论与实践,2001(8):43-48.
[61]田德旺,朱捷等.环境与发展导论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[62]汪克夷,刘玉峰.区域可持续发展评价理论与方法研究[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003,24(2):52-57.
[63]王金南,张吉,杨金田.环境友好型社会的内涵与实现途径[J].环境保护,2006(3):42-45.
[64]王靖,张金锁.综合评价中确定权重向量的几种方法比较[J].河北工业大学学报,2001,30(2):52-57.
[65]王娟,陆雍森,汪毅等.生态城市指标体系的设计及应用研究[J].四川环境,2004(6):7-11.
[66]王丽,左其亭,高军省.资源节约型社会的内涵及评价指标体系研究[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(4):86-92.
[67]王祥荣.生态建设论-中外城市生态建设比较分析[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004.
[68]王新程.建设环境友好型社会需要处理好的几大关系[J].环境保护,2006(3):46-52.
[69]王毅.建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会实现社会经济可持续发展[J].中国科学院院刊,2007,22(2):147-152.
[70]温家宝.全面落实科学发展观加快建设环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2006(4):7-12.
[71]《我们的星球》,联合国环境规划署,2001.
[72]《我们共同的未来》,联合国世界环境与发展委员会,1987.
[73]吴琼,王如松,李宏卿等.生态城市指标体系与评价方法[J].生态学报,2005(8):2090-2095.
[74]吴玉萍,董锁成.实施可持续发展战略的制度创新-构建绿色经济制度[J],世界环境.2000(4):14-17.
[75]吴增基,吴鹏森,苏振芳.现代社会学(第三版)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005.
[76]谢洪礼.关于可持续发展指标体系的评述(一)[J].统计研究,1998(6):54-58.
[77]谢洪礼.关于可持续发展指标体系的评述(二)[J].统计研究,1999(1):59-63.
[78]谢晶莹.构建环境友好型社会的理性探析[J].中国科技成果,2006(7):5-7.
[79]谢平仄.社会结构论[M].湖北:湖北人民出版社,1993.
[80]徐统仁.环境友好型社会的科学内涵与对策建议[J].青岛科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,23(1):82-86.
[81]徐迅雷.没有节能减排就没有环境友好[EB/OL],http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2007/09/05/15/22/29.htm.
[82]薛惠锋.推进“节能减排”工作力促“两型”社会建设[EB/OL],http://www.bjrd.gov.cn/27925/2007/05/17/243@12590.htm.
[83]杨东,杨秀琴.区域可持续发展定量评估方法及其应用[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1):83-88.
[84]杨建森.生态城市的构架理论研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(5):59-61.
[85]杨丽华,何雪峰.基于熵值法的贸易可持续发展指数-以浙江省的实证研究为例[J].宁波大学学报(人文科学版),2007,20(1):22-27.
[86]杨世琦,杨改河.可持续发展研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2001,1(4):62-66.
[87]杨卫军.构建环境友好型社会的生态文化基础[J].特区经济,2007(1):275-276.
[88]杨永康,曹广侠.生态伦理学初探[J].生态经济,1996(2):1-5.
[89]叶蔚,于忠军,汤建泉.浅谈资源节约型社会指标体系的构建[J].煤炭经济研究,2004(11):8-9.
[90]易益典.社会学教程(第2版)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[91]俞海,任勇.环境友好型社会:历史逻辑、核心基础与建设途径[J].环境保护,2006(8):56-59.
[92]张成科.基于熵的水质模糊评价模型及应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998(6):80-85.
[93]张敦福.现代社会学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[94]张坤民,温宗国,杜斌等.生态城市评估与指标体系[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[95]张坤民,温宗国.城市生态可持续发展指标的进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(6):1-4.
[96]张坤民,温宗国等.生态城市评估与指标体系[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[97]张卫民.北京城市可持续发展综合评价研究[D].北京工业大学博士学位论文,2002.
[98]赵明华,李桂香.资源节约型社会评价指标体系的构建[J].资源开发与市场,2007,23(8):706-708.
[99]中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书.中国21世纪议程[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.
[100]中国科学院可持续发展研究组.中国可持续发展战略报告[R].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[101]周雪敏,阳中良.现代化的新模式:环境友好型社会的构建[J].理论与现代化,2006(4):27-31.
[2]Cornelissen A.M.G.,Berg J.van den,Koops W.J.and et al.Assessment of the contribution of sustainability indicators to sustainable development:a novel approach using fuzzy set theory[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,2001,86(1):173-185.
[3]Gustavson Kent R.,Lonergan Stephen C.,Ruitenbeek H.Jack.Selection and modeling of sustainable development indicators:a case study of the Fraser River Basin,British Columbia[J].Ecological Economics,1999,28(1):117-132.
[4]Hanley Nick,Moffatt Ian,Faichney Robin,and et al.Measuring sustainability:A time series of alternative indicators for Scotland[J].Ecological Economics,1999,28(1):55-73.
[5]Huang Shu-Li,Wong Jui-Hao,and Chen Tzy-Chuen.A framework of indicators system for measuring Taipei's sustainability[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,42(1):15-27.
[6]Lisa Segnstam.Indicators of Environment and Sustainable Development Theories and Pratical Experience.Environmental Economics Series,PaperNo.98,The World Bank,2002.
[7]Merkle Andrea and Kaupenjohann Martin.Derivation of ecosystemic effect indicators-method[J].Ecological Modeling,2000,130(1):39-46.
[8]Noorbakhsh Farhad.A Modified Human Development Index[J].World Development,1998,26(3):517-528.
[9]Robert Costanza,Jon Erickson,Karen Fligger,et al.Estimates of the Genuine Progress Indicator(GPI)for Vermont,Chittenden County and Burlington,from 1950 to 2000[J].Ecological Economics,2004,51:39-155.
[10]Robert Kerr,Aaron Cosbey.Beyond Regulation:Exporters Voluntary Environmental Measures.International Institute for Sustainable Development,Canada,1998.
[11]Sagar A.D.and Najam Adil.The human development index:a critical review[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25(3):249-264.
[12]Sustainable Development in the United States:An Experimental Set of Indicators.U.S.Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators,Washington D.C,2001.
[13]Sustainable Development,The UK Strategy,London:HMSO,1994.
[14]Sustainable Development.The UK Strategy,London:HMSO,1994.
[15]UN.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies.New York:1996.
[16]UNCSD.United Nation Commission on Sustainable Development.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies.New York:UK Commission on Sustainable Development,1996.
[17]Valentin Anke and Spangenberg Joachim H.A guide to community sustainability indicators[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2000,20(3):381-392.
[18]柏国强.上海构建环境友好型城市研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2005.
[19]曹利军,王华东.可持续发展评价指标体系建立原理与方法研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(5):526-532.
[20]陈吉宁.环境友好型社会的核心内涵是可持续发展[J].环境教育,2006(9):1-1.
[21]陈静,林逢春,曾智超.企业环境绩效模糊综合评价[J].环境污染与防治,2006(1):37-40.
[22]陈玉娟,查奇芬,黎晓兰.熵值法在城市可持续发展水平评价中的应用.江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2006,8(3):88-92.
[23]单宁珍,赵文侃.构建环境友好型社会的生态政治学思考[J].北京印刷学院学报,2006,14(5):55-57.
[24]方世南.构建环境友好型社会的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,2006(4):114-116.
[25]方世南.环境友好型社会呼唤绿色政治文明[J].江苏行政学院学报,2006(4):75-79.
[26]顾传辉,陈桂珠.生态城市评价指标体系研究[J].环境保护,2001(11):24-25.
[27]郭秀锐,杨居荣,毛显强.生态城市建设及其指标体系[J].城市发展研究,2001,8(6):54-58.
[28]郭亚军.综合评价理论、方法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[29]国家环保总局.《生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(试行)》,2003.
[30]国家环境保护总局.《关于推进建设环境友好型社会的实施方案(代拟稿)》,2006.
[31]国务院关于印发节能减排综合性工作方案的通知(国发[2007]15号),2007.
[32]国务院关于做好建设节约型社会近期重点工作的通知(国发[2005]21号),2005.
[33]华红莲,潘玉君.可持续发展评价方法评述[J].云南师范大学学报,2005,25(3):65-70.
[34]黄东桂,张锐,宋金霞等.建设环境友好型社会的伦理思考[J].广西民族学院学报,2006(4):143-146.
[35]顾瑞珍.建设环境友好型社会是我国发展的战略选择[EB/OL],http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2005-11/28/content_3845079.htm.
[36]解振华.努力建设环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2005(10):11-16.
[37]雷鸣,王晓东.从和谐走向小康-论小康、和谐、环境友好型、节约型社会理论之间的关系[J].未来与发展,2006(8):19-22.
[38]雷毅.生态文化的深层建构[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,24(3):123-126.
[39]李桂香,赵明华,牟文龙等.资源节约型社会评价指标体系构建初探[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,20(4):350-353.
[40]李名升,佟连军.中国环境友好型社会评价体系构建与应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(5):105-111.
[41]林逢春,陈静.企业环境绩效评估指标体系及模糊综合指数评估模型[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006(6):59-65.
[42]刘海丽.资源节约型与环境友好型社会构建研究--以山东为例[D].济南:山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[43]刘睿.环境友好型社会的新制度经济分析[J].理论前沿,2006(13):16-17.
[44]刘晓洁,沈镭.资源节约型社会综合评价指标体系研究[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(3):382-391.
[45]刘则渊,姜照华.现代生态城市建设标准与评价指标体系探讨[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2001(4):61-63.
[46]罗上华,马蔚纯等.城市环境保护规划与生态建设指标体系实证[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):45-55.
[47]马传栋.论发展循环经济建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会[J].山东社会科 学,2006(2):15-18.
[48]潘岳.和谐社会与环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2006(7):4-17.
[49]彭祖赠,孙韫玉.模糊(Fuzzy)数学及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.
[50]卿定文,张菊.建设环境友好型社会呼唤生态消费[J].消费经济,2006(3):11-14.
[51]任勇,俞海,夏光等.环境友好型社会理念的认识基础及内涵[J].环境经济,2005(12):17-25.
[52]上海市环境科学研究院.环境友好型城市指标体系框架研究工作报告[R].2006.
[53]上海市环境科学研究院.闵行区环境保护工作回顾(1996-2005)[R].2006.
[54]上海市闵行区环境保护局.闵行区创建国家生态区资料汇编(2003-2006年).2006.
[55]盛学良,彭补拙等.生态城市建设的基本思路及其指标体系的评价标准[J].环境导报,2001(1):5-8.
[56]盛学良,彭补拙等.生态城市指标体系研究[J].环境导报,2000(5):5-8.
[57]宋永昌,戚仁海,由文辉等.生态城市的指标体系与评价方法[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(5):16-19.
[58]宋永昌,由文辉,王祥荣.城市生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[59]谭宗宪.对构建绿色政治制度的探讨[J].重庆交通学院学报,2005,5(1):90-95.
[60]陶菊春,吴建民.综合加权评分法的综合权重确定新探[J].系统工程理论与实践,2001(8):43-48.
[61]田德旺,朱捷等.环境与发展导论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[62]汪克夷,刘玉峰.区域可持续发展评价理论与方法研究[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003,24(2):52-57.
[63]王金南,张吉,杨金田.环境友好型社会的内涵与实现途径[J].环境保护,2006(3):42-45.
[64]王靖,张金锁.综合评价中确定权重向量的几种方法比较[J].河北工业大学学报,2001,30(2):52-57.
[65]王娟,陆雍森,汪毅等.生态城市指标体系的设计及应用研究[J].四川环境,2004(6):7-11.
[66]王丽,左其亭,高军省.资源节约型社会的内涵及评价指标体系研究[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(4):86-92.
[67]王祥荣.生态建设论-中外城市生态建设比较分析[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2004.
[68]王新程.建设环境友好型社会需要处理好的几大关系[J].环境保护,2006(3):46-52.
[69]王毅.建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会实现社会经济可持续发展[J].中国科学院院刊,2007,22(2):147-152.
[70]温家宝.全面落实科学发展观加快建设环境友好型社会[J].环境保护,2006(4):7-12.
[71]《我们的星球》,联合国环境规划署,2001.
[72]《我们共同的未来》,联合国世界环境与发展委员会,1987.
[73]吴琼,王如松,李宏卿等.生态城市指标体系与评价方法[J].生态学报,2005(8):2090-2095.
[74]吴玉萍,董锁成.实施可持续发展战略的制度创新-构建绿色经济制度[J],世界环境.2000(4):14-17.
[75]吴增基,吴鹏森,苏振芳.现代社会学(第三版)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005.
[76]谢洪礼.关于可持续发展指标体系的评述(一)[J].统计研究,1998(6):54-58.
[77]谢洪礼.关于可持续发展指标体系的评述(二)[J].统计研究,1999(1):59-63.
[78]谢晶莹.构建环境友好型社会的理性探析[J].中国科技成果,2006(7):5-7.
[79]谢平仄.社会结构论[M].湖北:湖北人民出版社,1993.
[80]徐统仁.环境友好型社会的科学内涵与对策建议[J].青岛科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,23(1):82-86.
[81]徐迅雷.没有节能减排就没有环境友好[EB/OL],http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2007/09/05/15/22/29.htm.
[82]薛惠锋.推进“节能减排”工作力促“两型”社会建设[EB/OL],http://www.bjrd.gov.cn/27925/2007/05/17/243@12590.htm.
[83]杨东,杨秀琴.区域可持续发展定量评估方法及其应用[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1):83-88.
[84]杨建森.生态城市的构架理论研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(5):59-61.
[85]杨丽华,何雪峰.基于熵值法的贸易可持续发展指数-以浙江省的实证研究为例[J].宁波大学学报(人文科学版),2007,20(1):22-27.
[86]杨世琦,杨改河.可持续发展研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2001,1(4):62-66.
[87]杨卫军.构建环境友好型社会的生态文化基础[J].特区经济,2007(1):275-276.
[88]杨永康,曹广侠.生态伦理学初探[J].生态经济,1996(2):1-5.
[89]叶蔚,于忠军,汤建泉.浅谈资源节约型社会指标体系的构建[J].煤炭经济研究,2004(11):8-9.
[90]易益典.社会学教程(第2版)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2007.
[91]俞海,任勇.环境友好型社会:历史逻辑、核心基础与建设途径[J].环境保护,2006(8):56-59.
[92]张成科.基于熵的水质模糊评价模型及应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998(6):80-85.
[93]张敦福.现代社会学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[94]张坤民,温宗国,杜斌等.生态城市评估与指标体系[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[95]张坤民,温宗国.城市生态可持续发展指标的进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(6):1-4.
[96]张坤民,温宗国等.生态城市评估与指标体系[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[97]张卫民.北京城市可持续发展综合评价研究[D].北京工业大学博士学位论文,2002.
[98]赵明华,李桂香.资源节约型社会评价指标体系的构建[J].资源开发与市场,2007,23(8):706-708.
[99]中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书.中国21世纪议程[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.
[100]中国科学院可持续发展研究组.中国可持续发展战略报告[R].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[101]周雪敏,阳中良.现代化的新模式:环境友好型社会的构建[J].理论与现代化,2006(4):27-31.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |