二噁英环境多介质分布、焚烧释放及减量控制研究
|
摘要
二噁英(PCDD/Fs)是一类具有半挥发性、生物累积性、持久性和毒性的污染物。作为“斯德哥尔摩国际公约”缔约国之一,查清我国持久性有机污染物的主要来源和环境污染分布水平,逐步削减二噁英等持久性有机污染物的排放,是我国履行该条约的必须责任和义务。(1)我国经济不／欠发达地区的二噁英污染监控明显滞后,不利于污染现状的综合分析与评估,因此应适时开展我国经济不／欠发达地区二噁英本底值研究。(2)城市固体废弃物(Municipal solid waste, MSW)、医疗废弃物(Medical waste, MW)和工业危险废弃物(Hazardous waste, HW)燃烧过程产生的烟气、烟尘、飞灰和炉渣等含有大量二嗯英类物质,有必要对现有不同类型的焚烧炉二噁英排放情况进行调查研究,探讨其形成机制的共性和差异性,为二嗯英在焚烧过程的源头、过程和末端控制给予基础支撑。
论文以我国经济不发达地区广西某典型区域的四种环境受体为研究对象,对其PCDD/Fs分布情况进行了深入研究,并通过模型的定性／定量综合分析,阐述了该地区环境多介质中二噁英污染来源和人体健康风险评估。论文还对废弃物焚烧炉的二嗯英生成与排放进行研究分析,进一步明确了我国当前的二噁英排放现状和排放机制,并提出了针对性减排措施。最终基于该区域的地理和气象信息,采用三级多介质逸度模型研究了二嗯英环境归趋。本论文的主要研究内容与结论有：
(1)该区域中大气、树皮、土壤和沉积物的二嗯英毒性当量分别为29-55fgI-TEQ/Nm3,0.46-1.30 pg WHO-TEQ/g,3.2-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g,1.3-1.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g,处于世界中等污染水平。高氯代为主要特征因子,特别是土壤和河流沉积物中OCDD的含量极高,且该区域工业污染并不是主要二嗯英污染源。二噁英环境本底值监控须采用多介质监控指标进行完善、全面的监测。
(2)开展了环境多介质源解析和人体暴露健康风险评估。源解析推断出除草剂的历史使用遗留问题是该典型区域内二噁英环境本底值污染水平较高的主要原因。人体健康研究显示该地区人体总暴露量为0.4460 pg I-TEQ/(kg-d),说明该地区人体PCDD/Fs污染较为轻微,其中食品的摄食暴露是二噁英进入人体的主要途径。
(3)研究结果表明焚烧炉超标排放情况相当严重,9台焚烧炉每年可向环境大气排放0.97 g I-TEQ的PCDD/Fs,其中MSW焚烧炉为主要污染来源。焚烧炉内二嗯英的合成机制主要为由头合成,缺乏有效的尾气控制设备将导致大量含有二嗯英的烟气进入环境。PCDD/F单体可作为焚烧炉排放二嗯英I-TEQ值的有效指示因子。
(4)二嗯英焚烧减量控制策略上可分为三方面：源头控制(废弃物进料改善),过程控制(燃烧条件确保)和终端控制(尾气收集减排)。分析指出我国传统的垃圾混合收集方式不利于二噁英减排,应提倡垃圾分类收集。焚烧前避免厨余垃圾进入,并尽量破碎进料垃圾使之均匀质。焚烧时应提高燃烧效率,并最终开发适合我国垃圾组分特征的焚烧炉型。焚烧后应针对焚烧炉二嗯英的由头合成机制,控制在1秒钟内能将高于500℃烟气急冷至200℃以及去除气相悬浮和固态沉积的飞灰颗粒等关键工序上。并提出在BOT模式下经营的焚烧厂需加强监管。
(5)三级多介质逸度模型有效地模拟了区域内环境介质中二噁英的归趋情况。三种MSW焚烧炉的模拟情况表明,短期内二嗯英在土壤和沉积物中的归趋不会有较大的浓度改变,而大气中二噁英的浓度明显上升,分别为26.2,26.3,26.4龟TEQ/m3。大气到土壤的输送是该典型区域各环境介质中二噁英的主要迁移路线,土壤是二噁英流入的最主要的汇
Dioxins (PCDD/Fs) are a common name of a group of pollutants that are semi-volatile, bioaccumulative, persistent and toxic. China, as one of the Stockholm International Convention parties, has responsibilities and obligations to define the major source and environmental pollution distribution of POPs, finally aiming to reduce the emission. (1) The monitoring in the non/less developed areas is poor in the present, which are not conducive to the overall status. (2) The stack gas, dust, fly ash and slag are produced from the incineration process of municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW) and hazardous waste (HW), containing huge quantities of dioxins. It is necessary to investigate PCDD/Fs emission in the different types of incinerators for the formation mechanism, which can provide support for the PCDD/Fs emission reduction.
The PCDD/Fs distribution of the different environmental receptors in a typical natural environment was studied, the pollution source of the environmental indicators and human expose health evaluation were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by models. The dioxins current emission in different waste incinerators and PCDD/Fs formation mechanisms were studied in this paper. The environmental fates of dioxin are investigated based on a LevelⅢmultimedia fugacity model. The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) The dioxin levels of ambient air, tree bark, soil and river sediment samples in the study were 29-55 fg I-TEQ/Nm3,0.46-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g,3.2-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g, 1.3-1.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g, which showed that the pollution was in the middle level of the world. The high-chlorinated congeners (heptachlor- and octachloro-) were the main characteristic factors, especially the high levels of OCDD in the soil and river sediments. There was no significant industrial pollution in this region. The importance of the tree bark, soil and sediment as the monitoring indicators in environmental receptors was discussed.
(2) The receptor models were adopted to apportion the dioxins sources in this area. It suggested that the main pollution resource was the natural formation and agricultural-chemical products, such as pesticides or herbicides. This paper presents a structured evaluation of multi-pathway human exposure model. The result showed that total exposure was 0.4460pg I-TEQ/(kg·d), which means the PCDD/Fs contamination was relatively minor.
(3) The emission levels in the most incinerators cannot meet the limit standard of PCDD/Fs emission in China. Estimated annual dioxins emission amount of 9 incinerators is 0.97 ng I-TEQ, in which MSW incineration is the main pollution source. The mechanism was the de novo synthesis, the lack of the emission control equipment will result in the huge number dioxins transferring from incinerators to the environment. PCDD/F homologue can simplify the detection of dioxins in incinerators.
(4) The control strategy was described as followed:source control, process control and terminal control. The source separation should be placed on the agenda. The primary objective was to avoid kitchen waste in the incineration. In order to reduce the generation of dioxins, the combustion efficiency should be improved. The key factors in terminal control had two, short the quenching time and remove the dioxin suspended in the gas phase and deposited in the solid phase bound to the fly ash particles.
(5) The Level III multimedia fugacity model was used to simulate the environmental fates of dioxin. The simulation showed that the concentration of dioxin in the soil and sediments would not change, but which in air was significantly increased as 26.2,26.3, 26.4 fg TEQ/m3. The major transferring flow of dioxin among environmental medias is from atmosphere to soil and the soil is the largest sink.
论文以我国经济不发达地区广西某典型区域的四种环境受体为研究对象,对其PCDD/Fs分布情况进行了深入研究,并通过模型的定性／定量综合分析,阐述了该地区环境多介质中二噁英污染来源和人体健康风险评估。论文还对废弃物焚烧炉的二嗯英生成与排放进行研究分析,进一步明确了我国当前的二噁英排放现状和排放机制,并提出了针对性减排措施。最终基于该区域的地理和气象信息,采用三级多介质逸度模型研究了二嗯英环境归趋。本论文的主要研究内容与结论有：
(1)该区域中大气、树皮、土壤和沉积物的二嗯英毒性当量分别为29-55fgI-TEQ/Nm3,0.46-1.30 pg WHO-TEQ/g,3.2-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g,1.3-1.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g,处于世界中等污染水平。高氯代为主要特征因子,特别是土壤和河流沉积物中OCDD的含量极高,且该区域工业污染并不是主要二嗯英污染源。二噁英环境本底值监控须采用多介质监控指标进行完善、全面的监测。
(2)开展了环境多介质源解析和人体暴露健康风险评估。源解析推断出除草剂的历史使用遗留问题是该典型区域内二噁英环境本底值污染水平较高的主要原因。人体健康研究显示该地区人体总暴露量为0.4460 pg I-TEQ/(kg-d),说明该地区人体PCDD/Fs污染较为轻微,其中食品的摄食暴露是二噁英进入人体的主要途径。
(3)研究结果表明焚烧炉超标排放情况相当严重,9台焚烧炉每年可向环境大气排放0.97 g I-TEQ的PCDD/Fs,其中MSW焚烧炉为主要污染来源。焚烧炉内二嗯英的合成机制主要为由头合成,缺乏有效的尾气控制设备将导致大量含有二嗯英的烟气进入环境。PCDD/F单体可作为焚烧炉排放二嗯英I-TEQ值的有效指示因子。
(4)二嗯英焚烧减量控制策略上可分为三方面：源头控制(废弃物进料改善),过程控制(燃烧条件确保)和终端控制(尾气收集减排)。分析指出我国传统的垃圾混合收集方式不利于二噁英减排,应提倡垃圾分类收集。焚烧前避免厨余垃圾进入,并尽量破碎进料垃圾使之均匀质。焚烧时应提高燃烧效率,并最终开发适合我国垃圾组分特征的焚烧炉型。焚烧后应针对焚烧炉二嗯英的由头合成机制,控制在1秒钟内能将高于500℃烟气急冷至200℃以及去除气相悬浮和固态沉积的飞灰颗粒等关键工序上。并提出在BOT模式下经营的焚烧厂需加强监管。
(5)三级多介质逸度模型有效地模拟了区域内环境介质中二噁英的归趋情况。三种MSW焚烧炉的模拟情况表明,短期内二嗯英在土壤和沉积物中的归趋不会有较大的浓度改变,而大气中二噁英的浓度明显上升,分别为26.2,26.3,26.4龟TEQ/m3。大气到土壤的输送是该典型区域各环境介质中二噁英的主要迁移路线,土壤是二噁英流入的最主要的汇
Dioxins (PCDD/Fs) are a common name of a group of pollutants that are semi-volatile, bioaccumulative, persistent and toxic. China, as one of the Stockholm International Convention parties, has responsibilities and obligations to define the major source and environmental pollution distribution of POPs, finally aiming to reduce the emission. (1) The monitoring in the non/less developed areas is poor in the present, which are not conducive to the overall status. (2) The stack gas, dust, fly ash and slag are produced from the incineration process of municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW) and hazardous waste (HW), containing huge quantities of dioxins. It is necessary to investigate PCDD/Fs emission in the different types of incinerators for the formation mechanism, which can provide support for the PCDD/Fs emission reduction.
The PCDD/Fs distribution of the different environmental receptors in a typical natural environment was studied, the pollution source of the environmental indicators and human expose health evaluation were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by models. The dioxins current emission in different waste incinerators and PCDD/Fs formation mechanisms were studied in this paper. The environmental fates of dioxin are investigated based on a LevelⅢmultimedia fugacity model. The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) The dioxin levels of ambient air, tree bark, soil and river sediment samples in the study were 29-55 fg I-TEQ/Nm3,0.46-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g,3.2-1.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g, 1.3-1.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g, which showed that the pollution was in the middle level of the world. The high-chlorinated congeners (heptachlor- and octachloro-) were the main characteristic factors, especially the high levels of OCDD in the soil and river sediments. There was no significant industrial pollution in this region. The importance of the tree bark, soil and sediment as the monitoring indicators in environmental receptors was discussed.
(2) The receptor models were adopted to apportion the dioxins sources in this area. It suggested that the main pollution resource was the natural formation and agricultural-chemical products, such as pesticides or herbicides. This paper presents a structured evaluation of multi-pathway human exposure model. The result showed that total exposure was 0.4460pg I-TEQ/(kg·d), which means the PCDD/Fs contamination was relatively minor.
(3) The emission levels in the most incinerators cannot meet the limit standard of PCDD/Fs emission in China. Estimated annual dioxins emission amount of 9 incinerators is 0.97 ng I-TEQ, in which MSW incineration is the main pollution source. The mechanism was the de novo synthesis, the lack of the emission control equipment will result in the huge number dioxins transferring from incinerators to the environment. PCDD/F homologue can simplify the detection of dioxins in incinerators.
(4) The control strategy was described as followed:source control, process control and terminal control. The source separation should be placed on the agenda. The primary objective was to avoid kitchen waste in the incineration. In order to reduce the generation of dioxins, the combustion efficiency should be improved. The key factors in terminal control had two, short the quenching time and remove the dioxin suspended in the gas phase and deposited in the solid phase bound to the fly ash particles.
(5) The Level III multimedia fugacity model was used to simulate the environmental fates of dioxin. The simulation showed that the concentration of dioxin in the soil and sediments would not change, but which in air was significantly increased as 26.2,26.3, 26.4 fg TEQ/m3. The major transferring flow of dioxin among environmental medias is from atmosphere to soil and the soil is the largest sink.
引文
[1]A. Schecter, H. T. Quynh and O. Papke, et al. Agent Orange, dioxins, and other chemicals of concern in Vietnam:update 2006. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2006,48(4):408
[2]Y. L. Guo, M. L. Yu and C. C. Hsu. The Yucheng rice oil poisoning incident. Dioxins and Health (Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA, eds). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley Interscience,2003,893:919
[3]A. Schecter and T. Tiernan. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes after an electrical panel and transformer accident in an office building in Binghamton, NY. Environmental Health Perspectives,1985,60:305
[4]F. Wania and D. Mackay. Peer Reviewed:Tracking the Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Environmental Science & Technology,1996,30(9):390-396
[5]N. Borghesi, S. Corsolini and P. Leonards, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination levels in fish from the Antarctic and the Mediterranean Sea. Chemosphere,2009,77(5):693-698
[6]M. D. Cohen, R. R. Draxler and R. Artz, et al. Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of PCDD/F to the Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(22):4831-4845
[7]F. Wania and G. L. Daly. Estimating the contribution of degradation in air and deposition to the deep sea to the global loss of PCBs. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(36-37):5581-5593
[8]J. M. Pacyna, K. Breivik and J. Munch, et al. European atmospheric emissions of selected persistent organic pollutants,1970-1995. Atmospheric Environment,2003, 37:119-131
[9]R. E. Alcock, A. J. Sweetman and K. C. Jones. A congener-specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK:do current estimates account for the measured atmospheric burden? Chemosphere,2001,43(2):183-194
[10]K. Breivik, R. Alcock and Y. F. Li, et al. Primary sources of selected POPs: regional and global scale emission inventories. Environmental Pollution,2004, 128(1):3-16
[11]K. Breivik, A. Sweetman and J. M. Pacyna, et al. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners--a mass balance approach::2. Emissions. The Science of the Total Environment,2002,290(1-3):199-224
[12]M. Van den Berg, L. Birnbaum and A. T. Bosveld, et al. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives,1998,106(12):775
[13]M. Van den Berg, L. S. Birnbaum and M. Denison, et al. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences,2006,93(2):223-241
[14]U. Qua and M. W. Fermann. Steps towards a European dioxin emission inventory. Chemosphere,2000,40(9-11):1125-1129
[15]P. S. Kulkarni, J. G. Crespo and C. A. M. Afonso. Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies--A review. Environment International,2008,34(1): 139-153
[16]P. K. Mandal. Dioxin:a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. Journal of Comparative Physiology B:Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,2005,175(4):221-230
[17]P. I. Mitrou, G. Dimitriadis and S. A. Raptis. Toxic effects of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. European Journal of Internal Medicine,2001,12(5):406-411
[18]C. M. Kao, S. C. Chen and J. K. Liu, et al. Evaluation of TCDD biodegradability under different redox conditions. Chemosphere,2001,44(6):1447-1454
[19]N. J. L. Green, J. L. Jones and A. E. Johnston, et al. Further evidence for the existence of PCDD/Fs in the environment prior to 1900. Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(10):1974-1981
[20]J. B. Ferrario, C. J. Byrne and D. H. Cleverly.2,3,7,8-Dibenzo-p-dioxins in mined clay products from the United States:evidence for possible natural origin. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(21):4524-4532
[21]H. Jobst and R. Aldag. Dioxine in Lagerstatten-Tonen. Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung,2000,12(1):2-4
[22]J. A. Prange, C. Gaus and O. Papke, et al. Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil, river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere,2002,46(9-10):1335-1342
[23]M. Nadal, M. Mari and M. Schuhmacher, et al. Multi-compartmental environmental surveillance of a petrochemical area:levels of micropollutants. Environment International,2009,35(2):227-235
[24]J. Castro-Jimenez, G. Mariani and S. J. Eisenreich, et al. Atmospheric input of POPs into Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy):PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB profiles and fluxes in the atmosphere and aquatic system. Chemosphere,2008,73(1): S122-S130
[25]M. Coutinho, M. Pereira and C. Borrego. Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/F levels in Portugal. Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1715-1721
[26]K. H. Chi, K. T. Liu and S. H. Chang, et al. Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs measured via automated and traditional samplers in Northern Taiwan. Chemosphere,2009,77(9):1184-1190
[27]D. G. Kim, Y. K. Min and J. Y. Jeong, et al. Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1722-1727
[28]Y. Li, G. Jiang and Y. Wang, et al. Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(9):2037-2047
[29]G. J. Zheng, A. O. W. Leung and L. P. Jiao, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China:Sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. Environment International,2008,34(7): 1050-1061
[30]H. Li, J. Feng and G. Sheng, et al. The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere,2008,70(4):576-583
[31]S. Wen, F. Yang and J. G. Li, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an E-waste recycling area. Chemosphere,2009,74(7):981-987
[32]D. M. Wagrowski and R. A. Hites. Insights into the global distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(14):2952-2958
[33]M. Mari, N. Ferre-Huguet and M. Nadal, et al. Temporal trends in metal concentrations in soils and herbage collected near a municipal waste incinerator: Human health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2007,13(2): 457-472
[34]C. L. Rose and W. A. McKay. PCDDs (dioxins) and PCDFs (furans) in selected UK lake and reservoir sites--concentrations and TEQs in sediment and fish samples. Science of the Total Environment,1996,177(1-3):43-56
[35]J. Castro-Jimenez, G. Deviller and M. Ghiani, et al. PCDD/F and PCB multi-media ambient concentrations, congener patterns and occurrence in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France). Environmental Pollution,2008,156(1): 123-135
[36]M. P. Suarez, H. S. Rifai and R. Palachek, et al. Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in suspended sediments, dissolved phase and bottom sediment in the Houston Ship Channel. Chemosphere,2006,62(3): 417-429
[37]E. Eljarrat, A. De La Cal and D. Larrazabal, et al. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyiethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environmental Pollution,2005,136(3):493-501
[38]J. Liu and W. Liu. Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in the soil in a typical area of eastern China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009,163(2-3):959-966
[39]M. H. Wong, S. C. Wu and W. J. Deng, et al. Export of toxic chemicals-A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. Environmental Pollution, 2007,149(2):131-140
[40]C. C. Lee, Y. L. Guo and C. H. Kuei, et al. Human PCDD/PCDF levels near a pentachlorophenol contamination site in Tainan, Taiwan. Chemosphere,2006, 65(3):436-448
[41]C. C. Lee, W. T. Lin and P. C. Liao, et al. High average daily intake of PCDD/Fs and serum levels in residents living near a deserted factory producing pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Taiwan:influence of contaminated fish consumption. Environmental Pollution,2006,141(2):381-386
[42]E. Abad, M. A. Adrados and J. Caixach, et al. Dioxin abatement strategies and mass balance at a municipal waste management plant. Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(1):92-99
[43]B. R. Stanmore and C. Clunies-Ross. An empirical model for the de novo formation of PCDD/F in medical waste incinerators. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(21):4538-4544
[44]A. Karademir, M. Bakoglu and S. Ayberk. PCDD/F removal efficiencies of electrostatic precipitator and wet scrubbers in izaydas hazardous waste incinerator. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2003,12(10):1228-1232
[45]M. Altarawneh, B. Z. Dlugogorski and E. M. Kennedy, et al. Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2009,35(3):245-274
[46]Y. Ni, H. Zhang and S. Fan, et al. Emissions of PCDD/Fs from municipal solid waste incinerators in China. Chemosphere,2009,75(9):1153-1158
[47]H. Gao, Y. Ni and H. Zhang, et al. Stack gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from hospital waste incinerators in China. Chemosphere,2009,77(5):634-639
[48]M. Goemans, P. Clarysse and J. Joannes, et al. Catalytic NOx reduction with simultaneous dioxin and furan oxidation. Chemosphere,2003,50(4):489-497
[49]K. Everaert and J. Baeyens. Catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2004,109(1):113-139
[50]K. Hirota and T. Kojima. Decomposition behavior of PCDD/F isomers in incinerator gases under electron-beam irradiation. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,2005,78(9):1685-1690
[51]C. A. De Wit. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere,2002,46(5):583-624
[52]E. Abad, K. Martinez and L. Gustems, et al. Ten years measuring PCDDs/PCDFs in ambient air in Catalonia (Spain). Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1709-1714
[53]Y. Zhao, L. Yang and Q. Wang. Modeling persistent organic pollutant (POP) partitioning between tree bark and air and its application to spatial monitoring of atmospheric POPs in mainland China. Environmental Science & Technology.2008, 42(16):6046-6051
[54]A. Salamova and R. A. Hites. Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides. Environmental Science & Technology,2010
[55]L. Zhu and R. A. Hites. Brominated flame retardants in tree bark from North America. Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):3711-3716
[56]P. J. Clarkson, D. Larrazabal-Moya and I. Staton, et al. The use of tree bark as a passive sampler for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans. International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry,2002,82(11-12):843-850
[57]R. D. Kimbrough, C. A. Krouskas and M. Leigh Carson, et al. Human uptake of persistent chemicals from contaminated soil:PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,2010,57(1):43-54
[58]杨敏,倪余文,张雪萍等.大气悬浮颗粒物和植物树叶中二噁英分布特征的研究.精细化工,2006,23(10)：1037-1040
[59]余莉萍,帅开敏,彭平安等.广州天河区大气中二噁英年度监测及气固分配规律.中国环境监测,2010,26(4)：23-27
[60]余莉萍,毕新慧,彭平安,等.广州市大气颗粒物样品中二噁英的测定.环境化学,2006,25(5)：647-650
[61]闻胜.金属热处理过程中典型持久性有机污染物的释放、环境分布及其健康风险：[博士学位论文].武汉：中国科学院研究生院图书馆,2008
[62]应媛媛.上海市典型区域大气和土壤样品中二噁英初探：[硕士学位论文].上海：华东理工大学图书馆,2010
[63]杨志军,倪余文,张青等.上海市和大连市大气气溶胶和土壤样品中的二嗯英初探.广州环境科学,2004,19(1)：25-27
[64]史烨弘,陈左生,沈杨.活性污泥与施泥土壤中二噁英污染水平的研究.环境科学,2010,31(5)：1287-1292
[65]杨永亮,史双听,潘静,等.南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布.环境化学,2004,23(5)：549-555
[66]Y. Liu, P. Peng and X. Li, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in water and suspended particulate matter from the Xijiang River, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,152(1):40-47
[67]章红,吕瑞娟,凌维靖,等.广州市李坑垃圾焚烧发电厂区域二噁英背景调查.广州环境科学,2006,21(002)：33-35
[68]Q. Zhang, J. Huang and G. Yu. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions from open burning of crop residues in China between 1997 and 2004. Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):39-46
[69]M. Xu, J. Yan and S. Lu, et al. Concentrations, profiles, and sources of atmospheric PCDD/Fs near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Eastern China. Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43(4):1023-1029
[70]J. Pan, Y. Yang and C. Geng, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in marine and lacustrine sediments from the Shandong Peninsula, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,176(1-3): 274-279
[71]R. Piazza, S. Giuliani and L. G. Bellucci, et al. PCDD/Fs in sediments of Central Vietnam coastal lagoons:In search of TCDD. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010, 60(12):2303-2310
[72]C. L. Yunuen, M. Z. J. Vinicio and H. D. Miguel Angel, et al. Historical trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in three dated sediment cores from Mexico. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(2):487-494
[73]L. A. Di Lella, S. Loppi and G. Protano, et al. Toxic trace elements and organic compounds in the ambient air of Kabul, Afghanistan. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(2):225-237
[74]M. Schuhmacher, M. Nadal and J. L. Domingo. Environmental monitoring of PCDD/Fs and metals in the vicinity of a cement plant after using sewage sludge as a secondary fuel. Chemosphere,2009,74(11):1502-1508
[75]C. Nieuwoudt, L. P. Quinn and R. Pieters, et al. Dioxin-like chemicals in soil and sediment from residential and industrial areas in central South Africa. Chemosphere,2009,76(6):774-783
[76]S. Zhang, P. Peng and W. Huang, et al. PCDD/PCDF pollution in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta of China. Chemosphere,2009,75(9): 1186-1195
[77]A. Li, J. K. Jang and P. A. Scheff. Application of EPA CMB8.2 model for source apportionment of sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environmental Science & Technology,2003,37(13):2958-2965
[78]H. Guo, K. L. So and I. J. Simpson, et al. C1-C8 volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Hong Kong:Overview of atmospheric processing and source apportionment. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(7):1456-1472
[79]R. E. Alcock, R. Gemmill and K. C. Jones. Improvements to the UK PCDD/F and PCB atmospheric emission inventory following an emissions measurement programme. Chemosphere,1999,38(4):759-770
[80]W. S. Lee, G. P. Chang-Chien and L. C. Wang, et al. Source identification of PCDD/Fs for various atmospheric environments in a highly industrialized city. Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(19):4937-4944
[81]S. Masunaga, Y. Yao and I. Ogura, et al. Identifying sources and mass balance of dioxin pollution in Lake Shinji Basin, Japan. Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(10):1967-1973
[82]H. Zhang, X. Zhao and Y. Ni, et al. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in sediments of the Liaohe River, China:Levels, distribution, and possible sources. Chemosphere, 2010,79(7):754-762
[83]胡习邦,许振成,王俊能,等.环境多介质中PCDD/Fs人群健康风险评价——以珠江三角洲为例.生态环境学报,2011,20(2)：311-316
[84]D. H. Bennett, M. D. Margni and T. E. McKone, et al. Intake fraction for multimedia pollutants:A tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment. Risk Analysis,2002,22(5):905-918
[85]M. Margni, D. W. Pennington and C. Amman, et al. Evaluating multimedia/multipathway model intake fraction estimates using POP emission and monitoring data. Environmental Pollution,2004,128(1):263-277
[86]D. W. Pennington, M. Margni and C. Ammann, et al. Multimedia fate and human intake modeling:Spatial versus nonspatial insights for chemical emissions in Western Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(4):1119-1128
[87]N. Suzuki. Assessment of Environmental Fate and Exposure Variability of Organic Contaminants. ChemInform,2007,38(29):437-447
[88]J. G. Li, Y. N. Wu and L. Zhang, et al. Dietary intake of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from foods of animal origin in China. Food Additives and Contaminants,2007,24(2):186-193
[89]H. W. Chen, N. B. Chang and J. C. Chen, et al. Environmental performance evaluation of large-scale municipal solid waste incinerators using data envelopment analysis. Waste Management,2010,30(7):1371-1381
[90]A. Hoyos, M. Cobo and B. Aristizabal, et al. Total suspended particulate (TSP), polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) emissions from medical waste incinerators in Antioquia, Colombia. Chemosphere, 2008,73(1):S137-S142
[91]Y. S. Lin, K. S. Chen and Y. C. Lin, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans distributions in ash from different units in a municipal solid waste incinerator. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3): 954-962
[92]J. H. Kuo, H. H. Tseng and P. S. Rao, et al. The prospect and development of incinerators for municipal solid waste treatment and characteristics of their pollutants in Taiwan. Applied Thermal Engineering,2008,28(17):2305-2314
[93]H. Huang and A. Buekens. On the mechanisms of dioxin formation in combustion processes. Chemosphere,1995,31(9):4099-4117
[94]E. Abad, M. A. Adrados and J. Caixach, et al. Dioxin mass balance in a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere,2000,40(9-11):1143-1147
[95]J. B. Wang, C. H. Hung and C. H. Hung, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from an industrial park clustered with metallurgical industries. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2-3):800-807
[96]B. Aristizabal, M. Cobo and A. Hoyos, et al. Baseline levels of dioxin and furan emissions from waste thermal treatment in Colombia. Chemosphere,2008,73(1): S171-S175
[97]A. Colombo, E. Benfenati and G. Mariani, et al. PCDD/Fs in ambient air in north-east Italy:The role of a MSWI inside an industrial area. Chemosphere,2009, 77(9):1224-1229
[98]Y. L. Wu, L. T. Hsieh and L. C. Wang, et al. Atmospheric dry deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,162(1):521-529
[99]M. S. Wang, S. J. Chen and K. L. Huang, et al. Determination of levels of persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PBBs) in atmosphere near a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere,2010,80(10): 1220-1226
[100]M. Xu, J. Yan and S. Lu, et al. Source identification of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near to a Chinese MSWI plant through isomer-specific data analysis. Chemosphere,2008,71(6):1144-1155
[101]M. Kishida, K. Imamura and N. Takenaka, et al. Characteristics of the abundance of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment samples from selected Asian regions in Can Gio, Southern Vietnam and Osaka, Japan. Chemosphere,2010,78(2):127-133
[102]K. Everaert and J. Baeyens. The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes. Chemosphere,2002,46(3):439-448
[103]M. Blumenstock, R. Zimmermann and K. W. Schramm, et al. Identification of surrogate compounds for the emission of PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) and evaluation of their on-line real-time detectability in flue gases of waste incineration plants by REMPI-TOFMS mass spectrometry. Chemosphere,2001,42(5-7):507-518
[104]K. A. Tuppurainen, P. H. Ruokojarvi and A. H. Asikainen, et al. Chlorophenols as precursors of PCDD/Fs in incineration processes:correlations, PLS modeling, and reaction mechanisms. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(23): 4958-4962
[105]M. Kato and K. Urano. Convenient substitute indices to toxic equivalent quantity for controlling and monitoring dioxins in stack gas from waste incineration facilities. Waste Management,2001,21(1):55-62
[106]B. K. Gullett and E. Wikstrom. Mono-to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) congeners/homologues as indicators of CDD and CDF emissions from municipal waste and waste/coal combustion. Chemosphere,2000, 40(9-11):1015-1019
[107]H. Fiedler, C. Lau and G. Eduljee. Statistical analysis of patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs in stack emission samples and identification of a marker congener. Waste Management and Research.2000,18(3):283-292
[108]文科军,吴丽萍,杨丽,等.可燃垃圾的焚烧热值分析.环境科学与技术,2007,30(7)：40-42
[109]L. Liang, R. Sun and J. Fei, et al. Experimental study on effects of moisture content on combustion characteristics of simulated municipal solid wastes in a fixed bed. Bioresource Technology,2008,99(15):7238-7246
[110]李风斌,钟史明.垃圾焚烧发电供热污染物的控制.区域供热,2007(6)：13-17
[111]马文超,杨肖,陈程等.城市生活垃圾中氯含量及氯种类的分析方法.天津大学学报,2011,44(1)：7-12
[112]秦宇飞.大型城市生活垃圾焚烧炉焚烧过程仿真及控制：[硕士学位论文].河 北：华北电力大学图书馆,2004
[113]张红玉,李国学,王桂琴.基于垃圾组分和粒径分布的垃圾处理模式.农业工程学报,2010,14(26)：274-280
[114]A. Suna Erses, M. A. Fazal and T. T. Onay, et al. Determination of solid waste sorption capacity for selected heavy metals in landfills. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2005,121(1):223-232
[115]Y. Y. Long, D. S. Shen and H. T. Wang, et al. Heavy metal source analysis in municipal solid waste (MSW):Case study on Cu and Zn. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(2):1082-1087
[116]曹玉春,严建华,李晓东等.垃圾焚烧炉中二噁英生成机理的研究进展.热力发电,2005,34(9)：15-20
[117]方源圆,周守航,阎丽娟.中国城市垃圾焚烧发电技术与应用.节能技术,2010,28(1)：76-80
[118]刘亭亭,季鸣童.垃圾焚烧发电的技术特点及问题分析.环境研究与监测,2010,23(4)：70-73
[119]潘璐.城市环保项目建设中BOT模式的运用与改进.北方经济：综合版,2011(15)：90-91
[120]姚薇.利用多介质逸度模型模拟北京二噁英的环境归趋：[硕士学位论文].北京：北京大学图书馆,2006
[2]Y. L. Guo, M. L. Yu and C. C. Hsu. The Yucheng rice oil poisoning incident. Dioxins and Health (Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA, eds). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley Interscience,2003,893:919
[3]A. Schecter and T. Tiernan. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes after an electrical panel and transformer accident in an office building in Binghamton, NY. Environmental Health Perspectives,1985,60:305
[4]F. Wania and D. Mackay. Peer Reviewed:Tracking the Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Environmental Science & Technology,1996,30(9):390-396
[5]N. Borghesi, S. Corsolini and P. Leonards, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination levels in fish from the Antarctic and the Mediterranean Sea. Chemosphere,2009,77(5):693-698
[6]M. D. Cohen, R. R. Draxler and R. Artz, et al. Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of PCDD/F to the Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(22):4831-4845
[7]F. Wania and G. L. Daly. Estimating the contribution of degradation in air and deposition to the deep sea to the global loss of PCBs. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(36-37):5581-5593
[8]J. M. Pacyna, K. Breivik and J. Munch, et al. European atmospheric emissions of selected persistent organic pollutants,1970-1995. Atmospheric Environment,2003, 37:119-131
[9]R. E. Alcock, A. J. Sweetman and K. C. Jones. A congener-specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK:do current estimates account for the measured atmospheric burden? Chemosphere,2001,43(2):183-194
[10]K. Breivik, R. Alcock and Y. F. Li, et al. Primary sources of selected POPs: regional and global scale emission inventories. Environmental Pollution,2004, 128(1):3-16
[11]K. Breivik, A. Sweetman and J. M. Pacyna, et al. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners--a mass balance approach::2. Emissions. The Science of the Total Environment,2002,290(1-3):199-224
[12]M. Van den Berg, L. Birnbaum and A. T. Bosveld, et al. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives,1998,106(12):775
[13]M. Van den Berg, L. S. Birnbaum and M. Denison, et al. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences,2006,93(2):223-241
[14]U. Qua and M. W. Fermann. Steps towards a European dioxin emission inventory. Chemosphere,2000,40(9-11):1125-1129
[15]P. S. Kulkarni, J. G. Crespo and C. A. M. Afonso. Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies--A review. Environment International,2008,34(1): 139-153
[16]P. K. Mandal. Dioxin:a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. Journal of Comparative Physiology B:Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,2005,175(4):221-230
[17]P. I. Mitrou, G. Dimitriadis and S. A. Raptis. Toxic effects of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. European Journal of Internal Medicine,2001,12(5):406-411
[18]C. M. Kao, S. C. Chen and J. K. Liu, et al. Evaluation of TCDD biodegradability under different redox conditions. Chemosphere,2001,44(6):1447-1454
[19]N. J. L. Green, J. L. Jones and A. E. Johnston, et al. Further evidence for the existence of PCDD/Fs in the environment prior to 1900. Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(10):1974-1981
[20]J. B. Ferrario, C. J. Byrne and D. H. Cleverly.2,3,7,8-Dibenzo-p-dioxins in mined clay products from the United States:evidence for possible natural origin. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(21):4524-4532
[21]H. Jobst and R. Aldag. Dioxine in Lagerstatten-Tonen. Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung,2000,12(1):2-4
[22]J. A. Prange, C. Gaus and O. Papke, et al. Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil, river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere,2002,46(9-10):1335-1342
[23]M. Nadal, M. Mari and M. Schuhmacher, et al. Multi-compartmental environmental surveillance of a petrochemical area:levels of micropollutants. Environment International,2009,35(2):227-235
[24]J. Castro-Jimenez, G. Mariani and S. J. Eisenreich, et al. Atmospheric input of POPs into Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy):PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB profiles and fluxes in the atmosphere and aquatic system. Chemosphere,2008,73(1): S122-S130
[25]M. Coutinho, M. Pereira and C. Borrego. Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/F levels in Portugal. Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1715-1721
[26]K. H. Chi, K. T. Liu and S. H. Chang, et al. Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs measured via automated and traditional samplers in Northern Taiwan. Chemosphere,2009,77(9):1184-1190
[27]D. G. Kim, Y. K. Min and J. Y. Jeong, et al. Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1722-1727
[28]Y. Li, G. Jiang and Y. Wang, et al. Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(9):2037-2047
[29]G. J. Zheng, A. O. W. Leung and L. P. Jiao, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China:Sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. Environment International,2008,34(7): 1050-1061
[30]H. Li, J. Feng and G. Sheng, et al. The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere,2008,70(4):576-583
[31]S. Wen, F. Yang and J. G. Li, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an E-waste recycling area. Chemosphere,2009,74(7):981-987
[32]D. M. Wagrowski and R. A. Hites. Insights into the global distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(14):2952-2958
[33]M. Mari, N. Ferre-Huguet and M. Nadal, et al. Temporal trends in metal concentrations in soils and herbage collected near a municipal waste incinerator: Human health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2007,13(2): 457-472
[34]C. L. Rose and W. A. McKay. PCDDs (dioxins) and PCDFs (furans) in selected UK lake and reservoir sites--concentrations and TEQs in sediment and fish samples. Science of the Total Environment,1996,177(1-3):43-56
[35]J. Castro-Jimenez, G. Deviller and M. Ghiani, et al. PCDD/F and PCB multi-media ambient concentrations, congener patterns and occurrence in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France). Environmental Pollution,2008,156(1): 123-135
[36]M. P. Suarez, H. S. Rifai and R. Palachek, et al. Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in suspended sediments, dissolved phase and bottom sediment in the Houston Ship Channel. Chemosphere,2006,62(3): 417-429
[37]E. Eljarrat, A. De La Cal and D. Larrazabal, et al. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyiethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environmental Pollution,2005,136(3):493-501
[38]J. Liu and W. Liu. Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in the soil in a typical area of eastern China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009,163(2-3):959-966
[39]M. H. Wong, S. C. Wu and W. J. Deng, et al. Export of toxic chemicals-A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. Environmental Pollution, 2007,149(2):131-140
[40]C. C. Lee, Y. L. Guo and C. H. Kuei, et al. Human PCDD/PCDF levels near a pentachlorophenol contamination site in Tainan, Taiwan. Chemosphere,2006, 65(3):436-448
[41]C. C. Lee, W. T. Lin and P. C. Liao, et al. High average daily intake of PCDD/Fs and serum levels in residents living near a deserted factory producing pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Taiwan:influence of contaminated fish consumption. Environmental Pollution,2006,141(2):381-386
[42]E. Abad, M. A. Adrados and J. Caixach, et al. Dioxin abatement strategies and mass balance at a municipal waste management plant. Environmental Science & Technology,2002,36(1):92-99
[43]B. R. Stanmore and C. Clunies-Ross. An empirical model for the de novo formation of PCDD/F in medical waste incinerators. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(21):4538-4544
[44]A. Karademir, M. Bakoglu and S. Ayberk. PCDD/F removal efficiencies of electrostatic precipitator and wet scrubbers in izaydas hazardous waste incinerator. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2003,12(10):1228-1232
[45]M. Altarawneh, B. Z. Dlugogorski and E. M. Kennedy, et al. Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2009,35(3):245-274
[46]Y. Ni, H. Zhang and S. Fan, et al. Emissions of PCDD/Fs from municipal solid waste incinerators in China. Chemosphere,2009,75(9):1153-1158
[47]H. Gao, Y. Ni and H. Zhang, et al. Stack gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from hospital waste incinerators in China. Chemosphere,2009,77(5):634-639
[48]M. Goemans, P. Clarysse and J. Joannes, et al. Catalytic NOx reduction with simultaneous dioxin and furan oxidation. Chemosphere,2003,50(4):489-497
[49]K. Everaert and J. Baeyens. Catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2004,109(1):113-139
[50]K. Hirota and T. Kojima. Decomposition behavior of PCDD/F isomers in incinerator gases under electron-beam irradiation. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,2005,78(9):1685-1690
[51]C. A. De Wit. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere,2002,46(5):583-624
[52]E. Abad, K. Martinez and L. Gustems, et al. Ten years measuring PCDDs/PCDFs in ambient air in Catalonia (Spain). Chemosphere,2007,67(9):1709-1714
[53]Y. Zhao, L. Yang and Q. Wang. Modeling persistent organic pollutant (POP) partitioning between tree bark and air and its application to spatial monitoring of atmospheric POPs in mainland China. Environmental Science & Technology.2008, 42(16):6046-6051
[54]A. Salamova and R. A. Hites. Evaluation of tree bark as a passive atmospheric sampler for flame retardants, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides. Environmental Science & Technology,2010
[55]L. Zhu and R. A. Hites. Brominated flame retardants in tree bark from North America. Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40(12):3711-3716
[56]P. J. Clarkson, D. Larrazabal-Moya and I. Staton, et al. The use of tree bark as a passive sampler for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans. International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry,2002,82(11-12):843-850
[57]R. D. Kimbrough, C. A. Krouskas and M. Leigh Carson, et al. Human uptake of persistent chemicals from contaminated soil:PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,2010,57(1):43-54
[58]杨敏,倪余文,张雪萍等.大气悬浮颗粒物和植物树叶中二噁英分布特征的研究.精细化工,2006,23(10)：1037-1040
[59]余莉萍,帅开敏,彭平安等.广州天河区大气中二噁英年度监测及气固分配规律.中国环境监测,2010,26(4)：23-27
[60]余莉萍,毕新慧,彭平安,等.广州市大气颗粒物样品中二噁英的测定.环境化学,2006,25(5)：647-650
[61]闻胜.金属热处理过程中典型持久性有机污染物的释放、环境分布及其健康风险：[博士学位论文].武汉：中国科学院研究生院图书馆,2008
[62]应媛媛.上海市典型区域大气和土壤样品中二噁英初探：[硕士学位论文].上海：华东理工大学图书馆,2010
[63]杨志军,倪余文,张青等.上海市和大连市大气气溶胶和土壤样品中的二嗯英初探.广州环境科学,2004,19(1)：25-27
[64]史烨弘,陈左生,沈杨.活性污泥与施泥土壤中二噁英污染水平的研究.环境科学,2010,31(5)：1287-1292
[65]杨永亮,史双听,潘静,等.南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布.环境化学,2004,23(5)：549-555
[66]Y. Liu, P. Peng and X. Li, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in water and suspended particulate matter from the Xijiang River, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,152(1):40-47
[67]章红,吕瑞娟,凌维靖,等.广州市李坑垃圾焚烧发电厂区域二噁英背景调查.广州环境科学,2006,21(002)：33-35
[68]Q. Zhang, J. Huang and G. Yu. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions from open burning of crop residues in China between 1997 and 2004. Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):39-46
[69]M. Xu, J. Yan and S. Lu, et al. Concentrations, profiles, and sources of atmospheric PCDD/Fs near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Eastern China. Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43(4):1023-1029
[70]J. Pan, Y. Yang and C. Geng, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in marine and lacustrine sediments from the Shandong Peninsula, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,176(1-3): 274-279
[71]R. Piazza, S. Giuliani and L. G. Bellucci, et al. PCDD/Fs in sediments of Central Vietnam coastal lagoons:In search of TCDD. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010, 60(12):2303-2310
[72]C. L. Yunuen, M. Z. J. Vinicio and H. D. Miguel Angel, et al. Historical trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in three dated sediment cores from Mexico. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(2):487-494
[73]L. A. Di Lella, S. Loppi and G. Protano, et al. Toxic trace elements and organic compounds in the ambient air of Kabul, Afghanistan. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(2):225-237
[74]M. Schuhmacher, M. Nadal and J. L. Domingo. Environmental monitoring of PCDD/Fs and metals in the vicinity of a cement plant after using sewage sludge as a secondary fuel. Chemosphere,2009,74(11):1502-1508
[75]C. Nieuwoudt, L. P. Quinn and R. Pieters, et al. Dioxin-like chemicals in soil and sediment from residential and industrial areas in central South Africa. Chemosphere,2009,76(6):774-783
[76]S. Zhang, P. Peng and W. Huang, et al. PCDD/PCDF pollution in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta of China. Chemosphere,2009,75(9): 1186-1195
[77]A. Li, J. K. Jang and P. A. Scheff. Application of EPA CMB8.2 model for source apportionment of sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environmental Science & Technology,2003,37(13):2958-2965
[78]H. Guo, K. L. So and I. J. Simpson, et al. C1-C8 volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Hong Kong:Overview of atmospheric processing and source apportionment. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(7):1456-1472
[79]R. E. Alcock, R. Gemmill and K. C. Jones. Improvements to the UK PCDD/F and PCB atmospheric emission inventory following an emissions measurement programme. Chemosphere,1999,38(4):759-770
[80]W. S. Lee, G. P. Chang-Chien and L. C. Wang, et al. Source identification of PCDD/Fs for various atmospheric environments in a highly industrialized city. Environmental Science & Technology,2004,38(19):4937-4944
[81]S. Masunaga, Y. Yao and I. Ogura, et al. Identifying sources and mass balance of dioxin pollution in Lake Shinji Basin, Japan. Environmental Science & Technology,2001,35(10):1967-1973
[82]H. Zhang, X. Zhao and Y. Ni, et al. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in sediments of the Liaohe River, China:Levels, distribution, and possible sources. Chemosphere, 2010,79(7):754-762
[83]胡习邦,许振成,王俊能,等.环境多介质中PCDD/Fs人群健康风险评价——以珠江三角洲为例.生态环境学报,2011,20(2)：311-316
[84]D. H. Bennett, M. D. Margni and T. E. McKone, et al. Intake fraction for multimedia pollutants:A tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment. Risk Analysis,2002,22(5):905-918
[85]M. Margni, D. W. Pennington and C. Amman, et al. Evaluating multimedia/multipathway model intake fraction estimates using POP emission and monitoring data. Environmental Pollution,2004,128(1):263-277
[86]D. W. Pennington, M. Margni and C. Ammann, et al. Multimedia fate and human intake modeling:Spatial versus nonspatial insights for chemical emissions in Western Europe. Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(4):1119-1128
[87]N. Suzuki. Assessment of Environmental Fate and Exposure Variability of Organic Contaminants. ChemInform,2007,38(29):437-447
[88]J. G. Li, Y. N. Wu and L. Zhang, et al. Dietary intake of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from foods of animal origin in China. Food Additives and Contaminants,2007,24(2):186-193
[89]H. W. Chen, N. B. Chang and J. C. Chen, et al. Environmental performance evaluation of large-scale municipal solid waste incinerators using data envelopment analysis. Waste Management,2010,30(7):1371-1381
[90]A. Hoyos, M. Cobo and B. Aristizabal, et al. Total suspended particulate (TSP), polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) emissions from medical waste incinerators in Antioquia, Colombia. Chemosphere, 2008,73(1):S137-S142
[91]Y. S. Lin, K. S. Chen and Y. C. Lin, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans distributions in ash from different units in a municipal solid waste incinerator. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3): 954-962
[92]J. H. Kuo, H. H. Tseng and P. S. Rao, et al. The prospect and development of incinerators for municipal solid waste treatment and characteristics of their pollutants in Taiwan. Applied Thermal Engineering,2008,28(17):2305-2314
[93]H. Huang and A. Buekens. On the mechanisms of dioxin formation in combustion processes. Chemosphere,1995,31(9):4099-4117
[94]E. Abad, M. A. Adrados and J. Caixach, et al. Dioxin mass balance in a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere,2000,40(9-11):1143-1147
[95]J. B. Wang, C. H. Hung and C. H. Hung, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from an industrial park clustered with metallurgical industries. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2-3):800-807
[96]B. Aristizabal, M. Cobo and A. Hoyos, et al. Baseline levels of dioxin and furan emissions from waste thermal treatment in Colombia. Chemosphere,2008,73(1): S171-S175
[97]A. Colombo, E. Benfenati and G. Mariani, et al. PCDD/Fs in ambient air in north-east Italy:The role of a MSWI inside an industrial area. Chemosphere,2009, 77(9):1224-1229
[98]Y. L. Wu, L. T. Hsieh and L. C. Wang, et al. Atmospheric dry deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,162(1):521-529
[99]M. S. Wang, S. J. Chen and K. L. Huang, et al. Determination of levels of persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PBBs) in atmosphere near a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere,2010,80(10): 1220-1226
[100]M. Xu, J. Yan and S. Lu, et al. Source identification of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near to a Chinese MSWI plant through isomer-specific data analysis. Chemosphere,2008,71(6):1144-1155
[101]M. Kishida, K. Imamura and N. Takenaka, et al. Characteristics of the abundance of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment samples from selected Asian regions in Can Gio, Southern Vietnam and Osaka, Japan. Chemosphere,2010,78(2):127-133
[102]K. Everaert and J. Baeyens. The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes. Chemosphere,2002,46(3):439-448
[103]M. Blumenstock, R. Zimmermann and K. W. Schramm, et al. Identification of surrogate compounds for the emission of PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) and evaluation of their on-line real-time detectability in flue gases of waste incineration plants by REMPI-TOFMS mass spectrometry. Chemosphere,2001,42(5-7):507-518
[104]K. A. Tuppurainen, P. H. Ruokojarvi and A. H. Asikainen, et al. Chlorophenols as precursors of PCDD/Fs in incineration processes:correlations, PLS modeling, and reaction mechanisms. Environmental Science & Technology,2000,34(23): 4958-4962
[105]M. Kato and K. Urano. Convenient substitute indices to toxic equivalent quantity for controlling and monitoring dioxins in stack gas from waste incineration facilities. Waste Management,2001,21(1):55-62
[106]B. K. Gullett and E. Wikstrom. Mono-to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) congeners/homologues as indicators of CDD and CDF emissions from municipal waste and waste/coal combustion. Chemosphere,2000, 40(9-11):1015-1019
[107]H. Fiedler, C. Lau and G. Eduljee. Statistical analysis of patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs in stack emission samples and identification of a marker congener. Waste Management and Research.2000,18(3):283-292
[108]文科军,吴丽萍,杨丽,等.可燃垃圾的焚烧热值分析.环境科学与技术,2007,30(7)：40-42
[109]L. Liang, R. Sun and J. Fei, et al. Experimental study on effects of moisture content on combustion characteristics of simulated municipal solid wastes in a fixed bed. Bioresource Technology,2008,99(15):7238-7246
[110]李风斌,钟史明.垃圾焚烧发电供热污染物的控制.区域供热,2007(6)：13-17
[111]马文超,杨肖,陈程等.城市生活垃圾中氯含量及氯种类的分析方法.天津大学学报,2011,44(1)：7-12
[112]秦宇飞.大型城市生活垃圾焚烧炉焚烧过程仿真及控制：[硕士学位论文].河 北：华北电力大学图书馆,2004
[113]张红玉,李国学,王桂琴.基于垃圾组分和粒径分布的垃圾处理模式.农业工程学报,2010,14(26)：274-280
[114]A. Suna Erses, M. A. Fazal and T. T. Onay, et al. Determination of solid waste sorption capacity for selected heavy metals in landfills. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2005,121(1):223-232
[115]Y. Y. Long, D. S. Shen and H. T. Wang, et al. Heavy metal source analysis in municipal solid waste (MSW):Case study on Cu and Zn. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(2):1082-1087
[116]曹玉春,严建华,李晓东等.垃圾焚烧炉中二噁英生成机理的研究进展.热力发电,2005,34(9)：15-20
[117]方源圆,周守航,阎丽娟.中国城市垃圾焚烧发电技术与应用.节能技术,2010,28(1)：76-80
[118]刘亭亭,季鸣童.垃圾焚烧发电的技术特点及问题分析.环境研究与监测,2010,23(4)：70-73
[119]潘璐.城市环保项目建设中BOT模式的运用与改进.北方经济：综合版,2011(15)：90-91
[120]姚薇.利用多介质逸度模型模拟北京二噁英的环境归趋：[硕士学位论文].北京：北京大学图书馆,2006