梨果实愈伤组织对致腐真菌侵染的生理响应机制研究
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摘要
寄主植物受病原菌侵染后，自身也有其相应的适应机制，会产生一系列的防卫反应来抵御病原菌的侵染。这些反应包括寄主植物组织和细胞结构的变化、生理生化反应的变化、病程相关蛋白的诱导产生和细胞的坏死等。研究寄主对病原菌侵染的抗性防卫机制对提高植物的抗病性极为重要，目前开展的相关研究己经取得了许多有意义的结果，但大多数都集中在农作物和林木上，关于病原菌侵染后果实自身防卫机制的相关研究开展的还不多。
本研究以易感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的成熟晋蜜梨果实诱导产生的愈伤组织为试验材料，在建立相关离体研究模式系统的基础上，应用细胞生物学、植物生理学、生物化学、分子生物学、植物病理学等多学科交叉，比较研究了梨果实愈伤组织被轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌2种病原真菌侵染后细胞的生理生化特性的变化（包括保护酶活性及同工酶、防御酶系的活性、植物内源激素和可溶性蛋白的变化，细胞的死亡形式等）及防卫相关差异基因表达，为揭示晋蜜梨果实愈伤组织感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的抗感病机制提供基础理论依据，并为进一步在果实上开展相关研究提供新的研究系统和思路。
本研究技术路线可行，研究对象遗传背景清楚、选材独特，主要取得如下研究结果：
1．以成熟晋蜜梨果实为外植体，诱导其产生愈伤组织。通过继代培养筛选出色黄、均质、半致密、生长旺盛、增殖速度适中的愈伤组织作为试验材料。比较轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌对愈伤组织和果实的侵染情况，结果表明愈伤组织对这2种病原菌的感抗性与果实一致，即晋蜜梨果实愈伤组织也感褐腐病而抗轮纹病，以此系统来开展寄主对病原菌侵染生理防卫机制的研究在理论和技术上是可行的。
2．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织MDA含量和细胞相对电导率随侵染时间延长明显增加，且均以褐腐病菌侵染的组织上升速度和幅度显著大于轮纹病菌侵染的组织（P﹤0.05），说明褐腐病菌侵染的组织出现了更为严重的膜脂过氧化。轮纹病菌侵染后组织细胞保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性比褐腐病菌侵染的组织升高幅度大，持续时间长，这与其膜脂过氧化程度轻相一致。轮纹病菌侵染还诱导3种保护酶产生更多新的同工酶并大量表达。这些结果均表明细胞保护酶活性及同工酶变化与组织对2种致腐真菌的感抗性密切相关，是组织对病原菌侵染生理防卫的重要组成部分。
3．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨果实愈伤组织防御酶PPO、PAL、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势，但各个酶活性高峰峰值和出现的时间不同。轮纹病菌侵染的愈伤组织内酶活性升高速度快、上升幅度大,高活性维持的时间长，这与组织抗轮纹病表现相一致，说明防御酶系活性被诱导和加強应该是晋蜜梨愈伤组织易感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的防卫机理之一。
4．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织内IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA的含量出现了不同的变化，总体变化趋势为IAA和CTK含量升高，GA和ABA含量下降，这些变化在2种病原菌之间又有差异。轮纹病菌侵染早期组织IAA含量升高，尤其是在侵染36h时，与GA3含量同时达到一个含量高峰，ZR含量也高于对照，仅ABA含量降低；褐腐病菌侵染早期，IAA和ZR含量高于对照。至2种病原菌侵染后期，IAA和GA3变化都不明显，但ZR和ABA含量显著变化且在2种病原菌之间存在明显差异，轮纹病菌侵染的组织，ZR含量显著高于对照，ABA含量显著低于对照，褐腐病菌侵染的组织则正好相反。上述试验结果表明植物激素含量的变化与愈伤组织对2种病原菌的感抗性有密切关系，且各激素之间相互作用和影响，也许才是调控组织对病原菌侵染防卫过程的关键所在。
5．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织的可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势相似，均在侵染前期出现了一个上升高峰，后期则含量持续降低，以轮纹病菌侵染的组织可溶性蛋白含量始终高于接种褐腐病菌的组织。蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示，在轮纹病菌侵染中后期诱导产生了一条新的蛋白条带，并且其表达量随侵染时间逐渐增加，推测这个特异的蛋白可能是组织防卫基因表达产生的病程相关蛋白，在组织对轮纹病菌的抗病防卫中起重要作用。
6．对接菌后不同侵染时间的梨愈伤组织进行普通细胞学观察发现，组织内部侵染进程与表观变化相一致。进行DAPI特异性染色后观察发现，轮纹病菌侵染初期组织细胞核出现染色质的不均一，核质浓缩并有部分细胞核DNA发生断裂的现象。提取愈伤组织的DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳后发现，轮纹病菌侵染24h～48h时出现了较为明显的DNA Ladder现象，褐腐病菌侵染的组织均未发现上述现象。推测组织在防卫轮纹病菌侵染的过程中发生了细胞过敏性反应。
7．基于cDNA-SRAP技术，分析了褐腐病菌侵染过程中梨果实愈伤组织差异基因的表达。结果表明：由30个SRAP引物组合共扩增出457条带，其中差异回收条带数为16，最终获得5条差异基因表达条带。核酸序列同源性分析结果表明，有1条差异基因片段未搜索到任何同源蛋白；2条差异基因片段经序列比对，与苹果属的肉桂醇乙酰脱氢酶(CAD)同源性为96%；另2条差异基因片段分别与DNA结合蛋白(DBP)和寡肽转运蛋白(OPT)基因序列同源，其同源性为85%和78%，暂将这3个基因命名为PbCAD、PbDBP和PbOPT。荧光定量PCR结果表明，PbCAD基因在褐腐病菌侵染愈伤组织12和24h时相对表达量最高，为对照的2.94和2.66倍；PbOPT基因在褐腐病菌侵染愈伤组织12～36h时相对表达量明显升高，为对照的2.17～2.46倍，而其他时期表达量均与对照接近；PbDBP基因表达量在整个侵染时期均与对照接近。因此推测PbCAD和PbOPT基因可能是愈伤组织响应褐腐病菌侵染的相关防卫基因。
Plants have developed different adaptive mechanisms and defense responses to protectthemselves against disease, which are same with suffering other stress. The infected cells willgo through a series of responsive events related to plant resistance, including cells structuralchange，physiological and biochemical responses, necrosis and pathogen depression of planttissue and cells. It is very important to studying on the defense resistance mechanisms of thehost to pathogen infect for improve plant disease. The related studies have obtained muchtremendous accomplishments on the interactions of crops and pathogens，but far fromsufficient on that of fruits and pathogens.
In this study, callus, elicitation from Jinmi pear fruits, was used as materials to study thegeneration or accumulation of cell membrane meability, soluble sugar, malonadehyde (MDA),the defensive enzymes. The difference between susceptible and resistant of callus to fungiwas analyzed by the means of fluorescence microscopy，molecular cell biology and cellchemical，ete. The ultrastructural changes of cells during the infection process of two differentfungi on callus were observed. At the meantime，the function of defensive enzymes andisozyme in the defense response were discussed. The cell hypersensitive response (HR) in theprocess of the interaction of pear callus and pathogen was preliminarily studied by the meansof electron and fluorescence microscopy and DNA ladder in order to understand the defensemechanisms of host and pathogen from different angles.
The main results were as following:
1. The callus was inducted with mature jinmi pear. Through the subculture, the callusthat was yellow, uniform, half density, vigorous growth and increasing at the moderate speedwere selected as the materials for the study. Compared with the infection situation betweenpear callus and fruit after them been inoculated by Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp. piricola(BBP) and Monilinia fructigena Honcy (MFH), founding that the callus is same with the fruiton susceptible and resistant to the two kinds of pathogens, namely callus is susceptible to thebrown rot disease and resistant to the Pear ring rot disease.
2. MDA content, relative electrical conductivity and cells protective enzymes were determined in callus infected by BBP and MFH. The MDA content and cell membranepermeability were determined to describe the difference of callus infected by BBP and MFH.The results showed that there was similar trend of increasing relative conductivity rate andMDA content of the callus infected by two kinds of fungi, but the change was smaller inBBP-infected callus than that in MFH-infected callus. It showed bigger range of the changeson MFH-infected callus than on BBP-infected callus. In order to understand the role of cellsprotective enzymes, we analyzed the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase (CAT). The SOD、POD and CAT enzyme activity were higher inBBP-infected callus than in MFH-infected callus, and lasted for a long time in BBP-infectedcallus. THE more new isozymes were induced in BBP-infected callus. These results indicatethat there was a close relation between changes of enzyme activity and isozyme and callusresistance, it plays an important roal in defense mechanisms.
3. In order to understand the adaptability of pear callus to fungal pathogens, we analyzedthe activity of several defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase and β-1,3-glucan enzymes in callus inoculated by both BBPand MFH. This study mainly focuses on analyzing the relationship between the defenseenzyme activity and their roles in disease resistance at the cell level. Within120h afterinoculation, the activities of PPO, PAL, chitinase and β-1,3-glucan enzymes showed similartrend, increasing at first and followed by a decreasing. The peak value appeared in differenttime for each kind of enzyme, but the enzyme activity peaks were always higher inBBP-infected callus than that in MFH-infected callus. So it showed that defensive enzymesshould play an important role in the physiological defense mechanism to the fungi infectionand there is a positive correlation between the changes of the defensive enzymes and theresistance.
4. The content of IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA changed differently after pear callus beeninoculated by both BBP and MFH. The tendency of change was the content of IAA and CTKincreased, but the content of GA and ABA declined. The IAA content increased in the BBPearly infection, especially in36h after inoculation, it reached a peak together with the GAcontent. The ZR content is also higher than control at the same time but the ABA contentdeclined. Compared with the control, the content of IAA and ZR increased in the early time ofMFH infection. The content of ZR and ABA changed significantly between two pathogens,but the content of IAA and GA3did not changed. The ZR content was significantly higherthan control but ABA content was lower than control in BBP-infected callus, and this wascontrasted with MFH-infected callus. It was suggested that the changes of plant hormonecontent were related to plant resistance, and there was a significant correlations and coordination between these hormones in plant defense response.
5. There was a similar trend on change of soluble protein content after infections of twofungi, and appeared a rising peak in the early infection and the content reduced in the latetime. The soluble protein content was always higher in BBP-infected callus than inMFH-infected callus. SDS-PAGE protein electrophoresis results show that, a new protein wasinduced by BBP infection, and the expression of it increased with infection time gradually. Itinfers that the specific protein may be a PR and it plays an important role in the defensemechanisms.
6. In different time after pear callus was inoculated by both BBP and MFH, nucleus weredyed by DAPI and observed under fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that somenucleus of BBP-infected callus was uneven and shrunken in chromatin24hours afterinoculation， which was stick or half-moon in shape， whereas most nucleus wereapproximately round. Most nucleuses of callus cells become abnormal48h after inoculation.In the cells of MFH-infected callus48h after inoculation，intercellular hyphae was found andmore branched at72h with vacuolar neighbor cells without evident chromatin condensation.DNA extracted from bark tissue by1.6%agarose-gel electrophoresis indicated there wereevident DNA ladder at24h after inoculation by BBP，but no the same phenomenece inMFH-infected callus and no systematic HR in it. There was tailed DNA in both callus inInfection later，which was thought as a necrosis by cytology results.
7. In order to clone defence-related genes during infection process, in vitro systems basedon pear callus infected by M. fructicola were constructed and gene expression levels werecharacterized by cDNA-SRAP (cDNA sequence-related amplified polymorphism) at differenttime point (control,12,24,36,48and60h). We observed that457fragments were amplifiedfrom30SRAP primer groups, out of which16fragments (3.5%of the total) weredifferentially expressed in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) detection. Those16fragments were re-amplified for strip recovery by agarose gel electrophoresis. Only five weresuccessfully recovered and subsequently sequenced. Sequence homology analysis of thosefragments by Blastn showed that: one had no homology to any known sequences in the NCBIdata base; two of them are of identical sequence; the three different sequences were of highsimilarity to cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), DNA binding-protein (DBP) andoligopeptide transporter protein (OPT), with the identity being about96%,85%and78%,respectively. They were hence named as PbDBP, PbOPT and PbCAT. Differential expressionpatterns of PbDBP, PbOPT and PbCAT were observed at different time points (0-60h) usingqRT-PCR. Calli were co-cultured with M. fructicola for12–24h, PbCAD expression levelwas2.94–2.66-fold higher than the control. The higher expression levels of PbOPT gene was observed after co-cultured with M. fructicola for12–36h, they were2.46-,2.17-, and2.34-fold higher than the control, respectively. However, there were no significant higherexpression levels detected for PbDBP at all infected period. These results suggested thatPbCAD and PbOPT could be defence-related genes during the process of brown rot infectionin pear fruit callus.
本研究以易感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的成熟晋蜜梨果实诱导产生的愈伤组织为试验材料，在建立相关离体研究模式系统的基础上，应用细胞生物学、植物生理学、生物化学、分子生物学、植物病理学等多学科交叉，比较研究了梨果实愈伤组织被轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌2种病原真菌侵染后细胞的生理生化特性的变化（包括保护酶活性及同工酶、防御酶系的活性、植物内源激素和可溶性蛋白的变化，细胞的死亡形式等）及防卫相关差异基因表达，为揭示晋蜜梨果实愈伤组织感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的抗感病机制提供基础理论依据，并为进一步在果实上开展相关研究提供新的研究系统和思路。
本研究技术路线可行，研究对象遗传背景清楚、选材独特，主要取得如下研究结果：
1．以成熟晋蜜梨果实为外植体，诱导其产生愈伤组织。通过继代培养筛选出色黄、均质、半致密、生长旺盛、增殖速度适中的愈伤组织作为试验材料。比较轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌对愈伤组织和果实的侵染情况，结果表明愈伤组织对这2种病原菌的感抗性与果实一致，即晋蜜梨果实愈伤组织也感褐腐病而抗轮纹病，以此系统来开展寄主对病原菌侵染生理防卫机制的研究在理论和技术上是可行的。
2．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织MDA含量和细胞相对电导率随侵染时间延长明显增加，且均以褐腐病菌侵染的组织上升速度和幅度显著大于轮纹病菌侵染的组织（P﹤0.05），说明褐腐病菌侵染的组织出现了更为严重的膜脂过氧化。轮纹病菌侵染后组织细胞保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性比褐腐病菌侵染的组织升高幅度大，持续时间长，这与其膜脂过氧化程度轻相一致。轮纹病菌侵染还诱导3种保护酶产生更多新的同工酶并大量表达。这些结果均表明细胞保护酶活性及同工酶变化与组织对2种致腐真菌的感抗性密切相关，是组织对病原菌侵染生理防卫的重要组成部分。
3．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨果实愈伤组织防御酶PPO、PAL、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势，但各个酶活性高峰峰值和出现的时间不同。轮纹病菌侵染的愈伤组织内酶活性升高速度快、上升幅度大,高活性维持的时间长，这与组织抗轮纹病表现相一致，说明防御酶系活性被诱导和加強应该是晋蜜梨愈伤组织易感褐腐病而抗轮纹病的防卫机理之一。
4．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织内IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA的含量出现了不同的变化，总体变化趋势为IAA和CTK含量升高，GA和ABA含量下降，这些变化在2种病原菌之间又有差异。轮纹病菌侵染早期组织IAA含量升高，尤其是在侵染36h时，与GA3含量同时达到一个含量高峰，ZR含量也高于对照，仅ABA含量降低；褐腐病菌侵染早期，IAA和ZR含量高于对照。至2种病原菌侵染后期，IAA和GA3变化都不明显，但ZR和ABA含量显著变化且在2种病原菌之间存在明显差异，轮纹病菌侵染的组织，ZR含量显著高于对照，ABA含量显著低于对照，褐腐病菌侵染的组织则正好相反。上述试验结果表明植物激素含量的变化与愈伤组织对2种病原菌的感抗性有密切关系，且各激素之间相互作用和影响，也许才是调控组织对病原菌侵染防卫过程的关键所在。
5．轮纹病菌和褐腐病菌侵染后，梨愈伤组织的可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势相似，均在侵染前期出现了一个上升高峰，后期则含量持续降低，以轮纹病菌侵染的组织可溶性蛋白含量始终高于接种褐腐病菌的组织。蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示，在轮纹病菌侵染中后期诱导产生了一条新的蛋白条带，并且其表达量随侵染时间逐渐增加，推测这个特异的蛋白可能是组织防卫基因表达产生的病程相关蛋白，在组织对轮纹病菌的抗病防卫中起重要作用。
6．对接菌后不同侵染时间的梨愈伤组织进行普通细胞学观察发现，组织内部侵染进程与表观变化相一致。进行DAPI特异性染色后观察发现，轮纹病菌侵染初期组织细胞核出现染色质的不均一，核质浓缩并有部分细胞核DNA发生断裂的现象。提取愈伤组织的DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳后发现，轮纹病菌侵染24h～48h时出现了较为明显的DNA Ladder现象，褐腐病菌侵染的组织均未发现上述现象。推测组织在防卫轮纹病菌侵染的过程中发生了细胞过敏性反应。
7．基于cDNA-SRAP技术，分析了褐腐病菌侵染过程中梨果实愈伤组织差异基因的表达。结果表明：由30个SRAP引物组合共扩增出457条带，其中差异回收条带数为16，最终获得5条差异基因表达条带。核酸序列同源性分析结果表明，有1条差异基因片段未搜索到任何同源蛋白；2条差异基因片段经序列比对，与苹果属的肉桂醇乙酰脱氢酶(CAD)同源性为96%；另2条差异基因片段分别与DNA结合蛋白(DBP)和寡肽转运蛋白(OPT)基因序列同源，其同源性为85%和78%，暂将这3个基因命名为PbCAD、PbDBP和PbOPT。荧光定量PCR结果表明，PbCAD基因在褐腐病菌侵染愈伤组织12和24h时相对表达量最高，为对照的2.94和2.66倍；PbOPT基因在褐腐病菌侵染愈伤组织12～36h时相对表达量明显升高，为对照的2.17～2.46倍，而其他时期表达量均与对照接近；PbDBP基因表达量在整个侵染时期均与对照接近。因此推测PbCAD和PbOPT基因可能是愈伤组织响应褐腐病菌侵染的相关防卫基因。
Plants have developed different adaptive mechanisms and defense responses to protectthemselves against disease, which are same with suffering other stress. The infected cells willgo through a series of responsive events related to plant resistance, including cells structuralchange，physiological and biochemical responses, necrosis and pathogen depression of planttissue and cells. It is very important to studying on the defense resistance mechanisms of thehost to pathogen infect for improve plant disease. The related studies have obtained muchtremendous accomplishments on the interactions of crops and pathogens，but far fromsufficient on that of fruits and pathogens.
In this study, callus, elicitation from Jinmi pear fruits, was used as materials to study thegeneration or accumulation of cell membrane meability, soluble sugar, malonadehyde (MDA),the defensive enzymes. The difference between susceptible and resistant of callus to fungiwas analyzed by the means of fluorescence microscopy，molecular cell biology and cellchemical，ete. The ultrastructural changes of cells during the infection process of two differentfungi on callus were observed. At the meantime，the function of defensive enzymes andisozyme in the defense response were discussed. The cell hypersensitive response (HR) in theprocess of the interaction of pear callus and pathogen was preliminarily studied by the meansof electron and fluorescence microscopy and DNA ladder in order to understand the defensemechanisms of host and pathogen from different angles.
The main results were as following:
1. The callus was inducted with mature jinmi pear. Through the subculture, the callusthat was yellow, uniform, half density, vigorous growth and increasing at the moderate speedwere selected as the materials for the study. Compared with the infection situation betweenpear callus and fruit after them been inoculated by Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp. piricola(BBP) and Monilinia fructigena Honcy (MFH), founding that the callus is same with the fruiton susceptible and resistant to the two kinds of pathogens, namely callus is susceptible to thebrown rot disease and resistant to the Pear ring rot disease.
2. MDA content, relative electrical conductivity and cells protective enzymes were determined in callus infected by BBP and MFH. The MDA content and cell membranepermeability were determined to describe the difference of callus infected by BBP and MFH.The results showed that there was similar trend of increasing relative conductivity rate andMDA content of the callus infected by two kinds of fungi, but the change was smaller inBBP-infected callus than that in MFH-infected callus. It showed bigger range of the changeson MFH-infected callus than on BBP-infected callus. In order to understand the role of cellsprotective enzymes, we analyzed the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase (CAT). The SOD、POD and CAT enzyme activity were higher inBBP-infected callus than in MFH-infected callus, and lasted for a long time in BBP-infectedcallus. THE more new isozymes were induced in BBP-infected callus. These results indicatethat there was a close relation between changes of enzyme activity and isozyme and callusresistance, it plays an important roal in defense mechanisms.
3. In order to understand the adaptability of pear callus to fungal pathogens, we analyzedthe activity of several defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase and β-1,3-glucan enzymes in callus inoculated by both BBPand MFH. This study mainly focuses on analyzing the relationship between the defenseenzyme activity and their roles in disease resistance at the cell level. Within120h afterinoculation, the activities of PPO, PAL, chitinase and β-1,3-glucan enzymes showed similartrend, increasing at first and followed by a decreasing. The peak value appeared in differenttime for each kind of enzyme, but the enzyme activity peaks were always higher inBBP-infected callus than that in MFH-infected callus. So it showed that defensive enzymesshould play an important role in the physiological defense mechanism to the fungi infectionand there is a positive correlation between the changes of the defensive enzymes and theresistance.
4. The content of IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA changed differently after pear callus beeninoculated by both BBP and MFH. The tendency of change was the content of IAA and CTKincreased, but the content of GA and ABA declined. The IAA content increased in the BBPearly infection, especially in36h after inoculation, it reached a peak together with the GAcontent. The ZR content is also higher than control at the same time but the ABA contentdeclined. Compared with the control, the content of IAA and ZR increased in the early time ofMFH infection. The content of ZR and ABA changed significantly between two pathogens,but the content of IAA and GA3did not changed. The ZR content was significantly higherthan control but ABA content was lower than control in BBP-infected callus, and this wascontrasted with MFH-infected callus. It was suggested that the changes of plant hormonecontent were related to plant resistance, and there was a significant correlations and coordination between these hormones in plant defense response.
5. There was a similar trend on change of soluble protein content after infections of twofungi, and appeared a rising peak in the early infection and the content reduced in the latetime. The soluble protein content was always higher in BBP-infected callus than inMFH-infected callus. SDS-PAGE protein electrophoresis results show that, a new protein wasinduced by BBP infection, and the expression of it increased with infection time gradually. Itinfers that the specific protein may be a PR and it plays an important role in the defensemechanisms.
6. In different time after pear callus was inoculated by both BBP and MFH, nucleus weredyed by DAPI and observed under fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that somenucleus of BBP-infected callus was uneven and shrunken in chromatin24hours afterinoculation， which was stick or half-moon in shape， whereas most nucleus wereapproximately round. Most nucleuses of callus cells become abnormal48h after inoculation.In the cells of MFH-infected callus48h after inoculation，intercellular hyphae was found andmore branched at72h with vacuolar neighbor cells without evident chromatin condensation.DNA extracted from bark tissue by1.6%agarose-gel electrophoresis indicated there wereevident DNA ladder at24h after inoculation by BBP，but no the same phenomenece inMFH-infected callus and no systematic HR in it. There was tailed DNA in both callus inInfection later，which was thought as a necrosis by cytology results.
7. In order to clone defence-related genes during infection process, in vitro systems basedon pear callus infected by M. fructicola were constructed and gene expression levels werecharacterized by cDNA-SRAP (cDNA sequence-related amplified polymorphism) at differenttime point (control,12,24,36,48and60h). We observed that457fragments were amplifiedfrom30SRAP primer groups, out of which16fragments (3.5%of the total) weredifferentially expressed in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) detection. Those16fragments were re-amplified for strip recovery by agarose gel electrophoresis. Only five weresuccessfully recovered and subsequently sequenced. Sequence homology analysis of thosefragments by Blastn showed that: one had no homology to any known sequences in the NCBIdata base; two of them are of identical sequence; the three different sequences were of highsimilarity to cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), DNA binding-protein (DBP) andoligopeptide transporter protein (OPT), with the identity being about96%,85%and78%,respectively. They were hence named as PbDBP, PbOPT and PbCAT. Differential expressionpatterns of PbDBP, PbOPT and PbCAT were observed at different time points (0-60h) usingqRT-PCR. Calli were co-cultured with M. fructicola for12–24h, PbCAD expression levelwas2.94–2.66-fold higher than the control. The higher expression levels of PbOPT gene was observed after co-cultured with M. fructicola for12–36h, they were2.46-,2.17-, and2.34-fold higher than the control, respectively. However, there were no significant higherexpression levels detected for PbDBP at all infected period. These results suggested thatPbCAD and PbOPT could be defence-related genes during the process of brown rot infectionin pear fruit callus.
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