福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发研究
|
摘要
随着经济的迅猛发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,现代旅游者不再满足于以“文化旅游”为主题的观光性旅游产品,他们追求的是“亲历”,希望的是“在场”,喜欢的是“体验”。而文化旅游作为一种追求高层次的精神追求和审美感受,符合他们的需求,故受到现代旅游者的追捧。
妈祖文化作为一种世界性的文化现象,是最有影响力的民间信仰,其信众遍布全球。妈祖文化对维护世界和平,促进国家和平统一及增强民族凝聚力和向心力有巨大的促进作用。目前,福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发虽具成效,但仅限于朝圣旅游和学术考察旅游,并未能真正地、全面地展现妈祖文化的魅力所在,故如何深入挖掘妈祖文化内涵,展现妈祖文化的风采,打造妈祖文化旅游精品品牌,促进莆田市旅游业乃至福建省旅游业的发展,成为本文研究的重点。
本文通过对妈祖文化的相关研究进行综述,并在可持续发展理论、文化线路理论、顾客满意度理论、社区利益相关者理论及文化生态理论等的指导下,根据科学性原则、特色性原则、创新性原则、可持续性原则、主题性原则及综合性原则,以深入的市场调查资料为基础,分析了湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发的资源特征、开发现状及目标客源市场特征,运用SwOT分析法分析了妈祖文化旅游开发的发展态势。在此基础上总结了湄洲岛开发存在的问题,并在论文的最后提出了针对性的对策和建议。
本文通过研究得出以下主要结论：
(1)妈祖文化旅游资源类型较丰富,数量较多,等级较高,具有开发妈祖文化旅游的优越性,对发展湄洲岛旅游业乃至莆田市旅游业意义重大。
(2)福建省湄洲岛客源市场主要为中青年,文化程度较高,收入水平处于中等水平,潜在消费能力较高,主要来源于福建省莆田市,停留时间短,主要为一日游游客,但重游意愿较高。
(3)福建省湄洲岛的开发现状存在对妈祖文化旅游资源认识不清；活动单调,参与性差；旅游商品缺乏特色,季节性明显；经营管理体制不合理,从业人员素质较低；金融服务机构的缺乏等问题。
(4)针对问题提出了福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发的建议和对策：加强区域旅游合作,打造旅游精品；规划设计湄洲岛娱乐活动,延长游客逗留时间；研发生产特色精美的旅游纪念品；治理环境,营造优美、和谐、友好的旅游与朝圣氛围；加强人才培养；协调利益相关者的关系,营造和谐旅游社区环境；完善管理体制,加强旅游市场管理等。
(5)构建了福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游产品谱系表,共5大旅游产品系列,即朝圣旅游系列产品、修学旅游系列产品、民俗风情旅游系列产品、滨海度假旅游系列产品和综合旅游系列产品,9种产品类型。
本文的创新之处主要表现在：
(1)本文在前人对妈祖文化和妈祖文化旅游研究的基础上,借鉴了文化旅游的概念,结合自身的理解,对妈祖文化旅游的概念进行了界定。
(2)本文分析了福建省湄洲岛旅游资源的赋存状况,并对其资源类型进行评价。
(3)本文运用文化路线理论指导妈祖文化旅游开发,这在文化旅游开发方面尚属少见。
With the rapid development of economy and people life level, modern tourists are not satisfied with sightseeing tourism products with cultural tourism theme.They pursue to be present and like experience. Cultural tourism as a high level spiritual and aesthetic standard is up to their mustard. So it is very popular with modern tourists.
Mazu culture as a global cultural phenomenon is the most influential folk belief. Her believers are spread all over the world. Mazu culture will safeguard the world peace, promote our country's peace and reunion,enhance national cohesive force At present, development of Mazu cultural tourism has achieved some achievements,but only limited in pilgrimage tourism and academic study tourism.The two form of Mazu cultural tourism don't show the real Mazu culture. So how to excavate the connotation of Mazu culture,exhibit the elegant demeanour of Mazu culture,explore Mazu competitive tourist products and stimulate the development of tourist industry of Putian city,even Fujian province.These are the key point of the thesis.
Through elaborating the research results of Mazu culture,under the director of the sustainable development theory,cultural route theory,customer satisfaction theory,stakeholder theory and culture ecology theory,according to scientific,characteristic,innovative,sustainable,theme and synthetic principle,based on the embed market research,the resources,current situation of Mazu culture tourism and target market are analysed.Then by the SWOT analytic method,the current development situation is presented.At the end, the writer summarizes the main problems of the development of Mazu culture tourism and puts forward some pertinent suggestions.
Through the study of Mazu culture,the main conclusions as follows:
(1) The abundance and high level of Mazu cultural tourism resource are showed,there are some advantageous of developing cultural tourism products in Meizou island,Fujian province.it's very important to develop Meizhou island tourist industry,even to Putian city.
(2) The most tourists of Meizhou island,Fujian province are young and mid-age.The civilization level is higher, the income is moderate.lt indicate that their standards of consumption is very strong.They main come from Putian city,Fujian province.The residence time is very short.Most of them are one-day tourists,but the revisit intention is strong.
(3) The main problems in the process of the development of Mazu culture tourism are:the activities are humdrum and lack of attraction;the tourist products are lack of distinguishing feature and low quantity;seasonal difference of tourism is great;the system of management is unreasoned,the quality of tourist practicers is a little low;Mazhou island doesn't have any bank,it's disadvantageous to invest.
(4) Aimed to solve these main problems,the writer puts forward some concrete countermeasures:to strengthen the regional tourism joint to model competitive tourist products;to project tourist activities to prolong the residence time of tourists;to study and explore special tourist souvenir to stimulate the intention of consume of tourists;to improve environment and construct graceful,harmonious and friendly tourist and pilgrimage atmosphere;to complete the management system and strengthen market management;to strengthen personnel training, to coordinate the relationship among the stakeholders and construct the harmonious community.
(5) Construct the product spectrum of Meizhou island,Fujian province.It contains five series and nine product types.The series are pilgrimage tourist product series,study tourist series,folk custom product series.coastal vacation tourist product series and synthetical tourist product series.
The innovation of the thesis:
(1) Based on the study Mazu culture and Mazu culture tourism, mirrored the concept of cultural tourism,and linked with my own understand, the writer puts forward the concept of Mazu culture tourism.
(2) Tourism resource are analysed and evaluated their fundamental type of tourism resource.
(3) The thesis use the cultural route theory to study the development of Mazu culture tourist products.It is very rarely in the development of cultural development.
妈祖文化作为一种世界性的文化现象,是最有影响力的民间信仰,其信众遍布全球。妈祖文化对维护世界和平,促进国家和平统一及增强民族凝聚力和向心力有巨大的促进作用。目前,福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发虽具成效,但仅限于朝圣旅游和学术考察旅游,并未能真正地、全面地展现妈祖文化的魅力所在,故如何深入挖掘妈祖文化内涵,展现妈祖文化的风采,打造妈祖文化旅游精品品牌,促进莆田市旅游业乃至福建省旅游业的发展,成为本文研究的重点。
本文通过对妈祖文化的相关研究进行综述,并在可持续发展理论、文化线路理论、顾客满意度理论、社区利益相关者理论及文化生态理论等的指导下,根据科学性原则、特色性原则、创新性原则、可持续性原则、主题性原则及综合性原则,以深入的市场调查资料为基础,分析了湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发的资源特征、开发现状及目标客源市场特征,运用SwOT分析法分析了妈祖文化旅游开发的发展态势。在此基础上总结了湄洲岛开发存在的问题,并在论文的最后提出了针对性的对策和建议。
本文通过研究得出以下主要结论：
(1)妈祖文化旅游资源类型较丰富,数量较多,等级较高,具有开发妈祖文化旅游的优越性,对发展湄洲岛旅游业乃至莆田市旅游业意义重大。
(2)福建省湄洲岛客源市场主要为中青年,文化程度较高,收入水平处于中等水平,潜在消费能力较高,主要来源于福建省莆田市,停留时间短,主要为一日游游客,但重游意愿较高。
(3)福建省湄洲岛的开发现状存在对妈祖文化旅游资源认识不清；活动单调,参与性差；旅游商品缺乏特色,季节性明显；经营管理体制不合理,从业人员素质较低；金融服务机构的缺乏等问题。
(4)针对问题提出了福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游开发的建议和对策：加强区域旅游合作,打造旅游精品；规划设计湄洲岛娱乐活动,延长游客逗留时间；研发生产特色精美的旅游纪念品；治理环境,营造优美、和谐、友好的旅游与朝圣氛围；加强人才培养；协调利益相关者的关系,营造和谐旅游社区环境；完善管理体制,加强旅游市场管理等。
(5)构建了福建省湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游产品谱系表,共5大旅游产品系列,即朝圣旅游系列产品、修学旅游系列产品、民俗风情旅游系列产品、滨海度假旅游系列产品和综合旅游系列产品,9种产品类型。
本文的创新之处主要表现在：
(1)本文在前人对妈祖文化和妈祖文化旅游研究的基础上,借鉴了文化旅游的概念,结合自身的理解,对妈祖文化旅游的概念进行了界定。
(2)本文分析了福建省湄洲岛旅游资源的赋存状况,并对其资源类型进行评价。
(3)本文运用文化路线理论指导妈祖文化旅游开发,这在文化旅游开发方面尚属少见。
With the rapid development of economy and people life level, modern tourists are not satisfied with sightseeing tourism products with cultural tourism theme.They pursue to be present and like experience. Cultural tourism as a high level spiritual and aesthetic standard is up to their mustard. So it is very popular with modern tourists.
Mazu culture as a global cultural phenomenon is the most influential folk belief. Her believers are spread all over the world. Mazu culture will safeguard the world peace, promote our country's peace and reunion,enhance national cohesive force At present, development of Mazu cultural tourism has achieved some achievements,but only limited in pilgrimage tourism and academic study tourism.The two form of Mazu cultural tourism don't show the real Mazu culture. So how to excavate the connotation of Mazu culture,exhibit the elegant demeanour of Mazu culture,explore Mazu competitive tourist products and stimulate the development of tourist industry of Putian city,even Fujian province.These are the key point of the thesis.
Through elaborating the research results of Mazu culture,under the director of the sustainable development theory,cultural route theory,customer satisfaction theory,stakeholder theory and culture ecology theory,according to scientific,characteristic,innovative,sustainable,theme and synthetic principle,based on the embed market research,the resources,current situation of Mazu culture tourism and target market are analysed.Then by the SWOT analytic method,the current development situation is presented.At the end, the writer summarizes the main problems of the development of Mazu culture tourism and puts forward some pertinent suggestions.
Through the study of Mazu culture,the main conclusions as follows:
(1) The abundance and high level of Mazu cultural tourism resource are showed,there are some advantageous of developing cultural tourism products in Meizou island,Fujian province.it's very important to develop Meizhou island tourist industry,even to Putian city.
(2) The most tourists of Meizhou island,Fujian province are young and mid-age.The civilization level is higher, the income is moderate.lt indicate that their standards of consumption is very strong.They main come from Putian city,Fujian province.The residence time is very short.Most of them are one-day tourists,but the revisit intention is strong.
(3) The main problems in the process of the development of Mazu culture tourism are:the activities are humdrum and lack of attraction;the tourist products are lack of distinguishing feature and low quantity;seasonal difference of tourism is great;the system of management is unreasoned,the quality of tourist practicers is a little low;Mazhou island doesn't have any bank,it's disadvantageous to invest.
(4) Aimed to solve these main problems,the writer puts forward some concrete countermeasures:to strengthen the regional tourism joint to model competitive tourist products;to project tourist activities to prolong the residence time of tourists;to study and explore special tourist souvenir to stimulate the intention of consume of tourists;to improve environment and construct graceful,harmonious and friendly tourist and pilgrimage atmosphere;to complete the management system and strengthen market management;to strengthen personnel training, to coordinate the relationship among the stakeholders and construct the harmonious community.
(5) Construct the product spectrum of Meizhou island,Fujian province.It contains five series and nine product types.The series are pilgrimage tourist product series,study tourist series,folk custom product series.coastal vacation tourist product series and synthetical tourist product series.
The innovation of the thesis:
(1) Based on the study Mazu culture and Mazu culture tourism, mirrored the concept of cultural tourism,and linked with my own understand, the writer puts forward the concept of Mazu culture tourism.
(2) Tourism resource are analysed and evaluated their fundamental type of tourism resource.
(3) The thesis use the cultural route theory to study the development of Mazu culture tourist products.It is very rarely in the development of cultural development.
引文
[1]蒋维锬.妈祖文化热的再认识[J].东南学术,2004：224-227.
[2]薛薇.SPSS统计分析方法及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[3]朱宪章.妈祖和妈祖文化[J].中外文化交流,1993,04：40-41.
[4]涂敏.浅谈妈祖文化.中国海洋学会2007学术年会论文集[C],2007：479-482.
[5]王连弟.妈祖文化中的人文关怀取向[J].闽江学院学报,2007,06：28-20.
[6]李迺涛.漫谈妈祖文化的起源及影响[J].理论界,2009,12：151-152.
[7]吴珊珊.论妈祖文化精神[J].东南学术,1999,06：56-59.
[8]林新媚.妈祖文化的社会功能及现代化意义[J].厦门理工学院学报,2007,09：84-87.
[9]黄文格.综述妈祖文化的形成和发展趋势[J].大众文艺(理论),2008,10：133-137.
[10]赵新社.河洛文化与妈祖文化[J].统一论坛.2006,01：55-56.
[11]祈新华.茶文化与妈祖文化之渊源[J].农业考古.1997,04：21-22.
[12]蔡庆发.妈祖文化与闽台文化[C],2006：431-437.
[13]程元郎.试论集邮文化与妈祖文化的结合[J].莆田学院学报,2007,06：89-92.
[14]黎国器.试谈冼夫人文化与妈祖文化[J].岭南文史,2002,01：11-15.
[15]王苧萱.“回娘家”：台湾—湄洲岛妈祖文化交流浅析[J].消费导刊·文化研究,2009,12：223-224.
[16]张帆,黄育聪.发挥妈祖文化精神,促进闽台两岸文化产业对接[J].福建省社会主义学院学报,2009,03：45-48.
[17]王秀华,妈祖文化与海峡两岸民间信仰[J].经济与社会发展,2001,08：70-78.
[18]俞敏.妈祖文化与两岸关系[J].南京社会科学,2001,08：70-78.
[19]蔡泰山.妈祖文化与两岸关系发展之研究[D].厦门：厦门大学,2004.
[20]张进财.妈祖文化与闽台交流[J].两岸关系,2009,07：53-56.
[21]梁金枝.发挥妈祖文化优势,把湄洲岛开辟为两岸交流合作的“自由岛”[J].集体经济·文化产业,2009,11：153-154.
[22]陈赵阳.妈祖文化：海峡两岸经济区建设的文化资源[J].厦门理工学院学报,2007,12：7-10.
[23]陈赵阳.妈祖文化：海峡两岸经济区建设的优势资源[J].福州党校学报,2007,02：77-80.
[24]陈赵阳.妈祖文化—海峡两岸经济区建设的优势资源[J].两岸关系,2007,04：22-23.
[25]谢重光.妈祖文化：建构东亚共同体的重要精神资源[J].中共福建省党校学报,2004,02：47-51.
[26]俞黎媛,彭文宇.妈祖文化的精神内核和海峡两岸经济区建设[J].莆田学院学报,2007,02：94-97.
[27]景秀艳,吴金林.论福建省妈祖文化旅游资源的开发[J].福建地理,1999,06：49-53.
[28]胡荔香.试论闽台地区妈祖信仰文化旅游资源开发[J].亚太经济·旅游经济,2003,03：76-78.
[29]林长榕.妈祖文化联结两岸旅游[J].港澳台视窗,2001,08：18-21.
[30]蔡加珍.湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游产品生命周期演变分析与对策研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2006,05：59-65.
[31]蔡加珍.旅游产品生命周期理论视野下湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游资源开发研究[D],泉州：华侨大学,2005.
[32]王瑜.区域旅游发展理论视角下的妈祖文化旅游资源开发研究[J].世界地理研究,2006,09：107-111.
[33]江金波.全球眼界下妈祖文化旅游发展新思路[J].热带地理,2007,27：175-178.
[34]陈淑媛,黄育聪.创意文化产业：妈祖文化资源开发与利用的方向[J].莆田学院学报,2007,14：84-89.
[35]黄秀琳.宗教文化旅游产品体系的构建与开发——以莆田妈祖文化为例[J].莆田学院学报,2006,06：82-85.
[36]黄秀琳.基于科学发展观的视觉审视妈祖文化旅游的发展[J].中国集体经济·文化产业,2008,06：143-144.
[37]黄秀琳,林剑华.妈祖文化在福建旅游业中的价值[J].莆田学院学报,2005,08：87-90.
[38]黄秀琳.莆台妈祖文化旅游交往30年回顾与发展思路[J].莆田学院报,2009,12：83-86.
[39]黄育馥.20世纪兴起的跨学科研究领域——文化生态学[J].国外社会科学,1996,06：19-25
[40]CIIC.3rd DraftAnnotated Revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Madrid, Spain,2003.
[41]徐菊凤.旅游文化与文化旅游：理论与实践的若干问题.旅游学刊,2005.04：67-72.
[42]孟华.主题：旅游产品创新的切入点[J].泰安师专学报,2001,23(5)：52-54.
[43]袁成.论文化旅游产品的开发对策[J].经济师,2004,5：138-139.
[44]邹统钎.旅游景区开发与管理[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[45]张晓平,李伟.旅游人类学[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2008.
[46]徐学书.旅游资源保护与开发[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005.
[47]郑耀星,储德平.区域旅游规划、开发与管理[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004.
[48]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[49]李伟.旅游文化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[50]谢元鲁.旅游文化学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007.
[51]湄洲岛(福建)11月1日电.妈祖信仰正式定为妈祖文化[N].光明日报,2004-11-3
[52]林国平,彭文宇·福建民间信仰[M].福州：福建人民出版社,1991.
[53]蒋维锬.妈祖文献资料[M].福州：福建人民出版社,1990.
[54]郑晴云.论旅游的精神文化本质.民族旅游的人类学透视[M].昆明：云南大学出版社,2005.
[55]百度百科.湄洲岛[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/85181.htm?fr=ala0_1_1
[56]Yeh(Sam)ShihShuo,ChrisRyan,Ge(Maggie)Liu. Taoism,temples and tourists:The case of Mazu pilgrimage tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2008:1-8.
[57]Ted Silberberg. Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(5):361-365.
[58]Antonia Besculides,Martha ELee and Peter JMcCormick. Residents'perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(2):303-319.
[2]薛薇.SPSS统计分析方法及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[3]朱宪章.妈祖和妈祖文化[J].中外文化交流,1993,04：40-41.
[4]涂敏.浅谈妈祖文化.中国海洋学会2007学术年会论文集[C],2007：479-482.
[5]王连弟.妈祖文化中的人文关怀取向[J].闽江学院学报,2007,06：28-20.
[6]李迺涛.漫谈妈祖文化的起源及影响[J].理论界,2009,12：151-152.
[7]吴珊珊.论妈祖文化精神[J].东南学术,1999,06：56-59.
[8]林新媚.妈祖文化的社会功能及现代化意义[J].厦门理工学院学报,2007,09：84-87.
[9]黄文格.综述妈祖文化的形成和发展趋势[J].大众文艺(理论),2008,10：133-137.
[10]赵新社.河洛文化与妈祖文化[J].统一论坛.2006,01：55-56.
[11]祈新华.茶文化与妈祖文化之渊源[J].农业考古.1997,04：21-22.
[12]蔡庆发.妈祖文化与闽台文化[C],2006：431-437.
[13]程元郎.试论集邮文化与妈祖文化的结合[J].莆田学院学报,2007,06：89-92.
[14]黎国器.试谈冼夫人文化与妈祖文化[J].岭南文史,2002,01：11-15.
[15]王苧萱.“回娘家”：台湾—湄洲岛妈祖文化交流浅析[J].消费导刊·文化研究,2009,12：223-224.
[16]张帆,黄育聪.发挥妈祖文化精神,促进闽台两岸文化产业对接[J].福建省社会主义学院学报,2009,03：45-48.
[17]王秀华,妈祖文化与海峡两岸民间信仰[J].经济与社会发展,2001,08：70-78.
[18]俞敏.妈祖文化与两岸关系[J].南京社会科学,2001,08：70-78.
[19]蔡泰山.妈祖文化与两岸关系发展之研究[D].厦门：厦门大学,2004.
[20]张进财.妈祖文化与闽台交流[J].两岸关系,2009,07：53-56.
[21]梁金枝.发挥妈祖文化优势,把湄洲岛开辟为两岸交流合作的“自由岛”[J].集体经济·文化产业,2009,11：153-154.
[22]陈赵阳.妈祖文化：海峡两岸经济区建设的文化资源[J].厦门理工学院学报,2007,12：7-10.
[23]陈赵阳.妈祖文化：海峡两岸经济区建设的优势资源[J].福州党校学报,2007,02：77-80.
[24]陈赵阳.妈祖文化—海峡两岸经济区建设的优势资源[J].两岸关系,2007,04：22-23.
[25]谢重光.妈祖文化：建构东亚共同体的重要精神资源[J].中共福建省党校学报,2004,02：47-51.
[26]俞黎媛,彭文宇.妈祖文化的精神内核和海峡两岸经济区建设[J].莆田学院学报,2007,02：94-97.
[27]景秀艳,吴金林.论福建省妈祖文化旅游资源的开发[J].福建地理,1999,06：49-53.
[28]胡荔香.试论闽台地区妈祖信仰文化旅游资源开发[J].亚太经济·旅游经济,2003,03：76-78.
[29]林长榕.妈祖文化联结两岸旅游[J].港澳台视窗,2001,08：18-21.
[30]蔡加珍.湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游产品生命周期演变分析与对策研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2006,05：59-65.
[31]蔡加珍.旅游产品生命周期理论视野下湄洲岛妈祖文化旅游资源开发研究[D],泉州：华侨大学,2005.
[32]王瑜.区域旅游发展理论视角下的妈祖文化旅游资源开发研究[J].世界地理研究,2006,09：107-111.
[33]江金波.全球眼界下妈祖文化旅游发展新思路[J].热带地理,2007,27：175-178.
[34]陈淑媛,黄育聪.创意文化产业：妈祖文化资源开发与利用的方向[J].莆田学院学报,2007,14：84-89.
[35]黄秀琳.宗教文化旅游产品体系的构建与开发——以莆田妈祖文化为例[J].莆田学院学报,2006,06：82-85.
[36]黄秀琳.基于科学发展观的视觉审视妈祖文化旅游的发展[J].中国集体经济·文化产业,2008,06：143-144.
[37]黄秀琳,林剑华.妈祖文化在福建旅游业中的价值[J].莆田学院学报,2005,08：87-90.
[38]黄秀琳.莆台妈祖文化旅游交往30年回顾与发展思路[J].莆田学院报,2009,12：83-86.
[39]黄育馥.20世纪兴起的跨学科研究领域——文化生态学[J].国外社会科学,1996,06：19-25
[40]CIIC.3rd DraftAnnotated Revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Madrid, Spain,2003.
[41]徐菊凤.旅游文化与文化旅游：理论与实践的若干问题.旅游学刊,2005.04：67-72.
[42]孟华.主题：旅游产品创新的切入点[J].泰安师专学报,2001,23(5)：52-54.
[43]袁成.论文化旅游产品的开发对策[J].经济师,2004,5：138-139.
[44]邹统钎.旅游景区开发与管理[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[45]张晓平,李伟.旅游人类学[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2008.
[46]徐学书.旅游资源保护与开发[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2005.
[47]郑耀星,储德平.区域旅游规划、开发与管理[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2004.
[48]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[49]李伟.旅游文化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[50]谢元鲁.旅游文化学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007.
[51]湄洲岛(福建)11月1日电.妈祖信仰正式定为妈祖文化[N].光明日报,2004-11-3
[52]林国平,彭文宇·福建民间信仰[M].福州：福建人民出版社,1991.
[53]蒋维锬.妈祖文献资料[M].福州：福建人民出版社,1990.
[54]郑晴云.论旅游的精神文化本质.民族旅游的人类学透视[M].昆明：云南大学出版社,2005.
[55]百度百科.湄洲岛[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/85181.htm?fr=ala0_1_1
[56]Yeh(Sam)ShihShuo,ChrisRyan,Ge(Maggie)Liu. Taoism,temples and tourists:The case of Mazu pilgrimage tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2008:1-8.
[57]Ted Silberberg. Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(5):361-365.
[58]Antonia Besculides,Martha ELee and Peter JMcCormick. Residents'perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(2):303-319.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |