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我国生猪生产波动与预警调控
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摘要
生猪是我国重要的大宗农产品之一,也是最主要的“菜篮子”产品。近年来生猪生产和价格波动剧烈,对经济社会的平稳健康发展造成一定的影响。本研究拟对生猪价格和生产的波动及其影响因素进行分析,并尝试建立生猪生产景气指数系统,对生产和价格的波动进行综合景气预警;同时对我国生猪生产的预警调控措施进行评价,提出进一步完善生猪生产预警调控体系的政策建议。
     生猪价格波动是市场经济条件下的正常现象,但与美国相比,我国生猪价格波动偏大,且呈现明显的周期性和季节性。生猪价格波动是供给需求矛盾的集中反映。从长期看,人口的刚性增长、居民收入的增加相对稳定,生猪出栏的变化是导致生猪价格大幅度波动的主要因素。而在短期内,由于养殖场户市场谈判力量较弱,除生产因素外,节假日需求季节变化和由饲料价格变化所导致的成本变化是生猪价格波动的主要因素。顺应市场需求变化,及时跟踪生产的变化是调控生猪价格的基本前提。
     近30年我国生猪生产发展经历了起步阶段、全面发展阶段、结构调整阶段、转型升级阶段等几个阶段,规模养殖水平不断提升,区域格局上呈现由华东向华中和华南转移的态势,饲养成本上升趋势也较为明显。伴随着生猪生产的发展,我国生猪生产的品种变化很大,目前主流品种已与国外先进发达国家接轨。但由于我国生猪生产主体众多、生产方式各不相同,导致生产计划调整的随意性,猪群周转规律性较差,进一步放大了市场价格波动,这是我国生猪产业波动频繁的内在原因。在不同规模的养殖场户中,散养户和大型规模养殖场户的生产波动较大,对生猪生产总体波动的影响也较大,养殖场户在决定生猪出栏数量时,对生产和价格因素最为敏感,且决策行为具有明显的滞后性;而小型规模养殖场户和中等规模养殖场户的生产波动相对较小,这为我国现阶段支持发展适度规模养猪提供了可靠数据支撑。
     生猪生产景气指数可以综合反映生猪生产和价格的变化趋势,根据生猪价格和生产波动相互影响的规律进行预警发现,景气预警指数具有2-6个月的先行性,明显优于单一的猪粮比价预警方式。2009年以来,我国生猪生产景气呈现先升后降的运行态势,目前景气预警指数虽仍处于“绿灯”区间,但应密切关注下一步走势。
     2007年以来,国家出台了一系列生猪生产宏观调控措施,但分析结果显示,政策效果呈现下降的态势。建议进一步加大国家财政支持力度,建立健全政府公共信息服务平台,加强信息监测预警;完善生猪调控预案的响应措施,建立国家生猪产业调控基金;强化生猪疫病防控,支持适度规模养殖发展,加快产业化发展步伐,探索建立生猪期货或远期交易制度,以降低生产过程中的不确定性,缓解生产的波动幅度。
The pig is an important staple agricultural product and one of the most important products of theFood Basket Program. In recent years, the acute fluctuation of pig production and price has showedcertain influence on the stable and healthy development of economy and society. In the study, China'spig price and production fluctuation and the influencing factors were analyzed, and the pig productionclimate index system was established for early warning of pig production and price fluctuation, and thecontrol measures of pig production in China were also evaluated to propose the policy recommendationsfor further improving the early warning control system of the pig industry.
     Although pig price fluctuation was a normal phenomenon under market economy conditions,compared with America, the fluctuation of China’s pig price was more violent and showed significantseasonal and cyclical. Pig price fluctuations were the result of periodic imbalance between supply anddemand. From a long-term perspective, for the rigid increase of population, and relatively stableincreases of income, change in pig crop was the main factor for fluctuation of pig price. While in theshort term, because of farmer weakness in market bargaining power, in addition to the productionfactors, demand changes for seasonal changes and holiday as well as the cost changes resulted from thefeed price change were the main factors for the fluctuations in the price of pigs. Adaptation to thechanges in market demand and timely monitoring of production were the basic premise to control thepig price.
     In recent30years, China’s pig production experienced4stages, e.g., initial development stage,comprehensive development stage, structural adjustment stage and upgrading stage. As the scaleproduction level increasing, the pig production region has transferred from Eastern China to CentralChina and Southern China and the feed cost was significantly increased. As the development of China’spig production, the breed of China’s pig production has experienced significant changes and the currentmainstream breed has kept consistence with the foreign advanced breed. But for vast pig producersresulted in different production ways, the randomness of production planning adjustment and poorregularity of pig’s turnover further enlarged the market price fluctuations and it was the internal cause offrequent fluctuation of pig industry in China. Among different-scale farm households, the pig croppingfluctuations of backyard farmers and large-scale farm households contributed more to the overallfluctuations of China’s pig cropping rate and showed impact on increasing fluctuations. Thedetermining the pig crops number by the producer was sensitive to production and price, and thedecision activities showed significant characters of behind-time. The small-scale and medium-scalefarm households contributed less to the fluctuations, which provided reliable data support for thedevelopment of appropriate scale pig production.
     The pig production climate index could comprehensively reflect the change trend of China’s pigproduction and price. According to the interactive effects between pig price and production fluctuation,the peaks and troughs were2-6months in advance and significantly superior to the early warning only by ratio between the pig price and feed price. Since2009, China’s pig production climate index showedthe boom-downward trend and while currently the early warning index is in the "green light" interval,the future trend should be paid close attention.
     Since2007, China’s government had issued a series of macro-control measures for pig production,but the results indicated that the policy effect showed a downward trend. Finally, the suggestions wereproposed, e.g., increase the national financial support, establish and improve the government publicinformation service platform, strengthen the information monitoring and early warning, improve theresponse measures of pig control plan, establish national pig industry regulation fund, strengthen pigsdisease prevention and control, support the moderate scale pig production development, speed up thepace of pig industry development, and explore the establishment of hog futures or long-term tradingsystem for reducing the uncertainty in the producing process and alleviating the production fluctuation.
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