定向拉伸工艺增韧有机玻璃若干力学问题的实验研究
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摘要
定向拉伸工艺增韧有机玻璃凭借其优良的力学性能和高透光率广泛应用于航空领域。近年来由于飞机座舱盖定向有机玻璃部件断裂破坏事故屡次发生,以及新型高性能飞机对其力学性能提出了更高要求,使得定向有机玻璃材料的力学性能逐渐得到研究人员的重视。由于定向有机玻璃的分子链变为有序的定向排列,故其综合力学性能与非定向有机玻璃相比得到了极大的改善,力学性能的改善程度与其聚集态结构有关。而聚集态结构的测试非常困难,影响了对定向有机玻璃力学性能的研究。本文主要测试定向有机玻璃的双折射效应,通过双折射效应反映其聚集态结构,以此对各向异性力学性能、层间强度、疲劳断裂性能以及残余应力这几个关键力学问题进行分析研究。
本文通过对双折射效应的测试实现了定向有机玻璃拉伸度的定量测量,并建立了双折射效应的相位差、拉伸度以及弹性模量之间关系的数学模型。根据测得的不同方向的拉伸程度建立横观各向同性的力学模型,以此对各向异性断裂力学性能进行研究,得出取向方向力学性能增强,而与取向垂直方向力学性能相对薄弱;对厚度方向不同层面拉伸均匀度进行测试,以此对层间强度进行研究,得出层间强度薄弱,容易产生层间开裂等重要结论。
本文提出了运用频闪法结合数字图像频域相关分析法进行疲劳性能测试,此方法能够将动态过程转化为准静态过程,以此研究疲劳性能。运用此方法对带应力集中缺口的单层和层合定向有机玻璃的疲劳断裂问题进行研究,得出层合定向有机玻璃能够改善定向有机玻璃疲劳断裂力学性能。
数字相移光弹性法提高了应力测试的灵敏度,对于双折射效应不敏感的有机玻璃材料可根据灰度变化进行应力测试。本文对数字相移光弹性法等倾角相位不连续问题进行分析研究,并运用此方法对残余应力进行测试。通过对加工工艺应力测试结果进行分析得出加工工艺应力是进给速度、转速、钻孔直径以及装卡方式共同作用的结果,并提出了一系列减小加工工艺应力和提高加工质量的方法;根据环境应力的测试结果建立了合理的边界应力数学模型,分析出边界应力主要受湿度影响,其分布规律为由边界向内部逐渐减小。
Directional PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) toughened by stretching process with excellent mechanical properties and high transmittance is widely used in aviation. The mechanical properties of directional PMMA have received considerable attentions due to the fracture of aircraft canopy and requirements of high-performance aircraft. Molecular chain arrangement of directional PMMA is ordered and oriented, so mechanical properties of directional PMMA are improved greatly compared with PMMA. And the improvement of mechanical properties is relative with the aggregation structure. However, as the test of aggregation structure is very difficult, the study of mechanical properties for directional PMMA is influenced. In the paper the internal stress information of directional PMMA, which reflects the aggregation structure, is measured by the birefringence effect. According to the aggregation structure the anisotropic mechanical properties, interlamination strength, fatigue fracture properties and residual stress of directional PMMA are analyzed.
The quantitative measurement of uniformity of percentage of stretch for biaxial directional PMMA is implemented. The mathematical models reflecting the relationship of phase difference, percentage of stretch and elastic modulus are established. According to the percentage of stretch of different directions transversely isotropic mechanical model is established. Based on the anisotropic mechanical model, the experimental method is applied to analyze the anisotropic fracture mechanical properties. The conclusion is that along the direction of directional tension, the mechanical properties are enhanced; while along the vertical direction of directional tension, the mechanical properties are relatively weak. According to the percentage of stretch of different layers the influence of uniformity of percentage of stretch to interlamination strength of directional PMMA is analyzed. The conclusion is that the interlamination strength is weak.
The stroboscopic method combined with the digital image correlation method in frequency domain is used to study the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA. By making the frequency of stroboscopic light source and fatigue tester consistent, the dynamic process can be transformed into static process. This method is used to study the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA and laminated directional PMMA. The conclusion is that laminated directional PMMA can improve the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA.
Digital phase shifting photoelasticity can improve the sensitivity of stress test, so according to the diversification of the gray the stress can be tested. In the paper, residual stress is tested by digital phase shifting photoelasticity. This method is used to measure the drilling processing stress of different working conditions according to which the cause of processing stress is analyzed. The conclusion is that feed rate, rotational speed, drilling diameter and chucking mode influence processing stress commonly. And some methods of reducing the processing stress and improving processing quality are presented. Environmental stress, according to which appropriate mathematical model of boundary stress is established, is measured by phase shifting photoelasticity. And the influence of humidity environment to boundary stress is analyzed. The conclusion is that humidity is the key influencing factor of boundary stress, and the boundary stress decrease gradually from boundary to interior.
本文通过对双折射效应的测试实现了定向有机玻璃拉伸度的定量测量,并建立了双折射效应的相位差、拉伸度以及弹性模量之间关系的数学模型。根据测得的不同方向的拉伸程度建立横观各向同性的力学模型,以此对各向异性断裂力学性能进行研究,得出取向方向力学性能增强,而与取向垂直方向力学性能相对薄弱;对厚度方向不同层面拉伸均匀度进行测试,以此对层间强度进行研究,得出层间强度薄弱,容易产生层间开裂等重要结论。
本文提出了运用频闪法结合数字图像频域相关分析法进行疲劳性能测试,此方法能够将动态过程转化为准静态过程,以此研究疲劳性能。运用此方法对带应力集中缺口的单层和层合定向有机玻璃的疲劳断裂问题进行研究,得出层合定向有机玻璃能够改善定向有机玻璃疲劳断裂力学性能。
数字相移光弹性法提高了应力测试的灵敏度,对于双折射效应不敏感的有机玻璃材料可根据灰度变化进行应力测试。本文对数字相移光弹性法等倾角相位不连续问题进行分析研究,并运用此方法对残余应力进行测试。通过对加工工艺应力测试结果进行分析得出加工工艺应力是进给速度、转速、钻孔直径以及装卡方式共同作用的结果,并提出了一系列减小加工工艺应力和提高加工质量的方法;根据环境应力的测试结果建立了合理的边界应力数学模型,分析出边界应力主要受湿度影响,其分布规律为由边界向内部逐渐减小。
Directional PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) toughened by stretching process with excellent mechanical properties and high transmittance is widely used in aviation. The mechanical properties of directional PMMA have received considerable attentions due to the fracture of aircraft canopy and requirements of high-performance aircraft. Molecular chain arrangement of directional PMMA is ordered and oriented, so mechanical properties of directional PMMA are improved greatly compared with PMMA. And the improvement of mechanical properties is relative with the aggregation structure. However, as the test of aggregation structure is very difficult, the study of mechanical properties for directional PMMA is influenced. In the paper the internal stress information of directional PMMA, which reflects the aggregation structure, is measured by the birefringence effect. According to the aggregation structure the anisotropic mechanical properties, interlamination strength, fatigue fracture properties and residual stress of directional PMMA are analyzed.
The quantitative measurement of uniformity of percentage of stretch for biaxial directional PMMA is implemented. The mathematical models reflecting the relationship of phase difference, percentage of stretch and elastic modulus are established. According to the percentage of stretch of different directions transversely isotropic mechanical model is established. Based on the anisotropic mechanical model, the experimental method is applied to analyze the anisotropic fracture mechanical properties. The conclusion is that along the direction of directional tension, the mechanical properties are enhanced; while along the vertical direction of directional tension, the mechanical properties are relatively weak. According to the percentage of stretch of different layers the influence of uniformity of percentage of stretch to interlamination strength of directional PMMA is analyzed. The conclusion is that the interlamination strength is weak.
The stroboscopic method combined with the digital image correlation method in frequency domain is used to study the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA. By making the frequency of stroboscopic light source and fatigue tester consistent, the dynamic process can be transformed into static process. This method is used to study the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA and laminated directional PMMA. The conclusion is that laminated directional PMMA can improve the fatigue fracture properties of directional PMMA.
Digital phase shifting photoelasticity can improve the sensitivity of stress test, so according to the diversification of the gray the stress can be tested. In the paper, residual stress is tested by digital phase shifting photoelasticity. This method is used to measure the drilling processing stress of different working conditions according to which the cause of processing stress is analyzed. The conclusion is that feed rate, rotational speed, drilling diameter and chucking mode influence processing stress commonly. And some methods of reducing the processing stress and improving processing quality are presented. Environmental stress, according to which appropriate mathematical model of boundary stress is established, is measured by phase shifting photoelasticity. And the influence of humidity environment to boundary stress is analyzed. The conclusion is that humidity is the key influencing factor of boundary stress, and the boundary stress decrease gradually from boundary to interior.
引文
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